Phytotoxicity of cadmium on protein, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities in growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings

Phytotoxicity of cadmium on growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings was studied. Seeds were exposed to 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L CdCl2 concentrations, for a period of 10, 15, 20 and 25 d. The extent of damage to chlorophyll, protein, proline, nitrate and nitrite reductase, antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves and roots were evaluated after 10 d of cadmium stress. The higher concentration of cadmium （100 μmol/L） resulted （leaves and roots） total chlorophyll 91.01%, protein 79.51%, 83.61%, nitrate reductase 79.39%, 80.72% and nitrite reductase 77.07%, 75.88% activity decreased with increase in cadmium concentrations and exposure periods. Cadmium caused significant changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Contrastingly Cd treated plant tissues showed an increase in proline 159.87%, 239.6%, gluthion reductase （GR） 337.72%, 306.14%, superoxide disumutase （SOD） 688.56%, 381.72%, ascorbate peroxidase （APX） 226.47%, 252.14%, peroxidase （POD） 72.19%, 60.29% and catalase （CAT） 228.96%, 214.74% as compared to control. Cadmium stress caused a significant increase in the rate of SOD activity in leaves and roots of plant species. Results show the crop A. hypogaea is highly sensitive even at very low cadmium concentrations.     

超滤去除水中内分泌干扰物（BPA）的效果和影响因素

采用终端超滤工艺去除饮用水中内分泌干扰物双酚A（BPA）,主要考察了BPA初始浓度、膜截留相对分子质量、pH、离子强度和有机物对BPA去除效果的影响.结果表明,超滤对饮用水中BPA具有良好的去除效果.当BPA的初始浓度在100～600μg/L范围内,截留相对分子质量2?000～10?000的超滤膜对BPA的去除率均在92.0%以上.溶液的pH值接近BPA的pK_a（9.6～11.3）时,BPA去除率明显降低.离子强度对去除率的影响较小.溶液中的腐殖酸对超滤去除BPA的影响较小.试验证实,吸附是超滤去除疏水性BPA分子的主要机理.     

Nickel accumulation and its effect on biomass, protein content and antioxidative enzymes in roots and leaves of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.)

In order to understand its response towards nickel stress,watercress(Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) was exposed to nickel(1-25 mg/L) for 1,3,5 and 7 days.The accumulation and translocation of nickel were determined and the influence of nickel on biomass,protein content and enzymatic antioxidants was examined for both roots and leaves.It was determined that N.officinale could accumulate appreciable amounts of Ni in both roots and leaves.Nickel accumulated particularly in the roots of plants.Biomass increased at low nickel concentrations but certain measurable change was not found at high concentrations.Under stress conditions the antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated compared to control.An increase in protein content and enzyme activities was observed at moderate exposure conditions followed by a decline at both roots and leaves.The maximum enzyme activities were observed at different exposure conditions.Our results showed that N.officinale had the capacity to overcome nickel-induced stress especially at moderate nickel exposure.Therefore,N.officinale may be used as a phytoremediator in moderately polluted aquatic ecosystems.     

印度芥菜和香根草对Pb污染土壤的修复效能及作用途径

为探究印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)和香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)对Pb污染土壤的修复效能和作用途径,采用Pb污染土壤〔w(Pb)为400~2 000 mg/kg〕进行为期30 d的盆栽试验,分析植物对Pb的耐受性、积累能力和固定效果.结果表明:① 印度芥菜和香根草对Pb的积累主要集中在根部,两种植物根部累积的w(Pb)分别为206.62~902.40和288.42~1 102.47 mg/kg,单株植物的Pb积累量分别为70.75~138.31和99.09~220.49 μg,香根草对Pb污染土壤的修复效能高于印度芥菜. ② 印度芥菜和香根草对Pb的去除率随土壤中w(Pb)的增加而降低,对Pb的固定率则随土壤中w(Pb)的增加而增加,二者对Pb的去除率最大值分别为1.02%和1.78%,对Pb的固定率可达11.22%和16.78%,两种植物对Pb污染土壤修复的主要途径为植物固定. ③ 主成分分析表明,w(脯氨酸)对植物Pb积累过程具有重要作用.研究显示,相比于印度芥菜,香根草更适用于Pb污染土壤的植物修复.      

多氯联苯污染土壤的豆科-禾本科植物田间修复效应

选择豆科植物紫花苜蓿、禾本科植物黑麦草和高羊茅作为供试植物,初步探讨了这3种植物在单作和间作条件下对多氯联苯污染土壤的田间修复效应.结果表明,经过270 d的田间原位修复后,所有种植植物的处理中土壤多氯联苯的去除率均高于对照组,其中紫花苜蓿单作处理土壤中多氯联苯的去除率最高,达到59.6%.土壤多氯联苯同系物分析结果表明,所有种植植物的处理都降低了土壤中二氯联苯的比例.3种植物中紫花苜蓿的生物量最大,其根部积累的多氯联苯含量最高可达355.1μg/kg,显著高于黑麦草和高羊茅根中的含量.各处理对土壤中多氯联苯的提取修复效率依次为:紫花苜蓿单作紫花苜蓿-黑麦草-高羊茅间作紫花苜蓿-黑麦草间作黑麦草单作紫花苜蓿-高羊茅间作高羊茅单作.豆科植物紫花苜蓿是多氯联苯污染土壤田间原位修复的理想材料.     

Nickel accumulation and its effect on biomass, protein content and antioxidative enzymes in roots and leaves of watercress （Nasturtium officinale R. Br.）

In order to understand its response towards nickel stress, watercress (Nasturtium o cinale R. Br.) was exposed to nickel (1–25 mg/L) for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The accumulation and translocation of nickel were determined and the influence of nickel on biomass, protein content and enzymatic antioxidants was examined for both roots and leaves. It was determined that N. o cinale could accumulate appreciable amounts of Ni in both roots and leaves. Nickel accumulated particularly in the roots of plants. Biomass increased at low nickel concentrations but certain measurable change was not found at high concentrations. Under stress conditions the antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated compared to control. An increase in protein content and enzyme activities was observed at moderate exposure conditions followed by a decline at both roots and leaves. The maximum enzyme activities were observed at di erent exposure conditions. Our results showed that N. o cinale had the capacity to overcome nickel-induced stress especially at moderate nickel exposure. Therefore, N. o cinale may be used as a phytoremediator in moderately polluted aquatic ecosystems.     

模拟酸雨和Pb复合污染对芥菜型油菜的生理特性和Pb富集的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨（pH分别为3.5、4.5、5.6）和Pb(0~2000 mg·kg-1）复合污染对芥菜型油菜紫叶芥的生理特性和Pb富集的影响.结果表明,在酸雨和Pb复合污染下,紫叶芥生物量和叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,叶和根中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加是先升后降,脯氨酸含量随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加而升高.芥菜型油菜以通过调节抗氧化酶系统和提高脯氨酸含量来应对酸雨和重金属胁迫,芥菜型油菜对酸雨和Pb的复合污染有很强的耐受能力.芥菜型油菜根和地上部分Pb含量随Pb处理含量水平的增大而增加,其中,根对Pb的富集能力大于地上部分,酸雨能够促进芥菜型油菜对Pb的吸收.因此,在酸雨地区可以选用芥菜型油菜作为Pb污染土壤的修复植物.     

Woody species Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings tolerance to Pb: Physiological and biochemical response

Screening potential plant species is a crucial consideration in phytoremediation technology. Our previous study demonstrated that Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings had potentials for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil. However, its bioaccumulation and tolerance characteristics remain unclear. Seedling growth, LMWOAs secreted by roots, Pb subcellular distribution and chemical forms, and mineral elements in R. chinensis tissues were evaluated under different Pb concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400?mg/L) in culture solution at 14?days after planting. R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity under lower Pb treatments; however, Pb significantly declined the growth of seedlings under higher Pb treatments. Higher Pb stress also decreased the concentrations of nitrogen in leaves, but increased the concentrations of P and K in roots. Pb stress also decreased Mn concentrations in leaves. A great quantity of Pb was uptake and mostly retained in R. chinensis roots. Nonetheless, R. chinensis can still concentrate 459.3 and 1102.7?mg/kg Pb in leaves and stems, respectively. Most of Pb in R. chinensis tissues was stored in the cell wall with HAc-, HCl-, and NaCl-extractable form. LMWOAs secreted by R. chinensis roots showed a strong positive correlation with Pb concentrations in all plant tissues and with P in roots. Our results suggested that Pb deposited in the cell wall and integration with phosphate or oxalate might be responsible for the tolerance of R. chinensis under Pb stress in short period.     

高温干旱对髯毛箬竹的叶和细根的生理生态影响

为了解全球变暖及其导致的高温干旱气候对地被竹生长产生的影响,通过模拟自然高温干旱条件,以髯毛箬竹为研究对象,分析其叶片气体交换、细根和叶片水势、抗氧化酶等生理生态反应过程与高温干旱的关系.结果表明:①不同高温干旱条件对髯毛箬竹的影响不同,对照组中常温条件下植株的光合速率为（7.141±0.072）μmol/（m2·s）,高温可明显提升蒸腾速率和气孔导度,极端高温条件下表现为非气孔限制因素导致光合速率〔（4.898±0.395）μmol/（m2·s）下降〕,并且收窄光合日进程的变幅;②中度干旱、高温+中度干旱、极端高温+中度干旱的条件下,光合速率的降低是由气孔限制因素导致;③重度干旱、高温+重度干旱、极端高温+重度干旱的环境将严重影响植株生理进程,高温加剧这一进程,具体表现为蒸腾速率、光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率显著下降;④对照组、高温组和极端高温组的细根水势谷值下降范围分别为（-0.111±0.033）~（-0.961±0.086）、（-0.173±0.060）~（-0.970±0.072）和（-0.304±0.061）~（-1.225±0.166）MPa,降幅比成熟叶片强烈;⑤高温和干旱对细根、成熟叶片3种抗氧化酶活性的影响一致,细根SOD活性大于成熟叶片,而CAT和POD活性则相反,因此,细根是髯毛箬竹适应高温干旱环境的重要器官,水分吸收器官比蒸腾器官敏感.研究显示,髯毛箬竹具有较好的抗高温和抗旱能力,一定范围内的高温和干旱能提升其叶片、细根的生理生态适应能力,特别是复合条件下,高温与干旱对其生长表现出协同作用,极端高温+中度干旱并不威胁其生存,高温、中度干旱及高温+中度干旱有利于驯化栽培,甚至在一定程度上能促进其生长;重度干旱则使植株叶片气体交换、叶片和细根的水分生理进程受损,不适宜长期重度干旱的环境,高温使这种损伤更加严重.      

三江平原沼泽湿地污水处理的实地模拟研究

现场模拟发现，沼泽湿地生态系统对污水中N、P的净化速度随时间的延长呈指数规律下降，初期净化效果与污水中N、P的含量为正相关关系。毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）生态系统和乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）生态系统对N、P的去除量大于纯沼泽水，毛果苔背系统又高于乌拉 苔草，表明植物各类和重量、泥炭土厚度等都影响净化效率。通过统计显示，毛果苔草生态系统不同组分对N的净化能力大小的排列次序为：茎叶＞泥炭＞根系＞枯落物；对P的净化能力排列次序为：根系＞泥炭＞茎叶＞枯落物。按单位质量组分对P的去除量由小到大对比，泥炭：茎叶：枯落物：根第为1.00:1.81:2.95:3.84；而对N的净化效果由小到大对比，泥炭：枯落物：根系：茎叶为1.00:1.62:2.00:5.11。毛果苔果地上部分单位干重对N的吸附量是地下部分的大约2.6倍，表现出N具有从根系向茎叶传递积累的特性；相反，毛果苔草地下部分单位干重对P的吸量是地上部分的大约2.1倍，显示P主要积累于毛苔草的根系中。     

Continuous treatment of azo acid dyes by photo-dependent denitrifying sludge

Simultaneous removals of dye and nitrate by photo-dependent denitrifying sludge(PDDS)have been demonstrated in a continuousflow bench-scale reactor.The best C/N for the degradation of azo dyes by PDDS was 1.5.The specific removal rate of azo dye AB92 decreased with a decrease in hydraulic retention time and increased with a decrease in solids retention time.The degradation rate of TOC decreased with a decrease in hydraulic retention time.AB92,which has nitro and hydroxyl substitutions in non-para positions,was uniquely degraded.During continuous flow treatment experiments using PDDS,complete degradation of azo dyes AB92 and AO20 at influent concentrations of 40mg/L and 30mg/L,respectively,was achieved with an HRT of 16.     

苜蓿对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,多环芳烃菲对苜蓿的生长具有抑制作用,土壤中菲初始浓度越高抑制作用越明显.445.22 mg/kg条件下苜蓿茎叶和根的生物量最小,仅为无污染对照土壤的57.31%和31.20%.经过60 d的修复试验,苜蓿能够明显促进土壤中菲的降解.根际和非根际土壤中菲的去除率分别为85.68%～91.40%和75.25%～86.61%.同处理中根际土壤中菲残留浓度低于非根际土壤,而脱氢酶活性高于非根际土壤.无论是在非根际还是根际土壤中随着菲初始浓度增大,菲降解率和脱氢酶活性降低.脱氢酶活性与降解率的关系表明,脱氢酶活性与菲降解率显著正相关.所以植物根系的存在能够有效促进土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解.     

睡莲、梭鱼草对铜污染水体的修复效果研究

对水生植物睡莲(Nymphaea spontanea)、梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)在5、15和25mg/L铜(Cu)质量浓度下的水体修复效果及生物富集作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,在实验条件下,30d后睡莲和梭鱼草对Cu全量的去除率分别为89%和58%。2种植物都能够用于修复Cu污染水体,且睡莲的修复效果和根部的Cu富集能力显著高于梭鱼草。初始浓度、修复时间及其交互作用对水体中Cu的去除具有极显著差异。植物鲜重增长率、修复效果、生物富集系数均随修复时间的延长和初始浓度的减小而增加。Cu溶解态及其全量具有较为一致的修复规律,去除率与修复时间呈高度相关的线性关系。今后应进一步探讨植物种植密度、修复时间和初始浓度对净化效果的综合影响。     

芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理含铜废水研究

用芽孢杆菌干菌体生物吸附去除废水中的铜离子,试验了pH、接触时间、初始铜离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铜的影响,结果表明:在温度为25℃、pH值5.0、初始铜离子浓度200mg/L、吸附时间不超过30min有最大吸附量16.27mg/g;此时去除率为16.27%,且25℃吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温模型与Freundlich等温模型;因此用芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理低浓度含铜废水可行、经济。     

微纳气浮法用于油墨废水处理实验

采用微纳米气泡曝气的方式处理染料蓝1为原料配制的模拟水性油墨废水,以废水中的染料浓度、COD及氨氮去除效果作为考察指标,探讨废水中不同初始pH值、NaCl投加量、H₂O₂添加量对微纳米气浮法处理油墨废水的影响效果。实验结果表明:采用微纳米气浮去除油墨废水污染物能达到较好的效果,不同的反应条件有效促进了微纳气泡的曝气吸附作用,其中在pH为5的条件下处理效果最佳,染料浓度和COD去除率分别达到90.0%以上,氨氮去除率也达到75.4%。     

生物表面活性剂-微生物强化紫花苜蓿修复多环芳烃污染土壤

在温室盆栽条件下,通过单独或联合添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RH)和接种多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB),研究了利用生物表面活性剂-微生物强化紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果.结果表明,添加鼠李糖脂和接种PAHs专性降解菌能促进紫花苜蓿的生长和土壤中PAHs的降解.培养90d后,RH、DB处理的PAHs的降解率分别为30.0%和49.6%,均高于对照处理(CK)(21.7%).RH+DB处理PAHs的降解率最高达53.9%,说明鼠李糖脂和PAHs专性降解菌协同作用显著.另外,随着PAHs苯环数的增加,其平均降解率逐渐降低,但是接种PAHs专性降解菌能够提高4环和5环PAHs的降解率.同时也发现土壤中脱氢酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量越高的处理,土壤PAHs的降解率也越高.所以添加鼠李糖脂和接种PAHs专性降解菌能够有效促进土壤多环芳烃降解.     

硫磺和放线菌强化植物修复土壤镉污染

为了强化耐受重金属镉（Cd）的植物包心芥菜对土壤中Cd污染的富集及转运效率,以包心芥菜为研究对象,向土壤中添加0.3%的硫磺和接种不同数量的放线菌Act12（0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0g/kg）,通过盆栽实验,研究不同处理间根际土pH值的变化规律、包心芥菜地上和地下部分Cd的积累量、植物抗氧化酶系的变化以及根系活力.结果表明：添加0.3%硫磺和2.0g/kg放线菌Act12后,根际土pH值下降最大,相比对照下降了14.5%.而添加0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg的放线菌Act12,包心芥菜地上部分Cd的含量最高,转运系数最大,相比对照,Cd含量提高了79%,并且植物地上部分的干重最大.添加放线菌Act12对植物的抗氧化系统有积极作用,CAT、POD、SOD含量均在0.3%硫磺和1.0g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合下达到峰值,放线菌Act12还可提高植物的根系活力,降低丙二醛的含量.综上表明,添加硫磺和放线菌Act12均可强化包心芥菜吸收土壤中Cd的能力,其中0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合强化效果最佳.     

催化还原法深度处理污水中硝态氮的研究

为有效降低城市污水处理厂出水硝态氮的含量,减轻氮素污染,依次进行了基础性试验和验证性试验.基础性试验以Fe0为还原剂,以配置的KNO3溶液为试验用水对分别添加H+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Pd/Al2O3等后的脱氮效果进行了对比研究.试验结果表明,系统pH值为2.1,Fe2+、Cu2+投加量分别为1000mg/L时,系统均可获得较好的脱氮效果,分别为92%、41%、61%,产物均以氨氮为主;当投加10g/L催化剂Pd/Al2O3,调节系统pH值为3.02时,系统脱氮率可达48%,且其产物以氮气为主,副产物较少.在此基础上,验证性试验以北京市某污水处理厂出水为试验用水,对上述各方法的脱氮效果进行了试验验证,并对其可行性进行了分析.结果表明,在一定条件下,各方法均可达到理想的脱氮效果,其去除率分别可达到87%、36%、50%、46%.但综合脱氮效果、产物分析、出水水质等考虑,相比较而言,添加催化剂的化学催化还原法在去除污水中的硝态氮时具有更好的可行性.     

UV/H2 O2法对印染废水生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果

采用UV/H2O2高级氧化法对印染废水生化出水的处理进行研究,探讨了不同反应时间、H2O2投加量、反应初始pH值等因素对UV254,ADMI7.6、DOC和COD去除效果的影响.结果表明,以UV254、ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率为筛选依据,确定出最佳参数组合为:反应初始pH值为原水pH 7.4～8.1,H2O2投加量为4.5 mmol.L-1,紫外光照射时间为50 min,在最佳处理条件下,UV254、ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率分别达到77%、94%、40%和69%.通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了UV/H2O2氧化工艺对生化出水中各种有机物及色度的去除效果.实验结果表明,对于该印染废水的生化出水,疏水性物质是引起色度的主要物质,所占比例以ADMI7.6表征时为92%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到53%.UV/H2O2高级氧化法处理此水样中的弱疏水性有机物、疏水酸和非酸疏水物质均有较好的处理效果,对亲水性有机物的处理效果较差.实验表明,相对分子质量>10 000的大分子有机物对DOC和ADMI7.6的去除贡献较大,对UV254的去除贡献接近一半.     

活性炭对染料废水的脱色研究

采用一种高比表面积活性炭吸附处理活性蓝溶液模拟废水。测定了所用的活性炭以及活性蓝染料的物理和化学参数,考察了pH、盐离子浓度对活性炭吸附活性蓝染料的影响。结果表明：在pH〈4时活性炭对染料的去除率最高,pH〉8时最低,在pH=4－8之间的去除率大致相等。中性条件下,增大溶液的离子强度能增加染料去除率,而碱性条件下相反。高初始浓度的染料体系中,增大盐离子强度能增加染料去除率,低初始浓度的染料体系中相反。