循环经济分析在规划环境影响评价中的应用研究

发展循环经济已经成为完成节能减排任务和开展资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设的重要手段,同时也是规划环境影响评价的重要内容。文章针对目前规划环境影响评价中循环经济分析的主要问题,提出了规划环评中循环经济分析的理论模型、分析重点和技术程序,构建了评价的指标体系,并给出了定性与定量相结合的分析方法。为检验所建立的分析体系的有效性和可行性,将其应用于鄂尔多斯市主导产业与重点区域发展规划环境影响评价中,以此从循环经济的角度对规划的合理性进行评价,对原规划方案进行优化调整,并对规划实施的环境管理提出具体建议。     

Ecological footprint — a tool for assessing sustainable energy supplies

This article introduces a modified calculation model of the ecological footprint for energy planning. The original footprint model can only evaluate energy savings, but not the substitution of fossil through renewable energy carriers. With the modified calculation model, energy savings as well as substitution potentials can be described. The examination of case studies where this model has been applied in energy planning led to the identification of strengths and weaknesses of the modified calculation model which are discussed subsequently. Hence it follows that the modified calculation model is suitable for energy planning processes from analysis to decision making. Used as a communication tool the model shows whether the principles of sustainable development are being realized on different levels of energy planning.     

A case study on raw material blending for the recycling of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace

The utilisation of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace is a well established recycling process to cope with the enormous amounts of ferrous residues in the iron and steel industry. The further input flows of this process, that is especially coke and fluxes, as well as its output flows, that is pig iron and by-products, are highly dependent on the blending of the ferrous wastes while they differ highly in the revenues gained for the treatment and their chemical composition. So far, no planning approach exists for the blending of the residues on the operational planning level that models the dependency of the costs and revenues on the raw material blend and the thermodynamic reactions in the recycling processes adequately. Therefore we present an approach for this operational production planning problem focusing on an integration of such a sufficiently detailed modelling of the underlying metallurgical processes into the planning model. The basis of our approach is a thermodynamic simulation of the processes. From this simulation we derive linear input-output functions for the relevant material and energy flows by using multiple linear regression. These input–output functions form the core of our blending model developed for the planning task. The model is implemented as an integrated decision support system. Exemplary application results are given. These results validate the approach and show that ecological the economic optimisation leads also to results which are advantageous in terms of resource efficiency and emission reduction. Though developed for a specific recycling process, the methodology can be transferred to other metallurgical (recycling) processes, as well as other parts of the process industries, and is therefore of high relevance.     

基于气候调节的城市通风道探析

近年来,夏季炎热的气候和愈来愈强的热岛效应使城市饱受因挠,而城市设计策略中缺乏有效的生态规划方法来解决目前存在的问题,城市对炎热气候的适应性不足。论文在利用CFD(计算流体动力学)技术进行实例模拟分析的基础上,重点介绍了一种在城市尺度进行节能设计的新方法:在城市中建立多种形式的通风道,提高城市的通风和排热能力,以达到利用自然资源和有效的规划方式降低夏季城市“热岛”温度、节约能源的目的。文中详细论述了通风道的可行性和必要性、营建方式、注意原则等问题,并进行了一系列的计算机风场模拟研究。     

能源消费结构与大气环境质量的关系——以成都市某区为例

以成都市某区为例,通过研究区的能源消费结构与大气环境质量的调查研究,分析了近五年的能源消费结构变化以及环境空气质量变化趋势,以探索中国城镇能源消费结构与大气环境质量的关系,为节能减排、能源利用方式的改变以及城市规划发展提供依据。分析结果表明该区从2006年开始空气质量有所好转,这种变化与主要能耗结构变化明显相关,说明合理利用资源,推广清洁能源和调整产业结构是发展能源、经济和保护大气环境的有效途径。     

天然气应用对兰州大气环境的影响

煤烟型污染是兰州市大气污染严重的主要原因之一，西气东输工程对改变兰州市能源结构，改善城市环境质量具有非常重要的意义。根据兰州市大气污染现状和特性，以2000年为基准，分析研究了兰州市利用天然气前后能源结构，主要污染源及大气污染物排放量的变化。针对污染源状况和兰州市天然气用气规划，选用适宜模式预测了兰州市利用天然气后的各主要污染物的年平均浓度，计算了空气质量的改善程度。     

Fostering change to sustainable consumption and production: an evidence based view

This “Note from the field,” is an edited version of a policy brief summarizing the key findings from the first half of the Sustainable Consumption Research Exchange network (SCORE!) for the policy programs in the field of sustainable consumption and production (SCP). We recommend a framework for action to change to SCP that mentions the key domains to include food, mobility, and energy use/housing (the last two clearly related to urban development). It should use a systemic perspective on the SCP challenge and differentiate between developed, fast developing, and base of the pyramid economies. SCORE! focuses mainly on developed economies, and here we propose to differentiate between: (1) measures that fit with mainstream beliefs and paradigms. Here, governments could make operational agreements on implementation of instruments like green public procurement, stimulating ecodesign, etc. (2) Problems where a rough agreement on goals exists, but where change is radical, or means are uncertain, and hence planning difficult. Here, governments could foster visioning, experimentation, and support e.g. international collaboration in leapfrogging programs. (3) Problems that outright clash with the mainstream beliefs and paradigms. Here, governments could foster informed deliberation on the more fundamental issues related to markets, governance and growth.     

资源承载力计算的系统动力学模型

在可以预见到的期间内,土地仍是人们获取食品的最便于使用和最经济的资源。资源承载力计算至今仍是一项制定人口发展计划、经济发展规划、能源发展规划等的重要基础工作。随着系统理论的发展,以及人们对系统的本质和特性认识的逐步加深,资源承载力计算方法正经历着从简单到复杂、从比较偏重于理论探讨到逐步解决实际问题的演变过程,正经历着从仅使用静态模型到为满足人们对动态分析要求而采用动态模型的发展过程。 本文将回顾资源承载力计算的各种方法,探讨资源承载力的定义,并提出一种计算资     

The JET Project

Nuclear fusion research aims to make available a new energy resource for mankind. This energy is released when isotopes of hydrogen fuse to form helium. The process occurs naturally in the centre of the Sun and similar very high temperature conditions are necessary to release fusion energy on earth. JET is a major European nuclear fusion experiment, it is intended to produce conditions approaching those necessary in a fusion reactor and to permit a realistic evaluation of the prospects for fusion as a future energy source.     

Partitioning of resources in production: an empirical analysis

Industrial economies ingest materials, energy and information to produce goods and services and excrete wastes and emissions. Wastes can be minimized and the relative amounts of resources, which go into goods and services, as opposed to waste, are essential to clean production and to the sustainability of the production system. A regression model based on empirical data is presented that provides a partition coefficient expressing the ratio of energy (or material) resources invested in goods to energy going to waste. Partition coefficients are developed for five countries and are shown to be related to GDP, energy and material consumption and energy and waste intensities. Higher partition coefficients mean higher productivity and lower energy, waste and material intensities. In addition, energy use/capita and pollution/capita is lower. The price of energy to the industrial sector is related to the partition coefficient. The policy implications are that partitioning of resources to goods should be maximized and waste minimized for economic as well as environmental reasons.     

绍兴市城市工业生态规划转型的研究

环境与经济协调发展是当代各国面临的重大问题和挑战,生态工业是协调这一问题和挑战的重要战略,是可持续发展的基础之一.根据绍兴市以印染工业为主导、多种行业共同发展的产业结构,结合循环经济的理论和工业生态规划的原理和技术方法,来探讨绍兴市城市工业生态规划的转型模式,提出绍兴市工业结构调整的对策、生态工业网络体系的技术设计的策略以及生态工业园的产品链设计方案.绍兴市工业生态规划的转型是实现城市生态工业系统的有效可行的途径,是生态工业的集中体现.     

Ecological niche suitability model with an application in Taojiang land use planning

ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｎｉｃｈｅｓｕｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｍｏｄｅｌｗｉｔｈａｎａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎＴａｏｊｉａｎｇｌａｎｄｕｓｅｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇＯｕｙａｎｇＺｈｉｙｕｎ；ＷｅｉｓｍａｎＪａｓｏｎ；ＷａｎｇＲｕｓｏｎｇ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆ...     

Rural landscape planning case study of Nanhua State Farm

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＨｉｇｈｌｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｌａｎｄｕｓｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｉｎａｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｃｈａｎｇｅｏｆｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓｉｎｒｕｒａｌａｒｅａｓ．Ｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｃｒｏｐｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｍａｒｋｅｔｓ，ｌａｎ...     

城市燃煤与大气环境耦合规划研究

能源与环境耦合规划较单一的能源规划和环境规划有着很大的不同。该文较详尽地论述了城市燃煤与大气环境耦合规划研究的技术路线、所使用的模型及其求解方法。      

Portfolio-Based Electricity Generation Planning: Policy Implications For Renewables And Energy Security

Renewable generating technologies offer an effective means for climate change mitigation. Policy makers, however, are wary because of the widespread perception that these technologies cost more than conventional alternatives so that increasing their deployment will raise overall electricity generating costs. Energy planning represents an investment-decision problem. Investors commonly evaluate such problems using portfolio theory to manage risk and maximize portfolio performance under a variety of unpredictable economic outcomes. Energy planners need to similarly abandon their reliance on traditional, “least-cost” stand-alone kWh generating cost measures and instead evaluate conventional and renewable energy sources on the basis of their portfolio cost – their cost contribution relative to their risk contribution to a mix of generating assets. Energy security generally focuses on the threat of abrupt supply disruptions. This paper suggests a more profound aspect: mitigating fossil price volatility. An extensive body of research indicates that fossil volatility significantly disrupts the economies of consuming nations, potentially exacting hundreds of billions of dollars from the US and EU economies alone. Energy security is reduced when countries hold inefficient portfolios that are needlessly exposed to fossil price risks. This paper describes essential portfolio-theory ideas and uses three case studies to illustrate how electricity-generating mixes can benefit from additional shares of wind, geothermal and other renewables. Compared to existing, fossil-dominated mixes, efficient portfolios reduce generating cost while including greater renewables shares in the mix thereby enhancing energy security. Though counter-intuitive, the idea that adding more costly renewables can actually reduce portfolio-generating cost is consistent with basic finance theory. An important implication is that in dynamic and uncertain environments, the relative value of generating technologies must be determined not by evaluating alternative resources, but by evaluating alternative resource portfolios.     

中国能源消费碳排放影响因素分析

利用改进的主成分回归分析技术考察1990年以来中国人口和经济因素对化石能源消费碳排放的影响作用。研究发现：以人口总量、人口城市化和居民收入水平为代表的人口因素和以经济规模、产业结构、能耗结构及碳排放强度为代表的经济因素对碳排放均具有显著的正向影响;其中,经济规模和人口总量是能源消费碳排放的关键决定因子。研究结果为国家制订合理的节能减排政策、协调人地关系提供了参考依据。     

广州市生活垃圾处理方式及物流管理方案优化

以广州市为例，运用多目标动态规划模型，以层次分析法（ＡＨＰ）进行综合效益的评估取值，经计算得出各个时期生活垃圾焚烧、制肥、资源化回收和填埋的比例与数量的优化方案，预测了各个规划期中设施的需求量，在此基础上运用最小费用规划模型，选取运输费用与处理费用为因子，同时把经济收入作为负费用从中扣除，计算出城市生活垃圾处理系统的最低费用，市属八区到各处理设施的垃圾流量的优化方案，为管理部门的决策提供了科学依据     

Determinants of CO2 emissions in Brazil and Russia between 1992 and 2011: A decomposition analysis

This paper deals with the decomposition analysis of energy-related CO₂ emissions in Brazil and Russia from 1992 to 2011. The refined Laspeyres index (RLI) method applied and both aggregated and sectoral changes in CO₂ emissions decomposed. Brazil’s and Russia’s economies divided into three economic sectors including agriculture, industry and services. Impact of four main factors, such as economic activity, employment, energy intensity, and carbon intensity in CO₂ emissions changes were analyzed. The aggregated decomposition analysis revealed that Brazil is still far from a decoupling between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions where Russia achieved a substantial decline in carbon emissions mainly due to the improved energy intensity. The empirical findings of sectoral decomposition analysis emphasized that the economic activity was the major CO₂ increasing factor in Brazil’s economic sectors. On the other hand the economic activity effect followed a reducing impact in Russia’s sectoral emissions until 2000. The structural changes between sectors and their impacts on CO₂ emissions were captured by employment effect. Energy intensity and carbon intensity effects underlined that environmental sustainability widely neglected in Brazil and Russia during the study period. The results yield important hints for energy planning and sustainable environment.     

Sustainable bioenergy production strategies for rural India

The paper aims to assess the potential of decentralized bioenergy technologies in meeting rural energy needs and reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Decentralized energy planning is carried out for the year 2005 and 2020. Decentralized energy planning model using goal programming technique is applied for different decentralized scales (village to a district) for obtaining the optimal mix of energy resources and technologies. Results show that it is possible to meet the energy requirements of all the services that are necessary to promote development and improve the quality of life in rural areas from village to district scale, by utilizing the locally available energy resources such as cattle dung, leaf litter and woody biomass feedstock from bioenergy plantation on wastelands. The decentralized energy planning model shows that biomass feedstock required at village to district level can even be obtained from biomass conserved by shifting to biogas for cooking. Under sustainable development scenario, the decentralized energy planning model shows that there is negligible emission of CO₂, oxide of Sulphur (SOx) and oxide of nitrogen (NO_x), even while meeting all the energy needs.     

京津冀生态涵养区生态规划思路与实施路径研究

生态规划是在调查分析区域内各生态因子的空间分异和承载力,分析人为活动对该区域的影响以及调控方向,为区域资源开发与环境保护提供决策依据,促进区域内自然系统与人类社会和谐发展.科学制定张承地区的生态规划,是建设京津冀生态涵养区的重要支撑.但是目前张家口市生态规划存在专门研究文献非常少、缺乏对微地形的考虑和分析、政府重视程度不够等多个层面的问题.做好张家口市生态规划,要坚持"生态优先、绿色发展"的原则,必须落脚到京津冀协同发展的大政方针,注重京津冀生态系统的整体性特征;必须要紧密结合张家口市当前面临的建成可再生能源示范区、京张联合举办冬奥会等多个发展节点.