ZDLT－W型湍流式烟气脱硫除尘装置

由浙江大学热能工程研究所和浙江大学蓝天环保设备工程有限公司开发、浙江省环保局推荐的ZDLT-W型烟气脱硫除尘一体化装置适用于工业锅炉和电站锅炉烟气的除尘、脱硫。主要技术内容一、基本原理:湍流塔是一种低阻高效的烟气脱硫装置,在运行过程中使用低密度湍球强化气液的混合和传质,利用气液扰动强化湍球的运动避免填料层出现堵塞,在较小喷淋量的条件下保证湍流塔具有稳定的气-液-固三相湍流反应层,通过湍流反应层达到高效除尘和脱硫的目的。由于湍流塔设计利用湍流强化含尘烟气与脱硫浆液接触反应,可实现较高的废气净化率,同时也使含尘…     

不同温度层结城市街区内气流与污染物扩散的数值模拟研究

采用3-D计算流体力学(CFD)技术模拟不同温度层结下城市街区内气流与污染物扩散规律,并与Uehara K等人风洞试验结果进行对比分析,应用Pontiggia M.等人基于Monin-Obukhov (M-O)理论添加外部源相方法对RNG k-ε模型k方程与ε方程进行修正,建立数值风洞模拟技术,结果表明,不同温度层结下,街区中下部速度非常低,为来流的1.5%左右,街区内部均形成一个稳定的涡,涡的强度受温度层结影响较明显,稳定层结下,街区内涡流较弱,不同温度层结下k/U2700最大值均出现在街区建筑物迎风角附近,较高归一化k/U2700出现在不稳定层结下。不同温度层结下街区内背风侧墙上污染物的浓度均大于与迎风侧墙浓度,较高归一化污染物浓度均出现在污染源的上风向。由于稳定层结抑制了垂直方向上气流的运动,近地面稳定层结归一化浓度值最大,而不稳定层结归一化浓度值最小。总之,温度层结对街区内流场结构与污染物扩散能力影响较为显著,不同温度层结下,由于街区内部与环境大气温度存在温度差,影响了街区内流场结构与湍流特征,从而影响了街区内污染物的扩散特征。     

气田污泥脱水工艺研究

在对气田废水处理中产生的污泥进行处理时,普遍存在着干化周期长、含水率高等问题,严重影响了废水处理装置的处理能力。脱水剂优化选择实验以及污泥脱水性能实验结果表明:先加入聚合氯化铝并搅拌15 s,再加入阴离子聚丙烯酰胺并搅拌混合30 s,最后加入FO4190SH搅拌,混合凝聚30 s后静止分层,其凝聚效果较好。在污泥脱水性能的各项指标中,真空脱水均好于重力脱水,特别是对于新鲜污泥滤层,真空(45 kPa)脱水速度比重力脱水速度约高8倍。     

2003年青海大雨天气成因及预报分析

文章利用2003年5至10月逐日资料分析,对青海大雨天气过程的空间分布、高空环流形势进行了统计分析;着重探讨了低频重力波指数、假相当位温在大雨预报中的作用,初步得到了低频重力波指数、假相当位温配合高空环流形势制作青海高原地区大雨、暴雨的预报方法。     

同质印染废水分流处理中水回用技术

由苏州弘宇节能减排工程有限公司开发的同质印染废水分流处理中水回用技术,适用于印染行业废水处理的中水回用。主要技术内容印染工艺流程中各单元的废水经管道重力流至调节池,混合均匀后经泵提升至反应池进行脱色絮凝反应后,进入初沉池沉淀。初沉池出水进入推流式好氧池进     

河口问题诱因分析——以太湖为例

河口是具有高生产力与多样性的水陆物质交换区域。受小流域环境的影响,不同入湖河口的地貌与水文特征差异显著,致使河口种类繁多。从自然地理与水动力两方面独立分析了影响入湖河口形态及冲淤变化的主要因素,分别以此为基础划分河口类型。根据水动力分类指标,得出环太湖河口的6种基本类型。针对不同的环境压力,预测入湖河口形态受人类活动影响的演变趋势,为建设入湖河口管理区与生态修复模式提供思路。     

既有建筑节能改造市场动力机制研究概况

从系统整体出发,基于既有建筑节能改造市场发展研究全面规划视角,架构了总括、ESCO驱动力作用机理、政府作用力实施机理、总结四大模块、两大篇共10章的层次体系。结果发现:ESCO驱动力以作用效益为导向,以运行实践与行为规律、作用影响机理、ESCO驱动策略、效益评价与优化策略为核心要素,是内在动力;政府作用力以有效性为基准,以运行特征与政府行为、影响机理与博弈策略、实施影响机理与有效性评价、实施策略为核心要素,是外在动力。在揭示既有建筑节能改造市场动力机制的基础上,提出未来研究发展趋势。     

乌鲁木齐河流域融雪期积雪物理特性观测分析

融雪水作为干旱内陆河流主要补给来源,是干旱地区农业灌溉生存与发展的主要制约因素,积雪物理特性是研究融雪规律、融雪径流形成与侵蚀过程的基础。本研究日在天山北坡乌鲁木齐河流域下游试验区对林冠下与开阔地气象要素以及积雪物理特性(含水率、积雪密度、积雪深度、雪层温度等)进行观测,分析季节性积雪融雪期雪层物理特性垂直轮廓线和时间变化特征及其与气温的相互联系。研究得出:融雪期各雪层物理特性存在差异性,雪层平均含水率与气温指数相关且林冠下相关性更好。     

入境旅游流“驱动力—状态—响应”模型构建

借鉴国内外旅游流相关评价指标体系,基于中国旅游六大典型城市的统计数据,利用因子分析与系统动力学分析方法探讨了客源地驱动力、入境旅游流状态与目的地城市响应的模型。研究发现:1所构建的客源地驱动力、旅游流状态与目的地响应指标体系由3个目标层、13个准则层、43个指标构成。2构建了"驱动力—状态—响应"概念模型,具有很强的理论吻合性。3将入境旅游流与客源地驱动力系统、经济社会子系统、资源区位子系统、服务设施子系统和信息技术子系统逐一对应,构建整体动力系统因果回路图,研究体量匹配并对旅游与城市建设问题进行了探讨。     

面向循环经济的信息服务协同管理平台研究

本研究面向循环经济企业、园区、政府和相关社会公众,以实现循环经济发展模式的小循环、中循环和社会大循环的融合为最终目标,以构建信息服务协同管理平台为主要途径,重点分析了平台建设的四方面必要性和三方面可行性。在此基础上,设计了平台的功能定位和体系架构。平台功能包括活动数据采集、活动数据不确定性分析与校准、企业绿色投入产出分析、循环经济效率指标评价、物质流与能量流可视化分析、园区循环经济协同度分析、宏观物质流分析和循环经济公共信息服务,平台的体系架构由交互层、逻辑层和数据层组成。     

Woodland restoration in Scotland: ecology, history, culture, economics, politics and change

In the latter half of the 20th century, native pine woodlands in Scotland were restricted to small remnant areas within which there was little regeneration. These woodlands are important from a conservation perspective and are habitat for numerous species of conservation concern. Recent developments have seen a large increase in interest in woodland restoration and a dramatic increase in regeneration and woodland spread. The proximate factor enabling this regeneration is a reduction in grazing pressure from sheep and, particularly, deer. However, this has only been possible as a result of a complex interplay between ecological, political and socio-economic factors. We are currently seeing the decline of land management practices instituted 150-200 years ago, changes in land ownership patterns, cultural revival, and changes in societal perceptions of the Scottish landscape. These all feed into the current move to return large areas of the Scottish Highlands to tree cover. I emphasize the need to consider restoration in a multidisciplinary framework which accounts not just for the ecology involved but also the historical and cultural context.     

回顾 总结 部署

3月26日至3月28日,备受关注的2003年度中国石油集团公司安全生产环境保护职业健康工作会议在青岛召开。 会议期间王海森主任做了题为“与时俱进,开拓创新,推进安全环境健康工作再上新水平”的报告,指出此次会议的主要任务是:总结回顾过去三年安全生产,环境保护和职业健康工作,分析形势,安排部署2003年工作,推进安全环境健康工作再上新水平。回顾三年的成绩,主要体现在:安全环保健康目标和责任制不断落实;安全环保健康规章制度逐步完善;安全环保机构得到加强和充实;健康安全环境管理体系全面推进;建设项目环境管理规范进行;安全环保科技创新…     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

Atrazine, isoproturon, mecoprop, 2,4-D, and bentazone adsorption onto iron oxides

Iron oxides are important components influencing the adsorption of various inorganic and organic compounds in soils and sediments. In this study the adsorption on iron oxides of nonionic and ionic pesticides was determined as a function of solution pH, ionic strength, and pesticide concentration. The investigated iron oxides included two-line ferrihydrite, goethite, and lepidocrocite. Selected pesticides comprised atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)], mecoprop [(RS)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid], 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and bentazone [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. The adsorption of the nonionic pesticides (atrazine and isoproturon) was insignificant, whereas the adsorption of the acidic pesticides (mecoprop, 2,4-D, and bentazone) was significant on all investigated iron oxides. The adsorption capacity increased with decreasing pH, with maximum adsorption reached close to the pKa values. The addition of CaCl2 in concentrations from 0.0025 to 0.01 M caused the adsorption capacity to diminish. The adsorption of bentazone was significantly lower than the adsorption of mecoprop and 2,4-D, illustrating the importance of a carboxyl group in the pesticide structure. The adsorption capacity on the iron oxides increased in the order: lepidocrocite < goethite < two-line ferrihydrite. The maximum adsorption capacities of meco-prop and 2,4-D on goethite were found to be equivalent to the site density of singly coordinated hydroxyl groups on the faces of the dominant (110) form, suggesting that singly coordinated hydroxyl groups are responsible for adsorption. Differences in adsorption capacities between iron oxides can be explained by differences in the surface site density of singly coordinated hydroxyl groups. The maximum measured adsorption capacity of mecoprop on two-line ferrihydrite was equivalent to 0.2 mol/mol Fe.     

Tillage, intercrop, and controlled drainage-subirrigation influence atrazine, metribuzin, and metolachlor loss

Atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] have been found with increasing occurrence in rivers and streams. Their continued use will require changes in agricultural practices. We compared water quality from four crop-tillage treatments: (i) conventional moldboard plow (MB), (ii) MB with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercrop (IC), (iii) soil saver (SS), and (iv) SS + IC; and two drainage control treatments, drained (D) and controlled drainage-subirrigation (CDS). Atrazine (1.1 kg a.i. ha-1), metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one] (0.5 kg a.i. ha-1), and metolachlor (1.68 kg a.i. ha-1) were applied preemergence in a band over seeded corn (Zea mays L.) rows. Herbicide concentration and losses were monitored from 1992 to spring 1995. Annual herbicide losses ranged from < 0.3 to 2.7% of application. Crop-tillage treatment influenced herbicide loss in 1992 but not in 1993 or 1994, whereas CDS affected partitioning of losses in most years. In 1992, SS + IC reduced herbicide loss in tile drains and surface runoff by 46 to 49% compared with MB. The intercrop reduced surface runoff, which reduced herbicide transport. Controlled drainage-subirrigation increased herbicide loss in surface runoff but decreased loss through tile drainage so that total herbicide loss did not differ between drainage treatments. Desethyl atrazine [6-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] comprised 7 to 39% of the total triazine loss.