健康风险暴露评价研究进展

综述了国内外健康风险暴露评价的最新研究进展,重点讨论了对人体进行直接监测的生物监测技术和对环境中污染因子进行间接监测并利用数学模型进行暴露剂量计算的间接方法。生物监测方法通过测定人体生理介质(如血液、尿液)中的污染物质及其代谢产物含量确定人体对环境污染物的暴露情况,监测结果反映了风险因子通过所有暴露途径进入人体的总暴露剂量。为了利用生物监测结果评价人体暴露安全性,近几年建立了生物监测等效值的概念,推导确定化学物质的生物监测等效值发展迅速。环境监测和数学模型间接方法通过对不同暴露媒介中风险因子的浓度监测和特定暴露途径的量化研究,同时利用精确的暴露计算模型(如空气分散模型、地下水扩散模型)计算人体对污染物的暴露剂量。生物监测和环境监测技术及数学模型的发展使健康风险评价和管理的暴露参数更加精确,降低了风险评价的不确定性。还介绍了利用数学模拟和剂量重建等方法插补历史空白暴露数据的方法。     

人体对空气颗粒物中硼吸收率的初步分析

为了研究人体对空气颗粒物中硼的吸收情况,为环境卫生标准的制定提供依据,采集硼作业工人班后尿液样品、上班8h的空气颗粒物样品以及24h饮食样品,分析了所有样品的硼质量浓度.结果表明:硼作业的原料工段工人班后尿硼肌酐校正质量比与经空气颗粒物潜在日硼摄人量之间没有显著的相关关系,而成品工段工人的班后尿硼肌酐校正质量比与经空气颗粒物潜在日硼摄人量之间存在着显著的正相关关系;对吸收率的分析表明,人体对空气颗粒物中以硼镁矿形态存在的硼吸收率仅为8.12%,而对以硼酸或者硼砂形态存在的硼吸收率约为74.2%,说明空气颗粒物中以硼镁矿形态存在的硼不容易进入人体血液,被人体吸收,而硼酸或者硼砂尘较易被人体吸收.     

饮用水中消毒副产物的室内暴露模拟方法研究进展

在居民日常涉水活动中,居民饮用水中的消毒副产物(Disinfection By-Products,DBPs)可通过人体消化道、呼吸及皮肤吸收3种途径长期暴露于人体,从而引起各种健康危害效应.对国内外饮用水DBPs水质标准及暴露研究现状进行了阐述,分析了发生在不同涉水过程中的暴露途径及影响暴露途径和暴露效率的因素,重点对3种暴露途径下的常用暴露估算数学模型及其应用进行了总结,对国内外暴露参数的研究现状及重要性进行了阐述.     

玩具水晶泥中的硼含量特征及中国儿童暴露健康风险评价北大核心CSCD

玩具水晶泥中因硼含量高而引发多起伤害案例。以市售的玩具水晶泥为分析对象,探究硼元素及其化合物(以硼计)在玩具水晶泥中的赋存状况。利用人体暴露风险评估理论,评估玩具水晶泥中硼对不同年龄段中国儿童的健康风险。结果表明,所有玩具水晶泥中均含有硼元素或其化合物,硼的总质量比为142~6 360 mg/kg,硼的模拟胃液迁移质量比为144~5 889 mg/kg。3~<6岁和6~<14岁儿童的非致癌效应风险指数(H)分别为0.16~3.29和0.18~3.69。不同年龄组儿童的非致癌风险指数最高值均大于1,表明玩具水晶泥中硼对儿童具有一定的非致癌风险。暴露风险贡献率分析结果表明,经口暴露是最主要的风险暴露途径。模型参数敏感性分析结果显示,风险随着儿童体重的大幅度减小而显著增大,但不会随着儿童体重的大幅度增加而显著降低。     

球肾白线蚓与赤子爱胜蚓生态毒理测试比较

通过对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)和球肾白线蚓(Fridericia bulbosa)的个体特征、饲养环境、试验方法操作性、受试生物的敏感性等方面开展系统比较,探讨了球肾白线蚓对土壤中典型污染物生态毒性检测的优势。结果表明,球肾白线蚓与赤子爱胜蚓相比,饲养、繁殖育种方法相似,但其个体特征差异明显、比表面积大;试验操作简便、易于观察、对环境产生的污染小;球肾白线蚓和赤子爱胜蚓的14 dLC_(50)(暴露14 d后的半数致死浓度)可作为污染土壤风险评估的生物标志物,在选取同一污染物暴露的情况下,球肾白线蚓的14 d-LC_(50)是赤子爱胜蚓的1/200~1/5,对污染物的毒性效应更灵敏,可优先作为土壤污染风险评估的生物标志物。     

基于CSOIL模型的村镇土壤重金属人体暴露风险评估

CSOIL模型可用来评价污染土壤重金属对人体的暴露风险。该模型考虑的暴露途径包括土壤、空气、水和植物,通过输入场地特性参数、物理化学特性参数和暴露行为参数计算当地居民在某种重金属暴露下的风险指数,还可以分析不同暴露途径对总暴露剂量的贡献率。以天津市东丽区华明镇为例,运用CSOIL模型对其土壤重金属的人体暴露风险进行评价,并与东丽区背景值的暴露风险进行比较。结果表明,华明镇土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn和Ni对人体的暴露风险指数均小于1,为可容忍暴露风险,其中As、Cd、Pb、Ni的污染风险指数远大于背景值风险指数。As、Cd和Ni以土颗粒食入暴露途径的影响最大,而Cd以自家菜园食入暴露途径的影响最大。研究表明,CSOIL模型能快速有效地对村镇污染土壤的人体暴露健康风险进行评价。     

兰州地区人群对六六六的暴露及健康风险评价

为研究兰州地区六六六(HCH)对人群的健康风险,应用改进的美国环境保护署(US EPA)多介质暴露模型,结合兰州地区人群状况,计算了各年龄人群通过11种暴露途径对六六六的暴露量.结果表明,兰州地区居民对环境中六六六的终身日平均暴露量为2.01×10-5 mg/(k·d)(儿童)和2.53×10-5 mg/(kg·d)(成人).暴露途径中以食物暴露为主导,其次是呼吸暴露,皮肤暴露作用很小.食物中贡献较大的为谷物和蔬菜.相应的健康风险度分别为5.40×10-9 a-1(男性)和6.30× 10-9a-1(女性).兰州地区六六六居民人体健康风险度低于可接受健康风险度标准,兰州地区六六六人群暴露水平与天津、太原、太湖地区相比存在一定的差异,女性对六六六的暴露量高于男性.兰州人群成人的六六六暴露量大于儿童,成人是六六六暴露风险最高的群体.各项参数中,谷物和蔬菜摄食量和相应的六六六残留浓度是影响暴露的重要因素.通过蒙特卡罗模拟得到各年龄段人群对HCH的日均暴露量的分布特征,各输出变量均服从对数正态分布.     

牙科汞齐造成的汞污染研究进展

除了食鱼之外,牙汞齐是一般人群汞暴露的重要途径.对于牙汞齐所引起的汞释放及其对人体造成的危害从动物暴露实验和孕妇牙汞齐对母亲和胎儿体内汞含量的影响两方面进行了综述,表明牙汞齐会造成动物肝脏、肾脏及脑组织中汞浓度的升高,孕妇口腔中牙汞齐会在孕妇及胎儿体内造成汞累积;关于牙科废水汞含量以废水处理的研究近年来引起人们的关注,众多研究表明牙科诊所排放出来的废水中的汞是可以为生物所吸收利用的,会对地表水造成污染,在牙科诊所中安放汞分离器是国外普遍采用的方法,但分离器的效率需要进一步提高.最后从牙汞齐对人体健康的影响、汞释放机理、牙科废水处理等方面给出了研究建议.目前我国对于牙科汞齐造成的汞污染尚未给予充分重视,建议开展牙汞齐对人体和环境影响的研究与评价,以正确认识其危害,进行治理,减少人体汞暴露以及汞的环境排放量.     

蒙特卡洛模拟方法在苯致癌风险评价中的应用

在将PBPK模型与剂量-反应的多阶模型相结合用于苯职业暴露的致癌风险评价研究的基础上,首先利用Euler数值解法,借助Excel电子表格对模型进行求解;然后针对风险评价中存在的不确定性,采用Crystal ball软件的蒙特卡洛模拟方法对致癌风险进行概率分布规律研究;通过实地收集数据,使用该方法对某涂料生产项目进行苯暴露致癌风险定量分析.理论分析和实地验证表明,该方法计算出的风险值符合实际发病情况.该方法可以定量评估对人体有害的职业暴露危险源,提供工人致癌风险的概率数据.     

大连市人群对多环芳烃的暴露及健康风险评价

近年来大连市多环芳烃污染日益严重.为研究大连市多环芳烃类有机污染物对居民产生的潜在健康危害,结合大连地区人群状况,采用多介质-多途径暴露模型,评价大连市居民暴露于多环芳烃的暴露量及由此导致的健康风险,分析不同环境介质、暴露介质及暴露途径的风险贡献率,并结合蒙特卡罗方法分析研究过程中的不确定性.在实际评价时,根据大连市的实际情况,选用了部分美国环保局推荐的参数,剩余的评价参数根据国内的相关文献进行了修正.结果表明,大连市居民中男性和女性对环境中多环芳烃的日平均暴露量分别为2.59× 10-4 mg/(kg·d)和2.79×10-4 mg/(kg·d).主要暴露途径是膳食暴露,此外呼吸暴露也占有一定的比重,皮肤暴露作用很小.膳食暴露中对总暴露贡献最大的食品是谷物和蔬菜.相应的男性和女性的健康风险度分别为2.68×10-5a-1和2.90×10-5 a-1,大连市多环芳烃类污染物居民人体健康风险度高于可接受健康风险度标准.大连市女性对多环芳烃的暴露量高于男性,女性健康风险平均值亦高于EPA标准值.大连市多环芳烃人群暴露与天津、北京和兰州相比存在一定的差异.各项参数中,粮食、蔬菜摄食量和相应的多环芳烃(PAHs)残留浓度是影响暴露的重要因素.通过蒙特卡罗模拟得到各年龄段人群对多环芳烃(PAHS)的日均暴露量的分布特征,各输出变量均服从对数正态分布.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Features of fatal injuries in older cyclists in vehicle–bicycle accidents in Japan

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and better understand the features of fatal injuries in cyclists aged 75 years and over involved in collisions with either hood- or van-type vehicles.

Methods: This study investigated the fatal injuries of cyclists aged 75 years old and over by analyzing accident data. We focused on the body regions to which the fatal injury occurred using vehicle–bicycle accident data from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. Using data from 2009 to 2013, we examined the frequency of fatally injured body region by gender, age, and actual vehicle travel speed. We investigated any significant differences in distributions of fatal injuries by body region for cyclists aged 75 years and over using chi-square tests to compare with cyclists in other age groups. We also investigated the cause of fatal head injuries, such as impact with a road surface or vehicle.

Results: The results indicated that head injuries were the most common cause of fatalities among the study group. At low vehicle travel speeds for both hood- and van-type vehicles, fatalities were most likely to be the result of head impacts against the road surface.

The percentage of fatalities following hip injuries was significantly higher for cyclists aged 75 years and over than for those aged 65–74 or 13–59 in impacts with hood-type vehicles. It was also higher for women than men in the over-75 age group in impacts with these vehicles.

Conclusions: For cyclists aged 75 years and over, wearing a helmet may be helpful to prevent head injuries in vehicle-to-cyclist accidents. It may also be helpful to introduce some safety measures to prevent hip injuries, given the higher level of fatalities following hip injury among all cyclists aged 75 and over, particularly women.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国林区直升机吊桶灭火应用分析

直升机吊桶灭火是一项成熟有效的航空森林消防技术,是国外林业发达国家的重要森林消防手段。我国经过多年的探索和实践,已经在多数重点林区推广应用并取得成效。分析了直升机吊桶灭火的特点、机型和设备,对吊桶灭火的方法进行了探讨。     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.