大兴安岭林区春防期森林火险气候区划

森林火灾是森林资源的重大灾害。而林火的发生、蔓延与气候条件密切相关。此区划是按照多因子综合指标法计算的火险等级而确定的指标,用现代气候区划理论与方法完成。可为制订森林防火、灭火规划及林火气象预报提供可靠的气候依据和气候背景。     

内蒙古自治区东部荒漠化成因分析

根据大量的野外实际资料，论述了内蒙古东部荒漠化的成因，指出气候条件是诱发荒漠化的主要自然因素。近50a来（1949-2000年），该地区降水量在波动中呈现减少的趋势，减幅平均达到（2％～5％）／10a，而温度总体上呈现出在波动中增高的趋势，因而造成其气候日趋干旱。同时，人口、牲畜的大量增加，严重超过了当地土地生态环境的承载能力，人类活动激发和加速了荒漠化的进程，成为荒漠化迅速发的主要原因。而区内的第四系松散堆积物则是荒漠化发生的物质基础。     

汶川地震扰动区小流域滑坡泥石流风险区划

地震扰动区小流域地质灾害(滑坡、崩塌、泥石流)风险区划研究主要涉及两方面的问题:1地震扰动区小流域滑坡泥石流与一般地区的滑坡泥石流有什么差异?2这种特定环境的滑坡泥石流风险区划与一般地区风险区划有什么不同?根据这两个关键命题讨论了汶川地震灾区都江堰白沙河小流域滑坡泥石流风险区划问题,认为在地震扰动区的一个独立地貌单元小流域中,滑坡泥石流比非地震区小流域的分布数量更多,范围更广,规模更大。尤其在后期降雨条件下发生频率更高,潜在危险性更高。所以在危险度区划阶段必须结合地震因子,评价与地震动因素的相关性,突出地震动的破坏作用。易损度区划阶段应该考虑承载体的抗震因子。风险区划模型与一般地区模型基本一致,而差别在危险度区划阶段结合了地震因素的影响。     

我国基于应急管理的突发自然灾害区域划分

虽然我国不同种类突发自然灾害的单项、专门性应急管理已初具规模,有些甚至已比较成熟,但突发性灾害并不是单一的,常常衍生出其它灾害,以多种类、跨地域的特征发生.为了对突发自然灾害进行跨地域的综合性应急管理,进行相应的区划研究应是其首先要解决的问题.在分析我国突发自然灾害特征及其应急管理区划必要性的基础上,提出了在我国实施突发自然灾害应急管理区划的基本框架——宏观区划、中观区划和微观区划,并论述了各区划的基本思路.     

基于GIS的深圳市滑坡危险性区划研究

深圳市在快速城市化过程中形成了大量人工边坡,这些边坡在强降雨及人为活动干扰下具有发生崩塌和滑坡的潜在危险性,给当地人民群众生命财产安全带来较大威胁。基于深圳市斜坡调查结果,选择地层岩性、地质构造、地形、植被、水文、人类活动5个因子37个变量,构建了深圳市滑坡危险性区划评价指标体系。基于信息量模型,利用GIS空间分析工具,完成了深圳市滑坡危险性区划工作,并利用野外调查第一手资料对危险性区划进行了验证。结果表明,深圳市滑坡危险区面积为12.7 km2,占评价总面积的0.67%;较危险区面积为676.9 km2,占评价总面积的35.8%;较稳定区面积为1 040.5 km2,占评价总面积的55%;稳定区面积为160.1 km2,占评价总面积的8.5%。     

西藏荒漠化及其防治战略

西藏自治区荒漠化研究始于20世纪90年代初，但近10年来在探索荒漠化面积、类型、分布、危害、动态监测和防治等方面都取得了重大进展。全区荒漠化土地面积20474114hm^2，潜在荒漠化土地面积1365180hm^2。从影响荒漠化进程的多种因素的发展趋势来看，目前荒漠化仍处于发展阶段。为了有效地促进西藏自治区的经济发展，改善生态环境，西藏自治区政府于1997年制定了详细的防治荒漠化计划，制定了“保护优先、积极治理、适度开发”的防治战略。按该计划，在2020年前共治理荒漠化土地面积5243870hm^2。考虑到西藏国民经济发展战略的总体布局，防治荒漠化在布局上将以“一江两河”中部流域为重点，兼顾其他地区。达到上述目标，将能初步实现西藏社会经济与自然环境的协调发展。     

基于GIS的沐川县滑坡危险度区划

基于GIS技术及统计方法,对沐川县滑坡进行了区划研究.从与滑坡发育相关的因子中提取了5个本底因子:地层、坡度、坡形、高差和坡向,以此反演计算了研究区环境本底因子对滑坡的贡献和本底因子的权重.采用贡献率权重叠加法对研究区进行危险度区划,其中高危险度区114.7km2,中危险度区229.9km2,低危险度区100.9km2.经与野外调查结果对比检验,区划可靠性达到90%以上.     

基于综合赋权分析的东北水稻低温冷害风险评估及区划研究

农业气象灾害风险评估与区划对农业防灾减灾对策的制定意义重大。以东北三省为研究区,利用日均温、水稻生长发育期、产量和面积数据对水稻冷害风险中的致灾因子危险性、承灾体脆弱性及损失度三要素进行了多指标分析。结合熵值法与层次分析法综合计算指标权重,应用加权综合评价法构建了东北水稻冷害风险综合评估模型。结果表明,冷害风险综合评估指标与典型冷害年水稻单产平均减产率在0.01水平下极显著相关,冷害综合风险等级区划与历史任意冷害发生频率分布大体一致。因此,对冷害风险综合评估模型及区划所做的研究具有合理性,可为防灾减灾提供科学合理的依据。     

中国洪水灾害风险区划及其成因分析

洪水灾害风险区划是洪水风险管理的基本依据.长期以来,受数据收集以及分辨率的影响,中国一直缺乏可以指导相关部门进行洪水风险控制及洪水保险的洪灾风险区划.本文利用地理信息系统软件的空间分析模块,基于高分辨率（90m）的全国降雨、地形坡度、河流湖泊缓冲区、人均GDP、人口密度、道路密度和耕地密度等影响水灾发生的风险因子图,采用水灾成因分析法和经验系数法,得到洪水的潜在危险区和经济易损区,进而得到中国洪水灾害风险区划.在此基础上,采用逐步回归法,逐步剔除各影响因子后,对引发洪灾的主要外在驱动力进行了分析.     

基于极值降雨假设法的城镇地质灾害风险性评价耦合模型研究——以安康市岚皋县官元镇为例

选取安康市岚皋县官元镇为研究区,以斜坡单元为评价单元,采用信息量-支持向量机耦合模型进行地质灾害易发性评价,根据自然断点法完成易发性分区;基于极值降雨假设法分别计算大雨(35 mm/24 h)、暴雨(75 mm/24 h)、大暴雨(175 mm/24 h)和特大暴雨(250 mm/24 h)4种工况下斜坡的危险性指数,并开展相应工况下危险性区划;采用TOPSIS法计算易损性指数,开展地质灾害易损性分区。综合采用信息量-支持向量机模型、极值降雨假设和TOPSIS法构建研究区风险性评价耦合模型,根据自然断点法划分4种降雨工况的地质灾害风险性分区,将风险区划为极高风险区、高风险区、中风险区和低风险区。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。