The impacts of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau,China

The impacts of vegetation on soil erosion are closely associated with the combined effects of above- and below-ground components. In this study, we explore the effects and contributions of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion. Experiment sites under natural conditions with vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground plots were investigated for overland flow discharges of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0?L?s^?1 and slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%. Results indicate that litter cover and roots have a significant impact on sediment reduction; soil loss was reduced by about 57% and plant roots had a greater impact on the reduction of soil erosion than litter cover. The combination of litter cover and plant roots had a significant effect on decreasing K_r, increasing τ_c and consequently strengthening soil resistance capacity to erosion. When plants and roots existed on the slopes, K_r decreased by 81% and 66%, and τ_c increased by 319% and 246%, respectively, in comparison with bare slopes. These results illustrate the importance of high-forest in controlling soil erosion by quantifying the specific contributions of litter cover and plant roots in erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau.     

典型喀斯特区侵蚀性降雨特征及坡面生物措施水土流失防控效应

降雨类型和生物措施是坡面水土流失的重要影响因素。为研究喀斯特区降雨类型和不同坡面生物措施共同作用下的水土保持效益,以贵州蚂蟥田小流域水土保持监测站2014—2018年5年的径流小区实测数据为基础,分析了112场次的侵蚀性降雨特征,并以降雨量、降雨历时、平均降雨强度为指标对其进行分类。同时,分析了不同侵蚀性降雨类型下6个生物措施径流小区的产流产沙量,生物措施包括自然恢复草地、水土保持林(水保林)和经济果木林(经果林)。结果表明,侵蚀性降雨可以分为3类,通过分析降雨侵蚀力和各生物措施坡面的产流产沙能力,得出降雨的侵蚀能力表现为B雨型(中历时、大雨量、中雨强)>C雨型(短历时、小雨量、大雨强)>A雨型(长历时、中雨量、小雨强),B和C雨型的产沙量占全年总产沙量的85%以上。侵蚀性降雨集中发生在5—10月,占全年总产沙量的92.6%和总产流量的93.2%;3种生物措施的产流产沙量大小为:自然恢复草地>水保林>经果林,水保林和经果林的侵蚀产流量差异不显著(P<0.05)。对比自然恢复草地,水保林和经果林均能够减少侵蚀达50%以上。此外,其削减能力与降雨类型有关,在不同雨型下两种林地的减沙能力为:A雨型>C雨型>B雨型。研究结果可为喀斯特地区以生物措施治理坡面水土流失提供参考。     

华南红壤坡面侵蚀水动力学机制试验研究

华南红壤区是我国发生潜在水土流失危害的重点区域之一,红壤坡地的水土流失现象较为严重。华南红壤地区气候温暖,雨量丰沛,降雨特点通常表现为强度大、历时长,暴雨或大暴雨事件频发,因此暴雨驱动因子影响作用更为显著,研究探讨华南红壤坡面侵蚀过程及动力特征有着重要的现实意义。通过室内35场不同雨强（30、60、90、120、180、210、270 mm·h-1）、不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°、25°）的人工模拟降雨试验,研究了华南红壤侵蚀的水动力学机制。主要取得以下研究结果：（1）红壤坡面侵蚀水流的流态大部分均处于＂层流—缓流区＂,除平均流速随着模拟雨强的增加而增加外,其他水动力参数（坡面侵蚀水流的阻力、曼宁糙率、径流剪切力、以及水流功）均会受到雨强和坡度改变的影响,但是不呈现特定的函数关系,规律不明显;（2）从水动力学角度解析了红壤坡面水蚀过程,得出了相对水深和曼宁糙率系数两种水动力因子共同组成的复合水动力特征参数,可作为表征不同雨强及坡度下的坡面水蚀侵蚀产沙的特征水动力参数指标。     

喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析

侵蚀性降雨研究是坡面侵蚀计算的前提性工作,以往喀斯特黄壤区的有关研究多因数据序列较短难以得出有效结论,或更集中于微观过程的观测,不能推广到自然状况下大尺度上的研究应用。确立降雨侵蚀力指标结构及不同下垫面的侵蚀性降雨标准,并结合相关背景资料模拟流域降雨侵蚀状况,对于喀斯特黄壤区的水蚀预报具有重要价值。文章分别观测了贵州中部和西部2个小流域的耕地、草地和人工林地3种径流小区5年的降雨产沙数据。通过计算最小降雨侵蚀力偏差系数Rcv对应的雨量雨强标准,并应用错选度,剔除率和损失率3个指标进行对雨量和雨强标准进行评定,在此基础上分析该区域的侵蚀性降雨分布和不同下垫面的产沙特征,得出以下结论：1）降雨动能和最大30 min降雨强度乘积为计算降雨侵蚀力指标的最佳结构形式,降雨侵蚀力指标可以通过降雨量和最大30 min降雨强度乘积进行简易计算;2）黄壤裸地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用最大30 min降雨强度,其值在9.6-10.2 mm＆#183;h-1之间,耕地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用雨量标准,其值在15 mm左右,水土保持措施可明显提高侵蚀性降雨标准,较裸地和耕地分别提高55%和25%以上,复杂下垫面宜采用雨量标准,低植被覆盖下垫面宜采用最大时段雨强标准;3）贵州西部和中部侵蚀性降雨总量分别占年降雨总量的36%和38%,主要分布在5-8月,研究区年均降雨侵蚀力在1700-1800（MJ＆#183;mm＆#183;hm-2＆#183;h-1＆#183;a-1）,明显低于同纬度带的红壤和紫色土;坡面产沙量年内分布极为不均,少数的暴雨贡献了绝大部分的产沙量;4）无人为干扰的灌木草地水土保持效果最佳,顺坡耕作玉米严重加剧土壤侵蚀,减少人为扰动是治理的关键。     

Influences of Suspended Particles on the Runoff of Pesticides from an Agricultural Field at Askim, SE-Norway

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the loss of particles from agricultural fields, and the role of suspended particles in carrying pesticides in surface runoff and drainage water. Propiconazole, a widely used fungicide was applied to experimental fields located at Askim, SE-Norway. Samples from surface runoff and drainage water were collected and analyzed for sediment mass, pesticides, particulate and dissolved organic carbon through a whole year. The surface soil and the runoff material were characterized by its particle size distribution, organic carbon content in size fractions and its ability to bind propiconazole. The results show that (1) particle runoff mostly occurred during the rainfall event shortly after harrowing in autumn. The highest particle concentration observed in the surface runoff water was 4600 mg l^–1, and in the drainage water 1130 mg l^–1; (2) the erosion of surface soil is size selective. The runoff sediment contained finer particle/aggregates rich in organic matter compared to its original surface soil; (3) the distribution coefficient (K _d) of propiconazole was significantly higher in the runoff sediment than in the parent soil. According to our calculation, particle-bound propiconazole can represent up to 23% of the total amount of propiconazole in a water sample with a sediment concentration of 7600 mg l^–1, which will significantly influence the transport behavior of the pesticide.     

Relationships between runoff and land degradation on non-cultivated land in the Middle Hills of Nepal

SUMMARY

Rainfall-surface water runoff relationships have been examined for 912 rainfall events during the 1992 and 1993 monsoon seasons on 15 erosion plots on a variety of non-cultivated land uses in the Middle Hills, Nepal. Vegetation cover and type examined ranged from grassland and relatively undisturbed mixed broadleaf forest to subtropical Sal forest, in various states of degradation, and bare ground. Runoff was frequently generated on most plots and often by relatively small rainfall amounts (less than 5 mm) and low rainfall intensities (3 mm/h). Ground cover and canopy cover were significant factors in determining amounts of runoff. Runoff coefficients ranged from 1–2% under grassland and mixed broadleaf forest to 57–64% on the bare sites. Coefficients for Sal forest were between these two extremes; specific values depended on the level of degradation induced by human activity. The most degraded forest sites experienced runoff coefficients of 33%. Ground cover beneath the trees, especially leaf litter, was more effective in reducing runoff than the amount of canopy cover. Canopy cover was more effective during the less intense storms but was ineffective when the rainfall intensity was high. The results suggest that a minimum ground cover of 60% will keep runoff to within 10% of total rainfall amounts for most normal monsoons in the Middle Hills. This will also reduce the risk of gullying and surface soil erosion. It is the nature of the forest that is important and not its total area. In the study area, although the total area under forest had not changed, some of the forest had become more degraded with a corresponding increase in mean runoff rates. Increased runoff can occur even if the area under forest increases. Estimates of levels of degradation based solely on changing forest areas are likely to be inaccurate.     

Influences of suspended particles on the runoff of pesticides from an agricultural field at Askim, SE-Norway

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the loss of particles from agricultural fields, and the role of suspended particles in carrying pesticides in surface runoff and drainage water. Propiconazole, a widely used fungicide was applied to experimental fields located at Askim, SE-Norway. Samples from surface runoff and drainage water were collected and analyzed for sediment mass, pesticides, particulate and dissolved organic carbon through a whole year. The surface soil and the runoff material were characterized by its particle size distribution, organic carbon content in size fractions and its ability to bind propiconazole. The results show that (1) particle runoff mostly occurred during the rainfall event shortly after harrowing in autumn. The highest particle concentration observed in the surface runoff water was 4600 mg l(-1), and in the drainage water 1130 mg l(-1); (2) the erosion of surface soil is size selective. The runoff sediment contained finer particle/aggregates rich in organic matter compared to its original surface soil; (3) the distribution coefficient (Kd) of propiconazole was significantly higher in the runoff sediment than in the parent soil. According to our calculation, particle-bound propiconazole can represent up to 23% of the total amount of propiconazole in a water sample with a sediment concentration of 7600 mg l(-1), which will significantly influence the transport behavior of the pesticide.     

白盆珠水库库区坡面径流侵蚀规律初步研究

在对白盆珠水库库区开展水土流失实地调查的基础上,选择库区典型的侵蚀地貌类型与植被类型进行降雨-径流-产沙规律的初步研究.通过6个径流小区试验对比,分析了在不同植被条件下产流、产沙的差异,结果表明缺乏地表草本植被的纯飞播造林的水土保持效益十分有限;库区降雨径流产沙是白盆珠水库淤积的重要来源.     

红壤坡地降雨产流产沙动态过程模拟试验研究

研究以浙江省兰溪水土保持综合试验站为研究基地,通过设定特定植被覆盖度（15%）不同坡度（8°、15°、20°）的径流试验小区,小区面积为2m2,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,对降雨强度（0.8～2.9mm·min-1）范围内,红壤坡地产流和产沙随雨强和坡度的变化特性进行了模拟试验。通过32场模拟降雨试验数据的分析,得出结论如下：①产沙量与雨强呈指数函数关系,产流量与雨强呈幂函数关系,径流量与产沙量的相关性大于雨强与径流、雨强与产沙;②随坡度的增大,产流时刻提前,泥沙起动和产沙突增的雨强临界减小;③随坡度增大,累积产沙量的递增速率比累积径流量的递增速率要快;④场降雨侵蚀模数与雨强的相关性随着坡度的增大而增强。     

降雨作用下坡面侵蚀的水动力机理

降雨作用下的坡面侵蚀不仅导致严重的水土流失,同时也可能诱发严重的重力地质灾害如滑坡、泥石流等.研究其发生发展的机理以及内部理论规律对减灾防灾具有至关重要的作用.文章以水动力学公式为基础,从坡面颗粒侵蚀的水分环境角度入手,分析了浸泡状态下松散颗粒和固定颗粒的侵蚀机理,揭示降雨作用下坡面水流与坡面颗粒间的相互作用关系,并给出各类型侵蚀发生所对应的临界降雨强度.最后,通过实例计算验证了理论的合理性.     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

桐庐生态公益林主要森林类型土壤抗水蚀功能综合评价

以浙江省桐庐县生态公益林定位监测站为依托,研究了该区域不同森林类型土壤的抗水蚀功能。对比无林地,各森林类型的土壤均有较好的抗水蚀功能。选取土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、水稳性指数、团聚度、分散率、〉0.25水稳性团聚体含量、有机质含量为评价指标,以优劣解距离法为基础,构建了土壤抗水蚀功能综合评价方法。结合实测数据,对研究区各样地土壤的抗水蚀功能进行评价。结果表明：土壤抗水蚀功能为青冈林（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）〉杉木林（Cunninghamia Lanceolata）〉香樟林（Cinnamomum camphora）〉毛竹林（Phyllostachys heterocycla）〉马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）〉板栗林（Castanea mollissima）〉无林地;其中青冈林土壤的抗水蚀功能属较强等级,香樟林、杉木林、马尾松林、毛竹林、板栗林属中等等级,无林地属较弱等级。     

Loss of pesticides from agricultural fields in SE Norway--runoff through surface and drainage water

Loss of two pesticides with different mobility characteristics, bentazone (Koc approximately 34) and propiconazole (Koc approximately 1800), were studied at three agricultural fields (Askim, Bj?rnebekk and Syverud) in SE Norway. A conservative tracer (Br) was used to follow the flow of water. The loss of pesticides varied among the fields, depending on hydrological characteristics and soil properties. The loss of pesticides was higher from two artificially levelled silty clay loam soils with poor aggregate stability (Askim and Bj?rnebekk) compared to a loam/silt loam soil with increased content of organic carbon and better aggregate stability (Syverud). The total accumulated loss was <0.5% from all fields. The highest pesticide concentrations were measured at the first runoff episode after application for both the mobile (bentazone) and less mobile pesticide (propiconazole) in the surface runoff. In the drainage water, the peak for the less mobile pesticide coincided with the Br tracer, while the peak for mobile pesticide appeared earlier than the Br tracer. Rapid movement of water, particles and pesticides through soils indicate flow through macropores. Larger proportions (in percent of total applied) of both the mobile and the strongly sorbed pesticides were lost through the drainage as compared to the loss through surface runoff at Askim. Here, it is suggested that macropore flow contribute to the increased loss of pesticides through the drainage. At Syverud, high infiltration capacity reduces the amount of water available for surface runoff, and somewhat higher loss of the mobile pesticide was registered in the drainage compared to the surface runoff. For the strongly sorbed pesticide, however, propiconazole was neither detected in surface nor in drainage water at Syverud. Generally, there was a higher percentage loss of the mobile compared to the strongly sorbed pesticide in both surface and drainage water, which is in agreement with the pesticides mobility characteristics in soil. An exception was, however, the erodible soil Bj?rnebekk, where a higher fraction of propiconazole was lost in the surface runoff compared to bentazone. Large amounts of sediment transport from the Bj?rnebekk field probably contributed to enhanced transport of the strongly sorbed pesticide.     

Nitrogen Export from an Agriculture Watershed in the Taihu Lake Area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8–43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO ₃ ^– -N + NH ₄ ⁺ -N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征

利用137Cs示踪方法与耕作侵蚀模型评价了川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率,并通过比较分析方法探讨了2种典型坡耕地-短陡坡与缓长坡耕地-土壤侵蚀特征差异。结果表明,短陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率高达52.6 t.hm-2.a-1,是缓长坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率（26.7 t.hm-2.a-1）的2倍。耕作侵蚀是短陡坡耕地的主要侵蚀过程,它整体性搬运土壤,其对土壤总侵蚀的贡献高达74%。水蚀是缓长坡耕地的主要侵蚀过程,其分选性搬运土壤,对土壤总侵蚀的贡献为55%。短陡坡耕地与缓长坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率均沿着向下坡方向逐渐降低,但短陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率下降梯度明显高于缓长坡耕地。耕作侵蚀导致两种坡耕地的坡顶土壤损失最为严重。因此,川中丘陵区的耕作侵蚀风险应该引起重视。     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下，既可涵养地下水，又截留处置了部分雨水，减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染，是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源，本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

The effects of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors in the Loess Plateau of China

In situ experiments were undertaken to examine the impacts of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors. Experimental sites with slopes containing vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground were investigated for slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6% and flow discharges of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0?m³?s^?1. Results from our study provide details on the relationship between soil detachment and both slope gradient and flow discharge. Soil detachment rates increased with an increase in slope and discharge, and discharge was identified to have a stronger influence on soil detachment than slope. In contrast, the combination of litter cover and roots played an important role in reducing soil detachment; detachment rate decreased by about 55% relative to bare slopes; and plant roots had a greater impact on detachment reduction. The presence of vegetation cover can decrease rill erodibility by 83% and increase critical shear stress by 224% compared with bare slopes. These results provide valuable information on the importance of woodland in soil detachment control, and may help to improve vegetation construction in seriously eroded regions of the Loess Plateau.     

Water use efficiency of a mixed cropping system of corn with grasses

A new cropping system of corn mixed with grasses was tried to make full and efficient use of water and to ease environmental problems such as soil erosion by water and wind in grain and forage feed production practices. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the water use efficiency under this mixture cropping system. Six treatments with two replicates were arranged as: bare field, corn only, rye only, alfalfa only, rye–corn mixture and alfalfa–corn mixture. Lysimeters were used to measure different components of water consumption in the crop fields for water use efficiency estimation. From the yields and water consumption of crops under different treatments, combined water use efficiency of corn and grasses were estimated. The results showed that WUEs in the mixed cropping fields of corn–grasses were much higher than those in the fields where only corn or grass were grown. Averaged WUE was 3.71 kg/m³ from the corn and rye mixture fields, 30% higher than that from the plots where only corn or rye were grown. Averaged WUE was 4.55 kg/m³ from the alfalfa and corn mixture fields, 60% higher than that from the fields where only corn or alfalfa were grown. Under the same conditions of irrigation, yields from the rye and corn mixture plots increased by 33%, as compared with those from fields where only corn or rye were grown. The yields from alfalfa and corn mixture fields were 61% higher than those from fields where only corn or alfalfa were grown. The experimental results also indicated that corn and alfalfa mixture cropping is better than a corn–rye mixture system.     

China's Grain for Green Program has reduced soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River

Severe soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River is a serious environmental problem in western China. In order to control this soil erosion, the national government implemented the Grain for Green Program (GGP) in Sichuan Province (in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River) and Shaanxi Province (in the middle reaches of the Yellow River) in 1999. To evaluate the effects of the GGP on soil erosion, the present study investigated the relationships between annual precipitation and three parameters, annual runoff, sediment concentration, and sediment discharge, for these rivers. As the area covered by the GGP increased, sediment concentration and sediment discharge both decreased, and the correlation with the GGP area was much stronger than the correlation with annual precipitation. Therefore, China's GGP appears to be controlling soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River.     

松嫩平原盐碱土水分扩散率研究

对盐碱地土壤水盐运动的定量描述是控制区域土壤次生盐碱化的基础，其中的土壤水分扩散率是研究土壤水盐运动的重要参数之一。文章通过非稳定流水平土柱法对实验区扰动的盐碱地土壤水分扩散率进行了测定，并将实验结果拟合为经验公式，然后将测定的土壤水分扩散率应用于水平入渗方程，用数值计算软件Mathcad6.0对土柱水分水平入渗进行了数值模拟，将实测结果和方程模拟的土壤水分分布状况进行了对比。结果表明本研究得出的土壤水分扩散率的经验方程误差较小。最后讨论了影响土壤水分扩散的土壤质地因素及土壤水分扩散率和含水率之间的单值函数关系。