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1.
Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems,
as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity
is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments.
We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution
is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based
selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order
to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed
species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based
on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation
strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of
the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied.
This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction
method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking.
In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data
only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence. 相似文献
2.
Pasqualini V Oberti P Vigetta S Riffard O Panaïotis C Cannac M Ferrat L 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):38-56
Forest management can benefit from decision support tools, including GIS-based multicriteria decision-aiding approach. In
the Mediterranean region, Pinus pinaster forests play a very important role in biodiversity conservation and offer many socioeconomic benefits. However, the conservation
of this species is affected by the increase in forest fires and the expansion of Matsucoccus feytaudi. This paper proposes a methodology based on commonly available data for assessing the values and risks of P. pinaster forests and to generating maps to aid in decisions pertaining to fire and phytosanitary risk management. The criteria for
assessing the values (land cover type, legislative tools for biodiversity conservation, environmental tourist sites and access
routes, and timber yield) and the risks (fire and phytosanitation) of P. pinaster forests were obtained directly or by considering specific indicators, and they were subsequently aggregated by means of GIS-based
multicriteria analysis. This approach was tested on the island of Corsica (France), and maps to aid in decisions pertaining
to fire risk and phytosanitary risk (M. feytaudi) were obtained for P. pinaster forest management. Study results are used by the technical offices of the local administration—Corsican Agricultural and Rural Development Agency (ODARC)—for planning the conservation of P. pinaster forests with regard to fire prevention and safety and phytosanitary risks. The decision maker took part in the evaluation
criteria study (weight, normalization, and classification of the values). Most suitable locations are given to target the
public intervention. The methodology presented in this paper could be applied to other species and in other Mediterranean
regions. 相似文献
3.
G. Mathias Kondolf 《Environmental management》1994,18(4):501-509
The North Fork of Cottonwood Creek, in the White Mountains, Inyo National Forest, California, is a critically important refuge
for the Paiute cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris), a federally listed threatened species. Habitat for these fish appears to be limited by excessive levels of fine sediment
in the channel, and livestock grazing of riparian meadows has been implicated in delivery of sediment to the channel. However,
the relationships between land use and sediment yield have not been conclusively determined, in large part because there are
no historically ungrazed sites to serve as long-term controls. Accordingly, land-use decisions must be made under scientific
uncertainty. To reduce erosion and sedimentation in the stream, the Forest Service spent approximately US$260,000 from 1981
to 1991 to repair watershed damage from livestock grazing, prevent livestock from traversing steep banks, and limit livestock
access to the channel. Throughout this period, livestock grazing has continued on these lands, yielding less than $12,000
in grazing fees. In revising its Allotment Management Plan for the basin, the Forest Service rejected the “no-grazing” alternative
because it was inconsistent with its Land and Resource Management Plan, which specifies there is to be no net reduction of
grazing.
Joint appointment with the University of California White Mountain Research Station, East Line Street, Bishop, California
93518, USA. 相似文献
4.
Crifasi RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):625-639
“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts
For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change
and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked
by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions
regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range
of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems
are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and
nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed
from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater
ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical
and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and
what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions
regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible
for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management. 相似文献
5.
Role of Adaptive Management for Watershed Councils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Habron G 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0029-0041
Recent findings in the Umpqua River Basin in southwestern Oregon illustrate a tension in the rise of both community-based
and watershed-based approaches to aquatic resource management. While community-based institutions such as watershed councils
offer relief from the government control landowners dislike, community-based approaches impinge on landowners' strong belief
in independence and private property rights. Watershed councils do offer the local control landowners advocate; however, institutional
success hinges on watershed councils' ability to reduce bureaucracy, foster productive discussion and understanding among
stakeholders, and provide financial, technical, and coordination support. Yet, to accomplish these tasks current watershed
councils rely on the fiscal and technical capital of the very governmental entities that landowners distrust. Adaptive management
provides a basis for addressing the apparent tension by incorporating landowners' belief in environmental resilience and acceptance
of experimentation that rejects “one size fits all solutions.” Therefore community-based adaptive watershed management provides
watershed councils a framework that balances landowners' independence and fear of government intrusion, acknowledges the benefits
of community cooperation through watershed councils, and enables ecological assessment of landowner-preferred practices. Community-based
adaptive management integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes by providing landowners
the flexibility to use a diverse set of conservation practices to achieve desired ecological outcomes, instead of imposing
regulations or specific practices. 相似文献
6.
MacMynowski DP 《Environmental management》2007,39(6):831-842
The conceptual rubric of ecosystem management has been widely discussed and deliberated in conservation biology, environmental
policy, and land/resource management. In this paper, I argue that two critical aspects of the ecosystem management concept
require greater attention in policy and practice. First, although emphasis has been placed on the “space” of systems, the
“time”—or rates of change—associated with biophysical and social systems has received much less consideration. Second, discussions
of ecosystem management have often neglected the temporal disconnects between changes in biophysical systems and the response
of social systems to management issues and challenges. The empirical basis of these points is a case study of the “Crown of
the Continent Ecosystem,” an international transboundary area of the Rocky Mountains that surrounds Glacier National Park
(USA) and Waterton Lakes National Park (Canada). This project assessed the experiences and perspectives of 1) middle- and
upper-level government managers responsible for interjurisdictional cooperation, and 2) environmental nongovernment organizations
with an international focus. I identify and describe 10 key challenges to increasing the extent and intensity of transboundary
cooperation in land/resource management policy and practice. These issues are discussed in terms of their political, institutional,
cultural, information-based, and perceptual elements. Analytic techniques include a combination of environmental history,
semistructured interviews with 48 actors, and text analysis in a systematic qualitative framework. The central conclusion
of this work is that the rates of response of human social systems must be better integrated with the rates of ecological change. This challenge is equal
to or greater than the well-recognized need to adapt the spatial scale of human institutions to large-scale ecosystem processes and transboundary wildlife. 相似文献
7.
Human-induced global climate change presents a unique and difficult challenge to the conservation of biodiversity. Despite
increasing attention on global climate change, few studies have assessed the projected impacts of sea-level rise to threatened
and endangered species. Therefore, we estimated the impacts of rising sea levels on the endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit
(Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) across its geographic distribution under scenarios of current conditions, low (0.3-m), medium (0.6-m), and high (0.9-m)
sea-level rise. We also investigated the impacts of allowing vegetation to migrate upslope and not allowing migration and
of two land-use planning decisions (protection and abandonment of human-dominated areas). Not surprisingly, under all simulations
we found a general trend of decreasing total potential LKMR habitat with increasing sea-level rise. Not allowing migration
and protecting human-dominated areas both tended to decrease potential LKMR habitat compared with allowing migration and abandoning
human-dominated areas. In conclusion, conservation strategies at multiple scales need to be implemented in order to reduce
the impact of global climate change on biodiversity and endangered species. At the regional level, managers must consider
land-use planning needs that take into account the needs of both humans and biodiversity. Finally, at the local scale those
agencies that are in charge of endangered species conservation and ecosystem management need to rethink static approaches
to conservation or else stand by and watch ecosystems degrade and species go extinct. This can be accomplished by bioclimatic
reserve systems where climatically underrepresented areas are included in conservation planning along with the standard concerns
of threat, opportunity, connectivity, and viability. 相似文献
8.
Biodiversity offsets seek to compensate for residual environmental impacts of planned developments after appropriate steps
have been taken to avoid, minimize or restore impacts on site. Offsets are emerging as an increasingly employed mechanism
for achieving net environmental benefits, with offset policies being advanced in a wide range of countries (i.e., United States,
Australia, Brazil, Colombia, and South Africa). To support policy development for biodiversity offsets, we review a set of
major offset policy frameworks—US wetlands mitigation, US conservation banking, EU Natura 2000, Australian offset policies
in New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia, and Brazilian industrial and forest offsets. We compare how the frameworks
define offset policy goals, approach the mitigation process, and address six key issues for implementing offsets: (1) equivalence
of project impacts with offset gains; (2) location of the offset relative to the impact site; (3) “additionality” (a new contribution
to conservation) and acceptable types of offsets; (4) timing of project impacts versus offset benefits; (5) offset duration
and compliance; and (6) “currency” and mitigation replacement ratios. We find substantial policy commonalities that may serve
as a sound basis for future development of biodiversity offsets policy. We also identify issues requiring further policy guidance,
including how best to: (1) ensure conformance with the mitigation hierarchy; (2) identify the most environmentally preferable
offsets within a landscape context; and (3) determine appropriate mitigation replacement ratios. 相似文献
9.
The study deals with the problem of evaluating management strategies for pure stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) to balance adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, taking into account multiple objectives of a forest owner.
A simulation and optimization approach was used to evaluate the management of a 1000 ha model Age-Class forest, representing
the age-class distribution of an area of 66,000 ha of pure Norway spruce forests in the Black Forest region of Southwest Germany.
Eight silvicultural scenarios comprising five forest conversion schemes which were interpreted as “adaptation” strategies
which aims at increasing the proportion of Beech, that is expected to better cope with climate change than the existing Norway
spruce, and three conventional strategies including a “Do-nothing” alternative classified as “mitigation”, trying to keep
rather higher levels of growing stock of spruce, were simulated using the empirical growth simulator BWINPro-S. A linear programming
approach was adapted to simultaneously maximize the net present values of carbon sequestration and timber production subject
to the two constraints of wood even flow and partial protection of the oldest (nature protection). The optimized plan, with
the global utility of 11,687 €/ha in forty years, allocated a combination of silvicultural scenarios to the entire forest
area. Overall, strategies classified as “mitigation” were favored, while strategies falling into the “adaptation”-category
were limited to the youngest age-classes in the optimal solution. Carbon sequestration of the “Do-nothing” alternative was
between 1.72 and 1.85 million tons higher than the other alternatives for the entire forest area while the differences between
the adaptation and mitigation approaches were approximately 133,000 tons. Sensitivity analysis showed that a carbon price
of 21 €/t is the threshold at which carbon sequestration is promoted, while an interest rate of above 2% would decrease the amount
of carbon. 相似文献
10.
Benjamin Hale 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(4):337-366
The term moral considerability refers to the question of whether a being or set of beings is worthy of moral consideration. Moral considerability is most readily afforded to those beings that demonstrate the clearest relationship to rational humans, though many have also argued for and against the moral considerability of species, ecosystems, and “lesser” animals. Among these arguments there are at least two positions: “environmentalist” positions that tend to emphasize the systemic relations between species, and “liberationist” positions that tend to emphasize the attributes or welfare of a particular individual organism. Already, this classic conflict provides for some challenging theoretical clashes between environmentalists and animal liberationists. The question of moral considerability is complicated, however, by recent developments in genetic engineering. Some animals, like pigs and fish, have been genetically modified by humans to grow organs that can then be transplanted into humans. If environmental arguments for the moral consideration of species are correct, then we are released from our obligations to morally consider those animals that we have genetically modified, since they are by their nature always an “invader species.” If, instead, the welfare of the animal is of penultimate importance, then there is a case for strengthening the moral considerability of GM animals over “naturally-occurring” animals, since they bear a closer relationship to humans. This would appear to be an intractable problem, a “bad marriage,” as Mark Sagoff once proposed. This paper argues that the case of invasive transgenic animals exposes weaknesses in this classic conflict, and particularly, in the framing of this conflict. To remedy this framing problem, this paper argues for a reconceptualization of the term “moral considerability,” instead urging a strong distinction between moral considerability, moral relevance, and moral significance. 相似文献
11.
Life cycle assessment-based environmental product declarations (EPDs) require the inclusion of biodiversity impacts across
the entire supply chain. The objective of this study is to test the applicability of a Scandinavian biodiversity assessment
tool, developed specifically for use with EPD applications, in an African desert environment, linking the industry types power
generation and mining. For this purpose, a GIS-based spatial analysis tool—the biotope method—was adapted to a framework approach
which allowed the selection of more suitable, site-specific biodiversity indicators. The biotope method provides a step-by-step
process of defining system boundaries, mapping biotopes, categorizing biotopes based on site-specific indicators, and evaluating
change in biotope status “before” and “after” the impact. The development of site-specific indicators was piloted in this
study and determined by the affected ecosystem and the status of knowledge on biodiversity in this geographic area. Thus plants
were used as indicators for biodiversity, and red-list status and endemism constituted the prime criteria for conservation
value of plants. This in turn represented the key criterion for classifying biotopes. The tested biodiversity assessment tool
has potential for application in different environments and operational settings but leaves room for improvement by including
secondary impacts in the assessment and using a wider range of taxa for indicators of biodiversity. 相似文献
12.
Three different systems of designating protected areas in a Mediterranean region in southeastern Spain were studied, referring
to their effectiveness and efficiency for protecting both the breeding territories and the suitable habitat of a set of ten
raptor species. Taking into consideration the varying degrees of endangerment of these species, a map of multispecies conservation
values was also drawn up and superimposed on the three protected-area systems studied. In order to compare the levels of protection
afforded by the three systems, we considered two indices that measured their relative effectiveness and efficiency. The effectiveness
estimated the proportion of territories or optimal habitat protected by the networks while efficiency implicitly considered
the area of each system (percentage of breeding territories or optimal habitat protected per 1% of land protected). Overall,
our results showed that the most efficient system was that formed by the set of regional parks and reserves (17 protected
breeding territories per 100 km2), although, given its small total area, it was by far the least effective (only protecting the 21% of the breeding territories
of all species and 17% of the area of high conservation value). The systems formed by the Special Protection Areas (designated
under the EU “Birds Directive”) and by the Special Conservation Areas (designated under the EU “Habitats Directive”) notably
increased the percentages of protected territories of all species (61%) and area of high conservation value (57%), but their
efficiency was not as high as expected in most cases. The overall level of protection was high for all species except for
the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), an endangered falcon that inhabits pseudo-steppe and traditional agricultural habitats, which are clearly underrepresented
in the protected-area network of the study region. 相似文献
13.
Sekhar NU 《Environmental management》2007,39(4):497-505
This article shows how social capital impacts fisheries management at the local level in Chilika Lake, located in the state
of Orissa in India. In Chilika, the different fishing groups established norms and “rules of the game” including, but not
limited to, spatial limits that determine who can fish and in what areas, temporal restrictions about when and for how long people may fish, gear constraints about what harvesting gear may be used by each group, and physical controls on size and other characteristics of fish that may be harvested. A survey of the members of fishing groups has shown
that the bonding social capital is strong within the Chilika fishing groups. Bonding and bridging social capital keeps the
fishers together in times of resource scarcity, checks violations of community rules and sanctions, and strengthens the community
fisheries management. In contrast, linking social capital in Chilika appears to be weak, as is evident from the lack of trust
in external agencies, seeking the help of formal institutions for legal support, and increasing conflicts. Trust and cooperation
among fishers is crucial in helping to build the social capital. A social capital perspective on fisheries governance suggests
that there should be a rethinking of priorities and funding mechanisms, from “top-down” fisheries management towards “co-management”
with a focus on engendering rights and responsibilities for fishers and their communities. 相似文献
14.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
15.
Adaptive management is an approach to managing natural resources that emphasizes learning from the implementation of policies
and strategies. Adaptive management appears to offer a solution to the management gridlock caused by increasing complexity
and uncertainty. The concept of adaptive management has been embraced by natural resource managers worldwide, but there are
relatively few published examples of adaptive management in use. In this article, we explore two watershed management projects
in southeastern Australia to better understand the potential of adaptive management in regional scale programs through qualitative,
case study–based investigation. The program logic of one case implies the use of passive adaptive management, whereas the
second case claims to be based on active adaptive management. Data were created using participant observation, semistructured
interviews with individuals and groups, and document review. Using thematic content and metaphor analysis to explore the case
data, we found that each case was successful as an implementation project. However, the use of both passive and active adaptive
management was constrained by deeply entrenched social norms and institutional frameworks. We identified seven “imperatives”
that guided the behavior of project stakeholders, and that have consequences for the use of adaptive management. Reference
to recent evaluations of the Adaptive Management Areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States suggests that some of
these imperatives and their consequences have broad applicability. The implications of our findings are discussed, and suggestions
for improving the outcomes of regional scale adaptive management are provided. 相似文献
16.
Baer SG Engle DM Knops JM Langeland KA Maxwell BD Menalled FD Symstad AJ 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):189-196
Vast areas of arable land have been retired from crop production and “rehabilitated” to improved system states through landowner
incentive programs in the United States (e.g., Conservation and Wetland Reserve Programs), as well as Europe (i.e., Agri-Environment
Schemes). Our review of studies conducted on invasion of rehabilitated agricultural production systems by nontarget species
elucidates several factors that may increase the vulnerability of these systems to invasion. These systems often exist in
highly fragmented and agriculturally dominated landscapes, where propagule sources of target species for colonization may
be limited, and are established under conditions where legacies of past disturbance persist and prevent target species from
persisting. Furthermore, rehabilitation approaches often do not include or successfully attain all target species or historical
ecological processes (e.g., hydrology, grazing, and/or fire cycles) key to resisting invasion. Uncertainty surrounds ways
in which nontarget species may compromise long term goals of improving biodiversity and ecosystem services through rehabilitation
efforts on former agricultural production lands. This review demonstrates that more studies are needed on the extent and ecological
impacts of nontarget species as related to the goals of rehabilitation efforts to secure current and future environmental
benefits arising from this widespread conservation practice. 相似文献
17.
Francisco Seijo Maria Marcela Godoy Dante Guglielmin Cecilia Ciampoli Samuel Ebright Omar Picco Guillermo Defoss 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):448-462
The creation of protected conservation areas may result in protracted conflicts between stakeholders. In this study we examine the drivers of anthropogenic wildfire ignitions in the National Park of “los Alerces” (NPA) in Patagonia, Argentina. The NPA was established in 1937 to protect the native “andino-patagónico” forests from wildfires as well as preserving its scenic beauty and native flora and fauna. At the time of its creation state authorities prohibited all extractive human activities in the “intangible”—fully protected—“National Park” section, while other regulated extractive and ecotourism activities were allowed to continue in the “Natural Reserve” section in an effort to accommodate the historical entitlements of the displaced populations of “pobladores” (settlers) that had been living in the NPA for over a century. Here we interviewed the main stakeholder groups—“pobladores”, forest rangers and administrators, ecolodge owners and angler club members—to identify the drivers of wildfire ignitions in the park. Wildfires have been singled out by state authorities as the main threat to the NPA though considerable scientific uncertainty exists regarding their complex ecological effects. This study argues, based on the human and biophysical system data collected, that two conflicting cultural frames exist within the NPA that provide the necessary backdrop for understanding the drivers of wildfire ignitions. In turn, these findings raise puzzling dilemmas for the main theoretical approaches that have been used to inform and design conflict management strategies in protected conservation areas. 相似文献
18.
Resource management issues continually change over time in response to coevolving social, economic, and ecological systems.
Under these conditions adaptive management, or “learning by doing,” offers an opportunity for more proactive and collaborative
approaches to resolving environmental problems. In turn, this will require the implementation of learning-based extension
approaches alongside more traditional linear technology transfer approaches within the area of environmental extension. In
this paper the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) approach is presented to illustrate how such learning-based
approaches can be used to help communities develop, apply, and refine technical information within a larger context of shared
understanding. To outline how this works in practice, we use a case study involving pest management. Particular attention
is paid to the issues that emerge as a result of multiple stakeholder involvement within environmental problem situations.
Finally, the potential role of the Internet in supporting and disseminating the experience gained through ongoing adaptive
management processes is examined. 相似文献
19.
Incentive-Based Conservation Programs in Developing Countries: A Review of Some Key Issues and Suggestions for Improvements 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Biodiversity conservation in developing countries has been a challenge because of the combination of rising human populations,
rapid technological advances, severe social hardships, and extreme poverty. To address the social, economic, and ecological
limitations of people-free parks and reserves, incentives have been incorporated into conservation programs in the hopes of
making conservation meaningful to local people. However, such incentive-based programs have been implemented with little consideration
for their ability to fulfill promises of greater protection of biodiversity. Evaluations of incentive-based conservation programs
indicate that the approach continually falls short of the rhetoric. This article provides an overview of the problems associated
with incentive-based conservation approaches in developing countries. It argues that existing incentive-based programs (IBPs)
have yet to realize that benefits vary greatly at different “community” scales and that a holistic conceptualization of a
community is essential to incorporate the complexities of a heterogeneous community when designing and implementing the IBPs.
The spatial complexities involved in correctly identifying the beneficiaries in a community and the short-term focus of IBPs
are two major challenges for sustaining conservation efforts. The article suggests improvements in three key areas: accurate
identification of “target” beneficiaries, greater inclusion of marginal communities, and efforts to enhance community aptitudes. 相似文献
20.
Sagoff [Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 18 (2005), 215–236] argues, against growing empirical evidence, that major environmental impacts of non-native species are
unproven. However, many such impacts, including extinctions of both island and continental species, have both been demonstrated
and judged by the public to be harmful. Although more public attention has been focused on non-native animals than non-native
plants, the latter more often cause ecosystem-wide impacts. Increased regulation of introduction of non-native species is,
therefore, warranted, and, contra Sagoff’s assertions, invasion biologists have recently developed methods that greatly aid prediction of which introduced
species will harm the environment and thus enable more efficient regulation. The fact that introduced species may increase
local biodiversity in certain instances has not been shown to result in desired changes in ecosystem function. In other locales,
they decrease biodiversity, as they do globally. 相似文献