高效氯氰菊酯降解菌群的结构分析及其降解特性研究

以连作10年以上的棉田土壤为材料,以高效氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源,驯化获得能稳定传代并持续降解高效氯氰菊酯的LZ1菌群,对菌群中可培养的细菌进行分离鉴定,最后对其降解高效氯氰菊酯的特性进行分析。结果表明,LZ1菌群中可分离、纯化优势菌株12株,经16SrRNA序列分析,其中10株与铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)相似性达99%,1株与无色杆菌(Achromobacter mucicolens)相似性达99%。高效氯氰菊酯最佳反应条件为高效氯氰菊酯初始质量浓度250mg/L、温度27℃、pH7.0、装样量200mL。在最佳反应条件下培养的LZ1菌群24h时对高效氯氰菊酯的降解率可达68.81%,132h时的降解率可达92.39%,且LZ1菌群对高效氯氰菊酯的4种异构体没有明显的降解特异性。     

石油污染土壤中芘高效降解菌群的筛选及降解特性研究

从长期受石油污染土壤中驯化筛选到能以芘为惟一碳源生长的混合菌群GP3,其主要由假单胞菌株GP3A(Pseudomonas sp.)和菌株GP3B(Pandoraea pnomenusa)组成.采用摇瓶振荡培养方法,研究了不同环境条件对混合菌GP3降解芘效能的影响.结果表明,在30℃,150 r/min振荡培养下,混合菌GP3对15 mg/L芘的7 d降解率为90.6%.混合菌GP3降解芘的最适宜温度为35℃,最佳pH值为6.2.加入低浓度葡萄糖(100 mg/L)或菲(10 mg/L)作为共代谢底物,均可提高GP3对芘的降解率.混合菌对芘的降解速率(PDR)与芘的初始浓度呈正相关.研究重金属离子胁迫下GP3对芘的降解时发现,10 ms/L Zn2 的存在对芘降解效能影响较小,Cu2 对芘的降解有抑制作用,Cd2 对混合菌GP3有很强的毒性.     

微生物降解麻醉药品生产废水的实验研究

从宜昌人福药业废水处理池的污水中分离得到1株能高效降解麻醉药芬太尼衍生物合成废水的菌株M1,经过对其菌落特征及形态观察,该菌株初步鉴定为拟青霉属(Paecilomyces),并对其降解废水的最佳条件进行了研究.研究表明,当反萃取后水相(COD为22 550 mg/L)的稀释倍数为10时,M1降解该废水的最佳条件为:pH 6.0,温度30℃,摇床转速100 r/min,富集培养液用量3%,最佳菌悬液(3 g菌丝体/菌悬液)接种量10%,经过大约6 d的降解,废水的COD去除率高于97%,最终COD值达到国家一级排放标准(≤50 mg/L).此研究结果为微生物在处理该类药物合成废水中的实际应用提供了依据.     

一株菲降解菌的筛选及降解动力学分析

从克拉玛依油田附近稠油污染土壤中筛选出能以菲为唯一碳源的菲降解菌y-8,通过形态观察、生理生化特性及16SrDNA比对序列分析对该菌株进行了鉴定,确定菲降解菌y-8属于弯曲假单胞菌(Pseudomonas geniculata)。菲降解菌y-8在30℃、接种量2%(体积分数)、pH=7.0、170r/min的条件下振荡培养72h,对初始质量浓度为100mg/L菲的降解率达到93.7%,同时可耐受较高质量浓度的菲(3 000mg/L)。同时,对不同初始浓度菲降解动力学曲线进行分析,建立菌降解的指数模型,得到一级反应动力学方程:lnc=-0.045 1t+A(其中,c为菲质量浓度,mg/L;t为降解时间,h;A为常数),半减期为91.01h。     

甲氰菊酯降解菌鉴定及其降解特性

从农药厂污泥中分离到一株能降解甲氰菊酯的光合细菌PSB07-19.鉴定结果表明,PSB07-19为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris),其最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为6.5.实验结果表明,该菌以共代谢方式降解甲氰菊酯,对甲氰菊酯的最大耐受质量浓度为600 mg/L,培养15 d对400 mg/L甲氰菊酯的降解率达45.51%,降解最适pH、温度分别为7.5、30℃.     

一株耐盐N,N-二甲基甲酰胺降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为唯一碳、氮源,从高盐环境中筛选耐盐DMF高效降解菌DMF-4,并对其降解DMF的特性进行研究。经鉴定,DMF-4为环太芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulans),其在盐度为3%,温度为30℃的条件下培养48 h,对1 000 mg/L DMF的降解率可达47.7%。DMF-4降解DMF的适宜条件为初始pH 6.0～7.0,DMF初始质量浓度3 000～4 000 mg/L,温度30～40℃,盐度1%～3%;葡萄糖和醋酸钠可明显促进菌株DMF-4的生长和对DMF的降解效果。菌株DMF-4对高盐与高温皆有较好的耐受性,在工业污水处理领域具有广阔的应用空间。     

芘降解菌DY-1的条件优化及降解动力学特性分析

选用已筛选出以芘为唯一碳源的假单胞菌DY-1(Pseudomonas sp.)作为芘降解菌,采用摇瓶振荡培养方法,研究了不同环境条件对菌DY-1降解芘效率的影响以及降解动力学特性。结果表明,在含芘50 mg/L的条件下培养9 d,降解率达83.2%。最适宜温度为30℃,pH值为7.5,摇床转速为120 r/min,接种量为1.5 mL;在不同培养条件下芘的降解符合一级动力学模型;低浓度Zn2+,Cd2+,Cr6+的存在对芘降解效果影响较小,Cu2+,Pb2+对芘的降解有较强的毒性;加入低浓度有机物质,蔗糖可提高DY-1芘的降解;低浓度萘或蒽的存在可促进芘的降解。     

一株耐铬不动杆菌对十二烷基硫酸钠的降解特性

研究醋酸钙不动杆菌H1的降解广谱性时,发现其能在高浓度十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)环境中生长。经过对菌株H1降解特性研究,结果表明,该菌利用SDS的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0,最适接种量为2%,并适应低渗透压环境。当SDS浓度低于400 mg/L时,菌株H1对SDS的降解率在85%以上,且在SDS浓度为400 mg/L时,达到最大降解率94%。当K2Cr2O7为500 mg/L时,菌株H1对SDS的降解率仍达到50%左右。添加酵母浸出物可促进SDS的降解。     

N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮降解菌的筛选、降解特性及其竹炭固定化

从活性污泥中分离筛选得到1株N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)高效降解菌株ZF1,根据菌株ZF1的形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,将其初步鉴定为产脲节杆菌(Arthrobacter ureafaciens)。菌株ZF1能以NVP为唯一碳、氮源进行生长,并在60 h内完全降解200 mg·L~(-1)的NVP。菌株ZF1降解NVP的最适环境条件为温度30℃,初始pH 7.0,Na Cl浓度7 g·L~(-1)。为了更好地实现其在实际废水中的应用,将菌株ZF1固定到竹炭上,扫描电镜观察表明ZF1能很好的附着在竹炭表面,且固定菌对NVP的降解效率明显高于游离菌。游离菌和固定菌对NVP的降解均符合一级动力学模型。重复利用5次后,固定菌对NVP的降解率仍能达到98%。     

华北某油田石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性

以石油为唯一碳源,从华北某油田污染土壤中筛选出石油降解菌12株。其中5株菌有较强降解能力,分别编号为z-3、z-6、z-7、z-8和z-b,在30℃,160 r/min摇床培养10 d后,菌株对石油降解率分别为63.8%、34.2%、44.8%、50.5%和42.3%。通过生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,确定这5株菌分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。通过对这5株菌生物量、脱氢酶及邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性的监测,发现生物量及酶活性与石油降解能力具有直接关系。最后,对5株菌的生长条件进行优化,其中z-3、z-6、z-7和z-b菌株对石油降解率较优化前提高10%左右。     

氯氰菊酯降解真菌的筛选及其降解特性研究

用富集培养的方法从农药厂污水排放口的污泥中分离筛选到3株以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源进行生长的真菌,分别命名为TS-203、TS-205和TS-306。经鉴定3株真菌分别属于土生曲霉组(Aspergillus terreus)、毛链孢属(M onilochaetes)和镰孢霉属(Fusarium)。分别测定了不同碳源、pH、培养温度及氯氰菊酯浓度对真菌生长量和降解能力的影响。结果表明,以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源且浓度为50~150 mg/L,pH 6.0~8.0,培养温度30~40℃时,真菌的生长量较大,降解效果较好。本研究对氯氰菊酯农药残留的生物修复研究和应用具有十分重要的意义,可为今后治理氯氰菊酯残留污染提供参考。     

Fungicides transport in runoff from vineyard plot and catchment: contribution of non-target areas

Surface runoff and erosion during the course of rainfall events are major processes of pesticides transport from agricultural land to aquatic ecosystem. These processes are generally evaluated either at the plot or the catchment scale. Here, we compared at both scales the transport and partitioning in runoff water of two widely used fungicides, i.e., kresoxim-methyl (KM) and cyazofamid (CY). The objective was to evaluate the relationship between fungicides runoff from the plot and from the vineyard catchment. The results show that seasonal exports for KM and CY at the catchment were larger than those obtained at the plot. This underlines that non-target areas within the catchment largely contribute to the overall load of runoff-associated fungicides. Estimations show that 85 and 62 % of the loads observed for KM and CY at the catchment outlet cannot be explained by the vineyard plots. However, the partitioning of KM and CY between three fractions, i.e., the suspended solids (>0.7 μm) and two dissolved fractions (i.e., between 0.22 and 0.7 µm and <0.22 µm) in runoff water was similar at both scales. KM was predominantly detected below 0.22 μm, whereas CY was mainly detected in the fraction between 0.22 and 0.7 μm. Although KM and CY have similar physicochemical properties and are expected to behave similarly, our results show that their partitioning between two fractions of the dissolved phase differs largely. It is concluded that combined observations of pesticide runoff at both the catchment and the plot scales enable to evaluate the sources areas of pesticide off-site transport.     

Use of toxicity identification evaluations to determine the pesticide mitigation effectiveness of on-farm vegetated treatment systems

Evidence of ecological impacts from pesticide runoff has prompted installation of vegetated treatment systems (VTS) along the central coast of California, USA. During five surveys of two on-farm VTS ponds, 88% of inlet and outlet water samples were toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) indicated water toxicity was caused by diazinon at VTS-1, and chlorpyrifos at VTS-2. Diazinon levels in VTS-1 were variable, but high pulse inflow concentrations were reduced through dilution. At VTS-2, chlorpyrifos concentrations averaged 52% lower at the VTS outlet than at the inlet. Water concentrations of most other pesticides averaged 20-90% lower at VTS outlets. All VTS sediment samples were toxic to amphipods (Hyalella azteca). Sediment TIEs indicated toxicity was caused by cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin at VTS-1, and chlorpyrifos and permethrin at VTS-2. As with water, sediment concentrations were lower at VTS outlets, indicating substantial reductions in farm runoff pesticide concentrations.     

Determination of pesticide residues in IPM and non-IPM samples of mango (Mangifera indica)

Studies were conducted to analyze the residue of commonly used pesticides viz. methyl parathion, chloropyrifos, endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, carbendazim, imidacloprid and carbaryl in mango, Dashehari variety, integrated pest management (IPM) and non-IPM samples were collected from the IPM and non-IPM orchards, Lucknow, India. We also present a method for the simultaneous determination of these pesticides in mango samples. Residues of methyl parathion, chloropyriphos, endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate were extracted from the samples with acetone: cyclohexane: ethyl acetate in the ratio 2:1:1 followed by cleanup using neutral alumina. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) with a megabore column (OV-1). Residues of carbendazim, imidacloprid and carbaryl were extracted with acetone and after cleanup, analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using photo diode array (PDA) detector. Recoveries of all the pesticides ranged between 72.7-110.6%, at 0.1 and 1.0 microg g(-1) level of fortification. The residues detected in non-IPM samples of mango were found to be below the prescribed limits of maximum residue limit (MRL) while IPM samples were free from pesticide residues.     

Biodegradation of endosulfan by a soil bacterium

A bacterium capable of metabolizing endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine3-oxide) was isolated from cotton-growing soil and effectively shown to degrade endosulfan into endosulfan sulfate. The bacterium degraded 50% of the compound within 3 days of incubation. Endosulfan sulfate was the only terminal product and no other metabolites were formed during the incubation. Endosulfan and its metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography. The metabolites formed indicated that the organism follows an oxidative pathway for metabolism of this pesticide. Therefore, the present study, microbial degradation of endosulfan by a soil bacterium, may provide a basis for the development of bioremediation strategies to remediate the pollutants in the environment.     

Biodegradation of insecticide carbofuran by Paracoccus sp. YM3

A bacterium (Paracoccus sp. YM3) capable of degrading carbofuran was isolated from carbofuran-contaminated sludge. The strain was shown to metabolize carbofuran (50 mg L(-1)) to carbofuran-7-phenol in minimal salt medium within 6 days in which the pesticide was the only source of carbon. Carbofuran and its main metabolite were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The addition of an other carbon source led to accelerated biodegradation. The relevant degrading-enzyme was intracellular and inducible. A tobacco hypersensitivity experiment showed that YM3 could eliminate carbofuran in soils effectively and safely. This is the first report of a Paracoccus sp. that could degrade carbofuran. The present study may provide a basis for biotreatment of wastewaters and bioremediation of carbofuran-contaminated soils.     

Biodegradation of Endosulfan by a Soil Bacterium

A bacterium capable of metabolizing endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine3-oxide) was isolated from cotton-growing soil and effectively shown to degrade endosulfan into endosulfan sulfate. The bacterium degraded 50% of the compound within 3 days of incubation. Endosulfan sulfate was the only terminal product and no other metabolites were formed during the incubation. Endosulfan and its metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography. The metabolites formed indicated that the organism follows an oxidative pathway for metabolism of this pesticide. Therefore, the present study, microbial degradation of endosulfan by a soil bacterium, may provide a basis for the development of bioremediation strategies to remediate the pollutants in the environment.     

Collembola and macroarthropod community responses to carbamate, organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: direct and indirect effects

Non-target effects on terrestrial arthropod communities of the broad-spectrum insecticides chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin and the selective insecticide pirimicarb were investigated in winter wheat fields in summer. Effects of chlorpyrifos on arthropod abundance and taxonomic richness were consistently negative whereas effects of cypermethrin were negative for predatory arthropods but positive for soil surface Collembola. Pirimicarb effects were marginal, primarily on aphids and their antagonists, with no effect on the Collembola community. Collembola-predator ratios were significantly higher following cypermethrin treatment, suggesting that cypermethrin-induced increases in collembolan abundance represent a classical resurgence. Observations in other studies suggest Collembola resurgences may be typical after synthetic pyrethroid applications. Collembola responses to insecticides differed among species, both in terms of effect magnitude and persistence, suggesting that coarse taxonomic monitoring would not adequately detect pesticide risks. These findings have implications for pesticide risk assessments and for the selection of indicator species.     

Persistence and biodegradation of carbaryl in soils

Abstract

The persistence of the methylcarbamate pesticide carbaryl was studied in four soils under flooded conditions. A substantial portion of the pesticide was recovered from all soils even after 15 days of its application, with the recovery ranging from 37% in an alluvial soil to 73% in an acid sulfate soil. The degradation of carbaryl was more rapid under flooded conditions than under nonflooded conditions. A bacterium, Pseudomonas cepacia, isolated from a flooded soil amended with a related methylcarbamate pesticide carbofuran, degraded carbaryl in a mineral medium supplemented with yeast extract.     

Spray drift of pesticides and stream macroinvertebrates: experimental evidence of impacts and effectiveness of mitigation measures

Impoverished stream communities in agricultural landscapes have been associated with pesticide contamination, but conclusive evidence of causality is rare. We address this deficiency by adopting an experimental approach to investigate the effects of the insecticides cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on benthic macroinvertebrates. Three treatments were established and a combination of biomarker, bioassay and biomonitoring approaches was employed to investigate, individual, population and community-level effects. Animals deployed during pesticide application had altered enzyme activity, depressed feeding rate and reduced survival, but these effects were only observed where pesticide was sprayed to the stream edge. There were no clear pesticide-related effects on macroinvertebrate community structure or on the population densities of individual species. Hence, short-term pesticide exposure did cause individual-level effects in stream macroinvertebrates, but these were not translated to effects at the population or community-level and were effectively mitigated by the adoption of a no-spray buffer zone.