微波辐照载甲苯活性炭再生研究

研究在微波辐照条件下,活性炭量、微波功率、载气量、加热时间等因素对载甲苯活性炭脱附的影响,在正交实验中,各个影响因素的重要性排序为:氮气流量、活性炭量、辐照时间、微波功率,最佳的操作工况为:活性炭量9 g、载气流量300 mL/min、辐照时间120 s、微波功率500W,活性炭的脱附率在99.74%.     

吸附邻氯酚的超高交联树脂微波辅助再生研究

以NDA-150超高交联树脂为吸附剂,邻氯酚为吸附质,氢氧化钠稀溶液为脱附剂,采用微波间歇辐照的方法,对吸附氯酚树脂的再生过程进行了研究.系统分析了微波功率、辐照时间、碱液浓度对脱附效果的影响,并确定了最佳脱附条件.结果表明,微波辐照再生速度非常快.与传统热脱附不同,微波再生过程中脱附效率并不随碱浓度的增加而升高,微波辐照功率和辐照时间对脱附效果影响明显.树脂经多批次微波辐照,吸附性能和化学结构保持稳定.     

吸附邻氯酚的超高交联树脂微波辅助再生研究

以NDA-150超高交联树脂为吸附剂，邻氯酚为吸附质，氢氧化钠稀溶液为脱附剂，采用微波间歇辐照的方法，对吸附氯酚树脂的再生过程进行了研究。系统分析了微波功率、辐照时间、碱液浓度对脱附效果的影响，并确定了最佳脱附条件。结果表明，微波辐照再生速度非常快。与传统热脱附不同，微波再生过程中脱附效率并不随碱浓度的增加而升高，微波辐照功率和辐照时间对脱附效果影响明显。树脂经多批次微波辐照，吸附性能和化学结构保持稳定。     

微波加热及真空集成再生活性炭

吸附法油气回收技术中，吸附剂的再生是一个难点和研究重点。微波加热再生作为一种新技术，受到人们的广泛关注。运用正交实验，研究了微波功率、辐照时间、活性炭量和真空度对吸附了汽油油气的富活性炭的再生率和损耗率的影响，发现影响顺序为微波功率〉辐照时间〉活性炭量〉真空度。综合考虑各方面因素，得出实验的最优方案为微波功率300W、辐照时间240s、活性炭量4g、真空度O．06MPa。还研究了活性炭多次吸附一再生后平衡吸附率和表面结构的变化。结果表明，微波和真空法对活性炭的表面结构影响不大，有利于活性炭的多次循环利用。综合比较真空再生法、真空和加热再生法、微波和真空再生法的再生效果，结果表明，微波和真空再生法稳定性较好。     

微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺处理制药废水的影响因素

为了研究微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺处理高浓度制药废水的影响因素,以阜新某集团公司生产制药原料排出的废水为研究对象,利用静态实验,采用混凝-微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺对高浓度制药废水进行实验。实验用水为100 mL、COD为576~1 440 mg/L的制药废水,当活性炭投加量为2 g,H2O2投加量为3/4Qth,pH值为5,微波辐照功率和时间分别为500 W和7 min时,COD去除率可达到92.6%,出水COD在42.6~106.6 mg/L范围内。实验结果表明,活性炭的投加量、H2O2的投加量、pH值、微波辐照功率和辐照时间对微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺的处理效果影响都较显著。     

微波改性活性炭的吸附性能

利用微波辐照技术代替传统的加热技术在N2 气中对煤质活性炭进行改性 ,以期提高活性炭的吸附性能。通过正交实验法 ,探讨了微波功率、辐照时间及样品粒径 3种因素对改性活性炭吸附效果的影响。结果表明 ,微波加热提高了活性炭的吸附能力 ,微波功率和辐照时间是决定改性活性炭吸附性能的关键因素 ,并通过对改性前后活性炭的孔隙结构和微结构变化进行分析 ,来讨论其改性机理。     

微波改性活性炭的吸附性能

利用微波辐照技术代替传统的加热技术在N2气中对煤质活性炭进行改性，以期提高活性炭的吸附性能。通过正交实验法，探讨了微波功率、辐照时间及样品粒径3种因素对改性活性炭吸附效果的影响。结果表明，微波加热提高了活性炭的吸附能力，微波功率和辐照时间是决定改性活性炭吸附性能的关键因素，并通过对改性前后活性炭的孔隙结构和微结构变化进行分析，来讨论其改性机理。     

微波辐照糠醛渣制备活性炭及其性能研究

以糠醛渣及废炭粉为原料,通过掺合活化剂K2CO3成形后,在微波辐照下活化制备活性炭.研究K2CO3掺合比、辐照功率、活化气体CO2流量、辐照时间对活性炭结构与脱硫性能的影响,并设计正交实验优化工艺条件.结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,即K2CO3掺合比为1.0:2.0(质量比)、辐照功率为640 W、CO2流量为200 mL/min、辐照时间为10 min时,活性炭的吸附和脱硫性能较佳.扫描电镜和脱硫实验表明,后处理前后的活性炭在结构和脱硫性能以及脱硫机制上差异较大.     

微波辐照活性炭/铁屑处理橡胶促进剂生产废水

通过微波辐照活性炭与废铁屑的混合物处理橡胶促进剂生产废水。考察了炭铁混合物投加量、炭铁质量比、废水初始pH值、微波功率和微波辐照时间等对废水COD去除率的影响。结果表明,工艺的最佳参数为:炭铁混合物投加量65 g/L,炭铁质量比2∶1,微波功率200 W,微波辐照5 min,此条件下的废水COD去除率为76%;反应的表观过程近似符合一级动力学规律,动力学方程为:ln(C0/C)=0.1012t+0.8887,速率常数k=0.1012 min-1,半衰期t1/2=6.85 min;橡胶促进剂生产废水的微波辐照活性炭/铁屑处理工艺比单纯微波辐照及活性炭/铁屑处理工艺有明显的优越性。     

微波紫外耦合辐射降解间硝基苯磺酸钠及活性炭再生

针对活性炭吸附法处理污水所面临的吸附剂物耗大及其所形成的危险废弃物处置难题,采用微波紫外耦合辐射技术对活性炭无害化再生。以活性炭吸附电镀废水中的间硝基苯磺酸钠(3-NBSA)为研究对象,考察了p H对活性炭吸附3-NBSA效果的影响,研究了活性炭的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,最后探讨了微波功率、微波辐照时间、空气流量及再生次数对活性炭再生效果和再生损耗率的影响。实验结果表明,p H在2~8范围内对活性炭吸附效果影响不大,活性炭吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附特性可用Freundlich等温方程式来描述。活性炭再生实验的最佳工艺条件:微波功率为500W,微波辐照时间为10 min,空气流量为0.024 m3/h。最佳工艺条件下活性炭的再生率达到99.62%,且连续再生5次后仍能达到90.02%。实验表明,在微波紫外耦合辐射作用下比只在微波作用下,活性炭的再生效果和3-NBSA的降解效果更好。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.