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1.
The Lyon-Turin High-Speed Rail: The Public Debate and Perception of Environmental Risk in Susa Valley,Italy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
When the construction of the Lyon-Turin segment of the new European high-speed rail network was first publicly announced at
the beginning of the 1990s, it immediately found fierce opposition from the inhabitants of Susa Valley, Italy, one of the
areas to be cut across by such infrastructure. At issue were the project’s potential environmental impact and its consequences
on public health. This study intends to clarify environmental risk perception and public debate between the national government,
local advocacy groups, and the inhabitants of Susa Valley. Two major phases of public reaction were identified: (1) an initial
rebellious period of no real dialog among the project’s major stakeholders (exemplified by the popular “No TAV” [No High Speed
Train] movement), followed by (2) a yielding period of intense multilateral negotiations centered on the activities of the
“Lyon-Turin Environmental Observatory.” The results of a qualitative cross analysis of the residents’ perception of the proposed
high-speed rail revealed that public acceptance of risk in Susa Valley was influenced by the characteristics of hazards perceived
by the residents and by the communicative approach used by the project’s various stakeholders. It also emerged that early
dialog among all the parties involved was critical in forming a personal viewpoint on risk, which, once consolidated, defied
new information and perspectives. Likely, a greater and earlier care taken by the other stakeholders to inform and consult
the local population about the railway would have greatly eased the public debate. 相似文献
2.
Hanneke Kruize Peter P. J. Driessen Pieter Glasbergen Klaas Van Egmond Ton Dassen 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2007,50(6):699-726
This paper examines the impact of the interplay between market forces and government policy on environmental equity in the vicinity of Amsterdam Airport in the Netherlands. Despite pressure on space and the presence of the international airport, exposure to the higher levels of traffic noise, NO2 and external safety risks, and accumulation of traffic noise and NO2 (‘bads’) was rather limited and generally distributed fairly equally among income categories, probably as a result of environmental regulations. However, lower-income categories had less access to lower levels of traffic noise, NO2 and public green space (‘goods’) than higher-income categories, which may be explained by both historical processes and market forces. Policy makers seem to accept a higher environmental burden on the regional population because of the benefits for the national economy generated by Amsterdam Airport. 相似文献
3.
Guidelines for implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act state that environmental impact statements (EISs) shall
use “appropriate graphics.” We examined one component of graphics, typography, identifying applicable criteria from the literature
and applying them to 150 EISs prepared by seven agencies. We found that the EISs ranged widely in typographic quality. The
average EIS met fewer than seven of ten criteria; 12% were considered unreadable. The results suggest that weak typography
may seriously limit public review of EISs. Agencies are encouraged to make typography a serious component of their public
participation programs. 相似文献
4.
Green Space Changes and Planning in the Capital Region of China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Green space plays an important role in complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services with environmental,
aesthetic, recreational and economic benefits. Beijing is the capital city of China and has a large population of about 15.81
million. Construction of green spaces is an important part of sustainable development in Beijing. To attain the sustainable
development of Beijing as a capital city, an international city, a historical cultural city, and a living amenity city, this
article attempts to develop a comprehensive plan of green space development both at the municipal and regional levels. At
the municipal level of Beijing, based on the study of green space changes, and taking physical geographic conditions and historical
context into account, we propose to establish green barriers in the mountainous area, and plan a comprehensive green space
pattern composed of one city, two rings, three networks, eight water areas, nine fields, and several patches in the plain
area. At the regional level of the Capital Circle Region, integrating the characteristics and causes of main environmental
issues, we design a macroscopic pattern—“barriers by mountains in the northwest,” “seaward open spaces in the southeast,”
“grassland-forest-field-coast zones,” and “green-blue symphony”—for ecological restoration and green space construction. Finally,
we discuss the principles necessary to implement green space planning considering adaptation to local conditions, composite
function exploitation, interregional equity and integrated planning. 相似文献
5.
The economic policy needs to pay increasingly more attention to the environmental issues, which requires the development of
methodologies able to incorporate environmental, as well as macroeconomic, goals in the design of public policies. Starting
from this observation, this article proposes a methodology based upon a Simonian satisficing logic made operational with the
help of goal programming (GP) models, to address the joint design of macroeconomic and environmental policies. The methodology
is applied to the Spanish economy, where a joint policy is elicited, taking into consideration macroeconomic goals (economic
growth, inflation, unemployment, public deficit) and environmental goals (CO2, NO
x
and SO
x
emissions) within the context of a computable general equilibrium model. The results show how the government can “fine-tune”
its policy according to different criteria using GP models. The resulting policies aggregate the environmental and the economic
goals in different ways: maximum aggregate performance, maximum balance and a lexicographic hierarchy of the goals. 相似文献
6.
Coal is not only an important energy source in China but also a major source of air pollution. Because of this, China’s national
sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions have been the highest in the world for many years, and since the 1990s, the territory of China’s south and southwest
has become the third largest acid-rain-prone region in the world. In order to control SO2 emissions, the Chinese government has formulated and promulgated a series of policies and regulations, but it faces great
difficulties in putting them into practice. In this retrospective look at the history of SO2 control in China, we found that Chinese SO2 control policies have become increasingly strict and rigid. We also found that the environmental policies and regulations
are more effective when central officials consistently give environmental protection top priority. Achieving China’s environmental
goals, however, has been made difficult by China’s economic growth. Part of this is due to the practice of environmental protection
appearing in the form of an ideological “campaign” or “storm” that lacks effective economic measures. More recently, better
enforcement of environmental laws and regulations has been achieved by adding environmental quality to the performance assessment
metrics for leaders at all levels. To continue making advances, China needs to reinforce the economic and environmental assessments
for pollution control projects and work harder to integrate economic measures into environmental protection. Nonetheless,
China has a long way to go before economic growth and environmental protection are balanced. 相似文献
7.
This paper offers a field tested community environmental policing model to address the pressing environmental management challenges of reducing e-waste burning in informal e-waste hubs, and enforcement against informal polluting industries more broadly. This is based on our intervention to reduce e-waste burning in a substantial informal e-waste hub in the West Bank, Palestine, a 45 km2 region in which an estimated 5–10 metric tonnes of cables are burnt daily, causing serious environmental and public health consequences. In analogous e-waste hubs in the global South, environmental management solutions have focused on economically attractive alternatives to replace cable burning or policies that integrate informal recyclers with formal e-waste management systems—achieving little success. Our paper describes a two-pronged intervention in Palestine’s e-waste hub, which reduced e-waste burning by 80% through a combination of economically competitive cable grinding services and an “active” community environmental policing initiative that lowered barriers to and successfully advocated for governmental policing of e-waste burning. Our discussion of this intervention addresses the community environmental policing literature, which has documented few successes stories of real improvements to the enforcement of environmental violations. We argue that existing strategies have relied on “passive” approaches comprised of monitoring and reporting environmental violations to advocate for change. Our strategy offers a template to improve outcomes through a more “active” approach, moving from monitoring environmental violations through understanding the rationale and dynamics of violators, identifying environmental policing barriers, and implementing a feasible and persuasive strategy to overcome them. 相似文献
8.
Conflicts over how to “scale” policy-making tasks have characterized environmental governance since time immemorial. They
are particularly evident in the area of water policy and raise important questions over the democratic legitimacy, economic
efficiency and effectiveness of allocating (or “scaling”) tasks to some administrative levels as opposed to others. This article
adopts a comparative federalism perspective to assess the “optimality” of scaling—either upward or downward—in one issue area,
namely coastal recreational water quality. It does so by comparing the scaling of recreational water quality tasks in the
European Union (EU) and Australia. It reveals that the two systems have adopted rather different approaches to scaling and
that this difference can partly be accounted for in federal theoretical terms. However, a much greater awareness of the inescapably
political nature of scaling processes is nonetheless required. Finally, some words of caution are offered with regard to transferring
policy lessons between these two jurisdictions. 相似文献
9.
Measham TG 《Environmental management》2006,38(3):426-434
The way we learn about our environments—be they farms, forests, or tribal lands—has implications for the formulation of environmental
policy. This article presents the findings of how residents learned about their environments in two rural case studies conducted
in northern Queensland and relates these to the concept of “primal landscapes,” which is concerned with the interaction that
occurs between children and the environments in which they mature. Rather than focusing specifically on built environments
or natural environments, the article draws on an approach that conceptualizes environment as meaning-laden places in which we live and work, which integrate social, cultural, biological, physical, and economic dimensions. In drawing insights
for environmental policy, the article draws attention to the timing of policy interventions, the significance of experiential
environmental education, the potential to learn from place-based festivals, and the importance of learning from extreme events
such as fires and floods. 相似文献
10.
Jennifer Welchman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):353-363
Norton argues on pragmatic “Deweyan” grounds that we should cease to ask scientists for value neutral definitions of “sustainability,”
developed independently of moral and social values, to guide our environmental policy making debates. “Sustainability,” like
human “health,” is a normative concept from the start—one that cannot be meaningfully developed by scientists or economists
without input by all the stake holders affected. While I endorse Norton’s approach, I question his apparent presumption that
concern for sustainability for the future is at odds with and ought to trump concern for enhancement in the present of public opportunities to access the goods nature represents. I argue that the two are not separable in practice.
I argue for Passmore’s position that unless we take care to enhance equitable access to the good and services nature represents
in the present, we cannot succeed in promoting sustainability for future generations. 相似文献
11.
The production of large quantities of wastes globally has created a commercial activity involving the transfrontier shipments
of hazardous wastes, intended to be managed at economically attractive waste-handling facilities located elsewhere. In fact,
huge quantities of hazardous wastes apparently travel the world in search of “acceptable” waste management facilities. For
instance, within the industrialized countries alone, millions of tonnes of potentially hazardous waste cross national frontiers
each year on their way for recycling or to treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) because there is no local disposal
capacity for these wastes, or because legal disposal or reuse in a foreign country may be more environmentally sound, or managing
the wastes in the foreign country may be less expensive than at home. The cross-boundary traffic in hazardous wastes has lately
been under close public scrutiny, however, resulting in the accession of several international agreements and laws to regulate
such activities. This paper discusses and analyzes the most significant control measures and major agreements in this new
commercial activity involving hazardous wastes. In particular, the discussion recognizes the difficulties with trying to implement
the relevant international agreements among countries of vastly different socioeconomic backgrounds. Nonetheless, it is also
noted that global environmental agreements will generally be a necessary component of ensuring adequate environmental protection
for the world community—and thus a need for the careful implementation of such agreements and regulations. 相似文献
12.
Wibeck V 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):776-787
In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper
investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode
of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived
by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among
many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain “level,” i.e., “higher” or “lower,” in the MBO system—that
is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as “in” and “out”
contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical
ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be
managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and
thinking about its constituent “levels.” 相似文献
13.
Life cycle assessment-based environmental product declarations (EPDs) require the inclusion of biodiversity impacts across
the entire supply chain. The objective of this study is to test the applicability of a Scandinavian biodiversity assessment
tool, developed specifically for use with EPD applications, in an African desert environment, linking the industry types power
generation and mining. For this purpose, a GIS-based spatial analysis tool—the biotope method—was adapted to a framework approach
which allowed the selection of more suitable, site-specific biodiversity indicators. The biotope method provides a step-by-step
process of defining system boundaries, mapping biotopes, categorizing biotopes based on site-specific indicators, and evaluating
change in biotope status “before” and “after” the impact. The development of site-specific indicators was piloted in this
study and determined by the affected ecosystem and the status of knowledge on biodiversity in this geographic area. Thus plants
were used as indicators for biodiversity, and red-list status and endemism constituted the prime criteria for conservation
value of plants. This in turn represented the key criterion for classifying biotopes. The tested biodiversity assessment tool
has potential for application in different environments and operational settings but leaves room for improvement by including
secondary impacts in the assessment and using a wider range of taxa for indicators of biodiversity. 相似文献
14.
Two frequent beliefs about rural environmental attitudes are examined conceptually and empirically: (1) the common conception
that rural environmental concerns are expressed predominantly by wealthy community newcomers; and (2) the related position
that long-time rural residents are hostile to the environmental cause.
We argue conceptually, through the use of a 2×2 community matrix, that environmental attitudes are equally likely to be expressed
by what we term “upper middle income newcomers,” “lower middle income newcomers,” “upper middle income locals,” and “lower
middle income locals.” Empirically, we find that although wealthy newcomers express the strongest environmental attitudes
in the community, their concerns represent only a small percentage of rural environmental attitudes consisting of respondents
who make less than $40,000 a year in household income are over 40 years of age, possess less than a college education, and
work in a nonprofessional occupation. This new category expresses environmental concerns at least equal to the rest of the
community on three of four measures of environmental attitudes.
The findings provide insight into the widespread and cross-sectional nature of rural environmental concern. The implication
is that environmental groups will find significant sources of political support in rural communities, provided they craft
their environmental message in a language consistent with rural attitudes and values.
Things are gettin' bad fast. Easterners and environmentalists comin' down here from the big cities are tryin' to turn our
way of life completely upside down.
A western US rancher quoted in Krakauer (1991) 相似文献
15.
Marko S. Markov 《The Environmentalist》2012,32(2):121-130
In 1988 I published a paper “Electromagnetic fields—a new ecological factor” (Markov 1988). There was no internet and very few cell phones were available. It was not even fear from the hazard of the power lines.
However, I want to cite the beginning of this paper: “The contemporary conditions of life put man in dependence of the complex
of physical influences on the environment and in the first place—of the electromagnetic fields. The rapid development of science
and technology has resulted in the introduction of many new devices and technologies in industry, agriculture, and everyday
life. On the other hand, during their phylogenetic and ontogenic development, the living organisms are continuously exposed
to the influence of different biotic and abiotic factors. The physical factors are included in the first group, and the entire
evolution of life is connected with an adaptation to the action of these factors.” Could I repeat this statement nearly a
quarter of century later? Sure, I will. The only difference would be that I will speak not only for electromagnetic fields,
but for green-house effects, global warming, volcano eruption, and radiation disasters. I would also discuss the noise and
vibration to which people are exposed from early days to the very end of their life traveling with private vehicles or public
transport. 相似文献
16.
Francisco Seijo Maria Marcela Godoy Dante Guglielmin Cecilia Ciampoli Samuel Ebright Omar Picco Guillermo Defoss 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):448-462
The creation of protected conservation areas may result in protracted conflicts between stakeholders. In this study we examine the drivers of anthropogenic wildfire ignitions in the National Park of “los Alerces” (NPA) in Patagonia, Argentina. The NPA was established in 1937 to protect the native “andino-patagónico” forests from wildfires as well as preserving its scenic beauty and native flora and fauna. At the time of its creation state authorities prohibited all extractive human activities in the “intangible”—fully protected—“National Park” section, while other regulated extractive and ecotourism activities were allowed to continue in the “Natural Reserve” section in an effort to accommodate the historical entitlements of the displaced populations of “pobladores” (settlers) that had been living in the NPA for over a century. Here we interviewed the main stakeholder groups—“pobladores”, forest rangers and administrators, ecolodge owners and angler club members—to identify the drivers of wildfire ignitions in the park. Wildfires have been singled out by state authorities as the main threat to the NPA though considerable scientific uncertainty exists regarding their complex ecological effects. This study argues, based on the human and biophysical system data collected, that two conflicting cultural frames exist within the NPA that provide the necessary backdrop for understanding the drivers of wildfire ignitions. In turn, these findings raise puzzling dilemmas for the main theoretical approaches that have been used to inform and design conflict management strategies in protected conservation areas. 相似文献
17.
Venkateswara R. Rao 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):313-320
Risk management practices under the current environmental regulations is a long, complex process that considers scientific,
technologic, and management factors to develop various regulatory standards and pollution control measures. Using the mandatory
enforcement approach, sometimes referred to as “command-and-control”, a set of preliminary environmental goals, such as better
air and water qualities, were achieved. However, the information-intensive nature of the risk management process and the lack
of flexibility in conventional regulatory methods to changing economic and technologic realities of the decade has created
interest among risk managers to examine some innovative management approaches. Above all, environmental problems of a global
scale require novel management methods while striving to achieve the desired environmental goals.
As the principal analytical tool in risk management, quantitative risk assessment exerts considerable influence on the risk
management process. Therefore, advances in risk management are closely associated with scientific developments that enhance
the risk assessment process, particularly those efforts aimed at improving human exposure and toxicity assessments. Market
incentives, information dissemination, creative enforcement practices, and interagency and intergovernmental interactions
were identified as the key elements of innovative environmental risk management practices. This paper will present an overview
of the emerging innovative risk management approaches. 相似文献
18.
Michael E. Loevinsohn 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):705-712
Central to the environmental and health hazards created by the expanding use of pesticides in developing countries is the
weakness of national regulatory agencies. This article reviews current international efforts aimed at supporting these institutions
and describes the contribution that an external “hazard auditor” might make in assessing the pesticide industry's adherence
to accepted standards of health and environmental protection. An independent evaluation of this kind may prove attractive
to all parties in the long-standing confrontation over the control of pesticide technology: the industry, public interest
groups, developing and developed countries, and international agencies. The article outlines one approach to operationalizing
the concept and examines initial responses to the proposal.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Commission on Occupational Health/International Development
Research Centre Symposium on the Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries, 17–21 September 1990, Ottawa,
Canada. 相似文献
19.
Public Sector Reform and Governance for Adaptation: Implications of New Public Management for Adaptive Capacity in Mexico and Norway 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Although many governments are assuming the responsibility of initiating adaptation policy in relation to climate change, the
compatibility of “governance-for-adaptation” with the current paradigms of public administration has generally been overlooked.
Over the last several decades, countries around the globe have embraced variants of the philosophy of administration broadly
called “New Public Management” (NPM) in an effort to improve administrative efficiencies and the provision of public services.
Using evidence from a case study of reforms in the building sector in Norway, and a case study of water and flood risk management
in central Mexico, we analyze the implications of the adoption of the tenets of NPM for adaptive capacity. Our cases illustrate
that some of the key attributes associated with governance for adaptation—namely, technical and financial capacities; institutional
memory, learning and knowledge; and participation and accountability—have been eroded by NPM reforms. Despite improvements
in specific operational tasks of the public sector in each case, we show that the success of NPM reforms presumes the existence
of core elements of governance that have often been found lacking, including solid institutional frameworks and accountability.
Our analysis illustrates the importance of considering both longer-term adaptive capacities and short-term efficiency goals
in public sector administration reform. 相似文献
20.
The reintroduction and reinterpretation of the wild 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eileen O’Rourke 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):145-165
This paper is concerned with changing social representations of the “wild,” in particular wild animals. We argue that within
a contemporary Western context the old agricultural perception of wild animals as adversarial and as a threat to domestication,
is being replaced by an essentially urban fascination with certain emblematic wild animals, who are seen to embody symbols
of naturalness and freedom. On closer examination that carefully mediatized “naturalness” may be but another form of domestication.
After an historical overview of the human-animal, domestic-wild construction, an anthropological approach is used to interpret
the social representation of wild animals held by different social actors — farmers, hunters, and tourists — within the context
of an inhabited National Park, that of the Cévennes in south east France. Within the Park, the domestic and the wild, along
with agriculture, hunting, conservation, re-introduced wild animals, and tourists cohabit. It is argued that changes in the
representation of “wildness” may well be an important indicator of changes in the social representation of nature. 相似文献