实施“五步”战略 推进创业教育走向深入

创业教育划分为五个阶段:激发创业热情阶段、专业方向确立阶段、创业教育提升阶段、实习实训升华阶段和创业指导反馈阶段,在不同阶段采取不同的教学方式、传授不同的教学内容,达成不同的教学目标.创业教育应贯穿整个大学教育过程.参5.     

复合污染对水稻幼苗细胞膜透性及保护酶活性的影响

通过水培实验研究了SDBS、EDTA、Cd、Hg复合污染对水稻幼苗细胞膜透性及部分酶活性的影响.结果表明:SDBS、EDTA、Cd、Hg的共同作用对水稻幼苗的叶片和根部蛋白质的合成的影响均大于对照,但相互之间由于处理的不同产生的影响也不同.不同复合处理水稻幼苗的叶片和根的MDA含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响也不同.水稻通过保护酶系统对伤害有一定的适应和抵抗能力.     

雌雄异株植物与性别比例有关的性别差异研究现状与展望

雌雄异株植物是陆地生态系统的重要组分,自然种群中其雌雄个体的性别比例通常为1∶1,但随水分、养分、CO2浓度、温度、光照和干扰水平等的不同而有所不同.一般来说,在逆境下性别比例偏雄性,这是雌雄异株植物性别分离的常见模式.雌雄异株植物不同性别间的差异主要体现在:(1)存活率,(2)形态特征,(3)生理生化特性,(4)物候期,(5)资源分配模式等方面,但对于雌雄个体差异的分子机理未见报道.这些差异导致了雌雄植株个体环境适应性的不同,从而表现为在不同环境下雌雄异株植物性别比例偏倚的现象.基于此,可结合不同树种雌雄性的不同用途,开展有关研究.参59     

汞的环境光化学

作为一种全球污染物,汞在水体、底泥、土壤、大气等介质中以各种不同形态存在.各种汞形态具有不同的理化特性及毒性.汞形态的转化对于汞的迁移、毒性、食物链富集放大效应等具有重要影响.光照在汞的形态转化中起着重要作用,主要涉及光氧化、光还原、甲基汞的光降解以及无机汞的光化学甲基化等四个方面.本文对不同环境介质中汞的光化学转化过...     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对石灰土基本特性的影响

以重庆金佛山为例,针对岩溶山区不同土地利用系统,分析了土壤容重、孔隙度、质地、有机质、阳离子交换量等土壤基本特性对不同土地利用方式的响应.结果表明,由于土地利用强度不同,常绿阔叶林地土壤质量最优,耕地最差,退耕地的部分土壤特性得到恢复.土壤特性对不同土地利用方式的响应程度由高到低依次为有机质、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量、容重、孔隙度.有机质与阳离子交换量、机械组成的分形维数、容重和孔隙度均呈极显著相关,有机质是岩溶生态环境中石灰土壤质量演变的重要因子.     

使用离子色谱对药品处方中柠檬酸盐和磷酸盐含量的检测

《美国药典(USP)》针对柠檬酸不同的药剂形态,采用一些不同的方法进行检测.这些分析技术包括:热量计、比重计、离子交换色谱法和反相液相色谱法.     

高山植物对全球气候变暖的响应研究进展

高山地区被认为是对全球气候变化最敏感的区域之一,气候变暖导致高山生境内生物与非生物环境因子发生不同程度的改变,从而引起高山植物从不同层面作出不同的变化或响应.综述了高山及亚高山高海拔生境内,植物从宏观生态系统层面到微观个体生理层面对全球气候变化进行响应的研究进展.植物由个体自身的生理及形态上产生不同响应,逐步经过"瀑布式上升效应(Cascade effects)",最后引起整个高山生态系统的转变.受局地差异性及物种差异性影响,生物多样性在不同高山地区呈现出或是增加或是减少的趋势;林线及植被向高纬度、高海拔地区扩张;植物间相互关系由协作转向中性乃至竞争;植物物候、繁殖、生物量生产、光合作用、年轮生长、营养结构等方面均呈现出不同的响应模式.这些从微观到宏观的不同响应模式,最终将引起高山生态系统在结构、功能上的改变,进而在很大范围上威胁到高山植物的生存与发展.最后提出该领域未来的研究重点.参147     

几种抗生素对蛋白核小球藻的时间毒性微板分析法

抗生素在不同的暴露时间可能具有不同的毒性变化规律。本文以蛋白核小球藻(C.pyrenoidosa)为受试生物,96孔微板为暴露实验载体,5种抗生素硫酸安普霉素、氯霉素、双氢链霉素、硫酸新霉素和硫酸链霉素为研究对象,通过在C.pyrenoidosa生长周期内选取6个暴露时间节点(即0、12、24、48、72和96 h),建立了抗生素在不同暴露时间对C.pyrenoidosa生长抑制毒性的微板测试方法(简称T-MTA),并应用T-MTA方法系统测定了5种抗生素对C.pyrenoidosa在不同暴露时间的生长抑制毒性。结果表明,抗生素对C.pyrenoidosa生长抑制毒性具有明显的时间依赖特征,即在开始的时候基本无毒性,而后毒性迅速增加,然后毒性增加速度减慢;不同抗生素的毒性随着暴露时间的延长增加速率不同;同一暴露时间内,5种抗生素对C.pyrenoidosa的毒性大小不同;且毒性顺序随着暴露时间延长而发生变化。     

甘肃省农田地膜污染及防控措施调查

根据甘肃省第一、二次污染源普查结果和78个监测点数据,采用问卷调查与实地调研相结合的方法,分析了甘肃省农田残膜污染现状和防控措施.结果表明,2013年全省地膜使用总量152 025 t,年残留总量44 574 t,地膜污染地区差异明显,从大到小依次为中部黄土高原区、陇东黄土高原区、河西走廊、陇南山区、天水地区和甘南牧区.不同覆膜作物的污染量不同,污染最严重的是玉米.残膜碎片面积越大,残存在田间的数量越小.种植年限1～＜10、10～ ＜20、20～ 30 a的0～30 cm田间地膜残留量分别为27.62、30.78和42.26 kg· hm-2.耕地利用类型不同,残膜量大小则不同,从大到小依次为粮食作物、花卉、蔬菜和经济作物.不同年限、不同种植作物及不同覆膜方式的田间地膜残留系数不同,综合残留系数为4.64 kg·hm-2·a-1.影响地膜残留量的因素主要有残膜碎片大小、地膜厚度、种植模式、农田距村庄距离、土壤质地、地膜重复利用和捡拾方式.2013年甘肃省已建立起了完整的废旧地膜回收体系,有回收企业231家,回收网点2 130个,残膜回收率为70.7％.同时采取了增加地膜厚度、调整种植模式、增施有机肥改变土壤质地、减少地膜重复利用、采用人工加机械捡拾、建立废旧地膜回收体系等农艺农机技术,大幅度减少了地膜残留量,有效防治了农田残膜污染.     

产甲烷菌的生态多样性及工业应用

产甲烷菌是一类重要的极端环境微生物,在地球生物化学碳素循环过程中起着关键作用.目前,根据产甲烷菌的系统发育和生理生化特性可将已培养的产甲烷菌分为5大目.产甲烷菌广泛分布在海底及淡水沉积物、水稻田、动物胃肠道、地热及地矿等环境中,生态学研究表明,产甲烷菌在不同的生态环境里具有不同的群落分布特点,并且受不同环境因子的影响而显示出不同的生理代谢功能.本文综述了国内外近年来产甲烷菌的分类及生态多样性研究进展.同时简述了产甲烷菌在厌氧生物处理和煤层气资源开发中的广阔应用前景.表1参38     

Comparing ecosystem engineering efficiency of two plant species with contrasting growth strategies

Many ecosystems are greatly affected by ecosystem engineering, such as coastal salt marshes, where macrophytes trap sediment by reducing hydrodynamic energy. Nevertheless, little is known about the costs and benefits that are imposed on engineering species by the traits that underlie their ecosystem engineering capacity. We addressed this topic by comparing ecosystem engineering efficiency defined as the benefit-cost ratio per unit of biomass investment for two species from the intertidal habitat: the stiff grass Spartina anglica and the flexible grass Puccinellia maritima. These species were selected for their ability to modify their habitat by trapping large quantities of sediment despite their contrasting growth form. On a biomass basis, dissipation of hydrodynamic energy from waves (a proxy for benefits associated with ecosystem engineering capability as it relates to the sediment trapping capability) was strikingly similar for both salt marsh species, indicating that both species are equally effective in modifying their habitat. The drag forces per unit biomass (a proxy for costs associated with ecosystem engineering ability as it relates to the requirements on tissue construction and shoot anchoring to prevent breaking and/or washing away) were slightly higher in the species with flexible shoots. As a result, stiff Spartina vegetation had slightly higher ecosystem engineering efficiency, due to lower engineering costs rather than to a higher engineering effect. Thus, Spartina is a slightly more efficient rather than a more effective ecosystem engineer. Ecosystem engineering efficiency was found to be a species-specific characteristic, independent of vegetation density and relatively constant in space. Analyzing ecosystem engineering by quantifying trade-offs offers a useful way toward developing a better understanding of different engineering strategies.     

超滤技术在环境工程中的应用现状

本文对国内外超滤技术在环境工程中的应用，主要是废水处理中的应用现状进行了综述。涉及的废水包括纺织工业，机械制造工业，石油化工工业，食品加工工业及其它工业污水，也包括部分生活污水，在这些污水治理过程中，不仅可消除或减轻污水对环境的污染，同时也可以回收有价值的物质，使水部分或全部回用。     

Ecological engineering for water in sustainable settlements construction

The components of a water system in a settlement should benefit the residents, environment and nature. Ecological engineering for water use in settlements is crucial for designing and constructing a sustainable community. This article discusses ecological engineering measures and technology case studies in China for systematic regulation of the multiple functions of water in a sustainable community. These methods include reusing all sources of water (rainwater, wastewater and surface water), separating water that has been used for different purposes, promoting nutrient cycling, and improving the self-purification of water by controlling pollutant loads.     

European Court of Justice ruling regarding new genetic engineering methods scientifically justified: a commentary on the biased reporting about the recent ruling

In July 2018, the European Court of Justice (Case C-528/16) ruled that organisms obtained by directed mutagenesis techniques are to be regarded as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) within the meaning of Directive 2001/18. The ruling marked the next round of the dispute around agricultural genetic engineering in Europe. Many of the pros and cons presented in this dispute are familiar from the debate around the first generation of genetic engineering techniques. The current wave of enthusiasm for the new genetic engineering methods, with its claim to make good on the failed promises of the previous wave, seems to point more to an admission of failure of the last generation of genetic engineering than to a true change of paradigm. Regulation is being portrayed as a ban on research and use, which is factually incorrect, and the judges of the European Court of Justice are being defamed as espousing “pseudoscience”. Furthermore, this highly polarised position dominates the media reporting of the new techniques and the court’s ruling. Advocates of the new genetic engineering techniques appear to believe that their benefits are so clear that furnishing reliable scientific evidence is unnecessary. Meanwhile, critics who believe that the institution of science is in a serious crisis are on the increase not just due to the cases of obvious documented scientific misconduct by companies and scientists, but also due to the approach of dividing the world into those categorically for or against genetic engineering. In this construct of irreconcilable opposites, differentiations fall by the wayside. This article is a response to this one-sided and biased reporting, which often has the appearance of spin and lacks journalistic ethics that require journalists to report on different positions in a balanced and factual manner instead of taking positions and becoming undeclared advocates themselves.     

昆虫抗菌肽及其基因工程研究进展

昆虫抗菌肽是一类具有免疫效应的小分子多肽,它具有热稳定、抗菌谱广、无免疫原性、作用机制独特等特性,是昆虫能够抵御自然界中许多有害微生物侵染的重要因素.近年来,随着有关抗菌肽作用机理及功能研究的深入,其在医药领域的应用越来越引起人们的关注.本文就昆虫抗菌肽的分类、生物功能、基因工程研究进展等作一综述.参33     

精确农业发展与我国农业生态工程创新

介绍了西方精确农业的主要目标及技术思想,比较了中国农业生态工程与精确农业的异同点。提出农业生态工程研究应正视自身发展中存在的问题,吸收精确农业有关原理及方法,在理论规范化,手段现代化,过程监测及其控制自动化,增加高新技术含量,与信息技术、机械工程专业有机结合,提高工程设计可操作性等方面的努力,推动农业生态系统设计与管理的信息化与知识化,逐步形成基于信息技术、生物技术及机械工程装备的农业生态工程技术体系。     

南方城市化山地区小流域集水工程规划

为提高南方山地丘陵区充沛降水的利用效率 ,缓解山地城镇用水短缺、自然生境大量丧失、河道及水库干涸且污染严重等生态环境危机 ,文章利用GIS技术 ,对研究区所处的小流域原始地表水系网络和集水区进行了恢复和划分 ,结合土地利用类型特征对各集水区产流量进行了估算 ,在此基础上提出了小流域集水工程的布置方案。     

技术经济分析在制定污染物排放标准和治理方案中的应用

文章介绍了在环境工程中运用技术经济学的方法和内容，对环境工程项目的技术可行性和经济合理性进行综合评价，从而使环境工程投资决策建立在科学分析的基础上。     

Habitat provisioning for aboveground predators decreases detritivores

Although provisioning of habitat by ecosystem engineers is one of the most common biological interactions, previous studies have mostly focused on facilitative or bottom-up processes. Here we show that engineering effects can indirectly strengthen top-down effects mediated by predator abundance. We conducted a small-scale manipulative field experiment and broad-scale field observations of the plant, web spider, and detrital insect system in forest understory habitats. In the field experiment, artificially increasing architectural elements enhanced the abundance of spiders by providing physical support for web building. Moreover, aerial insects derived from the detrital food web decreased in response to increased spider abundance. As artificial architecture per se did not affect aerial detritivores, these results indicate that ecosystem engineering indirectly strengthens top-down effects mediated by predators. In field observations conducted in 12 cedar forests, path analyses supported the importance of an indirect pathway originating from understory vegetation complexity to spider abundance and to aerial detritivores. The effect size of spiders on detrital insects was similar in the field experiment and in the observations. These results indicate that the engineering effects of plants cascade to detrital insects through web spiders across different scales.     

Stabilization treatment of contaminated soil: a field-scale application in Shanghai,China

Stabilization is one of the best demonstrated available technologies for treating toxic pollutants in soils and has been used worldwide but is rarely used for treatment of contaminated sites in China despite many bench-scale studies. Here, a field-scale application of stabilization treatment in Shanghai, China was summarized to demonstrate the whole engineering process and the key technical issues regarding stabilization of contaminated soil. A site contaminated with arsenic (As) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formerly used as a lighting plant in Shanghai, was chosen as the demonstration site. Stabilizing measures were taken to treat the contaminated soil to reuse the site for residential purposes. The whole engineering remediation process consisted of phase I environmental site assessment (ESA) and phase II ESA, quantitative human health risk assessment, remediation alternatives evaluation, bench-scale testing, remedial design, engineering implementation, and post-remediation assessment. A third party conducted evaluation monitoring indicated desirable results were achieved via the stabilization treatment. In addition, some technical obstacles related to soil stabilization treatment were discussed, including soil quality evaluation, stabilization effectiveness validation, and soil reuse assessment.