共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 28 毫秒
1.
William E. Hammitt Bjørn P. Kaltenborn Odd Inge Vistad Lars Emmelin Jon Teigland 《Environmental management》1992,16(2):149-156
Many European countries, including Norway, have a right of common access tradition toward wildland areas for recreational
activity. The “right of any one to move freely over all wildlands except farm fields and gardens” can serve as a paradoxical
barrier to managing wildland areas and users for outdoor recreation. This article discusses the apparent paradox between free
access and management of wildland recreation, the underlying principles of both concepts, and proposes an integrative basis
for how the two concepts can serve the same major goal—freedom of access and use of wildland recreation areas without disturbance
to other users or the resource base. A Norwegian field study is presented with campfire data and management strategies to
illustrate the integrative nature of common access and wilderness management principles for the managing of wildland recreation
opportunities. 相似文献
2.
It has been shown that strategic planning for countryside recreation may be based on an inadequate level of empirical information regarding countryside recreational activity. Questionnaire surveys provide most of the available data and the limitations of these are discussed. A methodology for investigating recreational activity is proposed and tested in Mid Wales using the observation of discrete areas of randomly selected Ordnance Survey 1 km grid squares. The results illustrate the type of countryside resource that is being used, the activities undertaken and the number of people involved. It is concluded that observation is a valuable tool in understanding the nature of recreation in the wider countryside. 相似文献
3.
N = 406), highlight some important issues concerning the design and management of wildland recreation environments that are
primarily used for mountain biking. For example, bikers were found to significantly prefer water bars above all other tested
soil erosion management techniques; trail erosion factors, including the presence of rocks, roots, and gullies, all added
to biking experiences on average; trail design factors, such as the presence of turns, bumps, jumps, and obstacles, all added
to biking experiences in general. These findings were used to address questions that resource managers should consider when
striving to effectively manage wildland recreation areas primarily used for mountain biking. 相似文献
4.
Michael Christie 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1999,42(4):547-564
Arrangements within the UK to enhance recreation opportunities in the countryside are currently implemented in a somewhat ad hoc manner. This paper analyses the economic effectiveness of such provision in Grampian Region, Scotland. This is achieved by quantifying, using the contingent valuation method, the economic benefits accruing from recreation enhancements and comparing these benefits with the level of expenditure currently being undertaken on these improvements. The subsequent analysis provides a strategic framework for the assessment of recreation needs in the region, thus enabling future priorities for provision to be identified. It is argued that the quantification of public preferences for recreation enhancements provides a powerful tool to aid strategic planning of recreation provision. The issue of using public funds to finance recreation facilities in the countryside is also discussed. 相似文献
5.
Economic valuation of urban forest benefits in Finland 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Tyrväinen L 《Journal of environmental management》2001,62(1):75-92
Urban development projects may cause loss of amenity values of green areas, which should be taken into consideration in planning. Therefore, quantitative information on residents' valuation concerning urban forests is needed for assessing urban land use. The purpose of this investigation was to study the valuation of urban forests in two different urban environments Joensuu and Salo, Finland. The aims were to study the attitudes towards and benefits related to the use of urban forests and, in particular, to measure the valuations in monetary terms using contingent valuation, i.e. measure the residents' willingness-to-pay for larger wooded recreation areas and for small forested parks. Urban forests were seen in both towns as clearly producing positive benefits rather than causing negative effects. The negative features of forests were related to the management of the areas rather than their existence. The main values were related to nature and social functions of forests. In contrast, timber production achieved a distinctively low priority in both study towns. The results stress the importance of defining urban forest policies for municipalities in Finland. More than two-thirds of the respondents were willing to pay for the use of recreation areas. Good location and active management raised the average WTP. Moreover, approximately half of the respondents were willing to pay for preventing construction in urban forests. The results also show that the monetary value of amenity benefits in recreation areas is much higher than the present maintenance costs. The examples concerning the advantageousness of construction on green areas suggest that a limit could be found where the infill of housing areas is not worthwhile from the point of view of society, if the losses of green space benefits are taken into account. 相似文献
6.
John H. Schomaker 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(3):463-467
For a risk recreation activity like whitewater boating, a manager's goal of providing for the health and safety of the visitor may conflict with the goal of providing the opportunity for a satisfying recreation experience. As whitewater river managers face the problem of safety and risks, they should consider what users think about safety programs. The views of whitewater boaters toward (1) first aid equipment requirements, (2) signs warning of hazards, (3) aggressive enforcement of the rules, and (4) patrols to assist and regulate users were determined on 13 river segments in the western United States. A test was made of the relation between views toward safety measures and the level of risk and thrills sought by floaters. Conclusions of the study are: (1) river floaters' views toward possible management safety measures are not related to the amount of risk they desire; and (2) floaters, in general, prefer some safety measures to others. If safety measures mean that managers will be more visible on the river, floaters tend to dislike them. Therefore, a manager's approach to safety management should parallel the approach to recreation management in general, and regulation of use should be the minimum necessary to achieve safety objectives. 相似文献
7.
Approaches to biodiversity and catchment planning increasingly recognize the importance of the 'wider countryside' rather than the more site-specific focus of traditional environmental management programmes. Biodiversity depends on the viability of ecosystems across the whole countryside, and not only in designated reserves; equally, the quantity and quality of inland waters reflect overall conditions within river catchments, as well as the hydrological conditions of specific river channels. However, planning of these wider areas involves partnerships and agreements between a range of actors, which generally must be negotiated on a consensual basis and are vulnerable to subsequent dissent. This paper examines the actor-networks which have arisen in some innovative examples of 'wider countryside' planning and assesses their durability and contribution to the attainment of environmental objectives. 相似文献
8.
The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of voluntary associations involved in forest management. The
specific areas examined in this study include organizational attributes, membership profile, attitudes toward forest-management
priorities, and concerns about forest-management issues. To achieve this purpose, data were collected using a case study approach
with mixed-methods (document reviews, personal interviews, and a Web survey) at a national forest in Texas, USA. Overall,
the voluntary associations in this study can be described as place-based, small to moderate in scale, activity-oriented, and
active groups that are adaptive to sociopolitical and environmental changes. General group members placed high importance
on aesthetic, ecological, and recreation management of the national forest. In addition, this study showed five key forest
management issues: (1) limited recreation access; (2) financial challenges for forest management; (3) conflict among recreation
user groups; (4) inadequate communication by the United States Forest Service to the general public, and (5) sustainability
of the forest. Theoretical and managerial implications of the results are discussed. 相似文献
9.
The premise of this article is that the planning and design of new rest camps in conservation areas should be based on ecological
principles in such a way that the plant ecology within the camp be an integral part and extension of the natural ecology of
its immediate vicinity. This is desirable so that visitors to the camp will be provided not only with facilities for resting,
eating, and sleeping, but also be able to enjoy and study the natural environment in a relaxed atmosphere. The Berg-en-Dal
rest camp, which was established in Kruger National Park, was planned in such a way and designed according to the principles
outlined by the authors in a companion article.
The planning included six zones: a control zone, day visitor zone, overnight visitor zone, staff accommodation zone, recreation
zone, and service zone. The point is stressed that plant species selected to be used as additional vegetation to those already
growing in the camp were endemic to the nine landscape facets identified in the camp. The design allowed for separation of
the various land-use zones in such a way that they would complement each other rather than be a hindrance to each other. The
camp has been built according to the plans included in this article and has proved to be a great success. The conclusion is
drawn that the planning principles are sound and should be used in the future for the planning and design of rest camps for
conservation areas in South Africa. 相似文献
10.
Donald R. Field Neil H. Cheek 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1974,10(6):1218-1227
ABSTRACT: Participation in water-based recreation activities does not arise in random fashion nor simply as a result of having a water resource immediately available. Neither do individuals and groups engage in the same activities or a specific activity in the same way. The purpose of the present paper is to describe an alternative framework whereby differences among recreation users can be identified. Prior to this time, research directed toward understanding participation patterns at a recreational site have emphasized the activities while ignoring the human behavior factors which determine how participation arises. People consider recreation sites to be leisure settings in which the definition of such places has a broader socio-cultural meaning than that the site was designed. These definitions are reflected within the context of the social group and can be observed in the subsequent orientation to leisure and play. When activities are considered in the context of a human group, differences in participation patterns can be discovered. 相似文献
11.
Anna Höglhammer Andreas Muhar Patricia Stokowski Thomas Schauppenlehner Renate Eder 《Local Environment》2018,23(8):814-829
Urban public spaces are important areas for leisure, recreation and physical activity and therefore contribute to the quality of life in cities. In particular, for adolescents they provide important spaces to meet with their peers, away from parental or school control. In many cities worldwide, public spaces have undergone severe developmental processes, and often a withdrawal from public space is noted. With regard to the opportunities those spaces provide for adolescents, it is necessary to investigate their current meaning for adolescents in a leisure context. In this article, qualitative research methods were used to investigate factors affecting adolescents’ use of public spaces in Vienna, Austria. In total 45 adolescents were interviewed. Results show that public open spaces are not regarded as important leisure spaces, and data reveal a strong retreat to private areas for leisure purposes. Perceived insecurities and fears support these processes and often result in avoidance of public spaces but also the wish for more control by authorities. 相似文献
12.
C. Y. Jim 《The Environmentalist》1986,6(4):259-270
Summary Urban and agricultural developments in Hong Kong are intensive and spatially concentrated in a quarter of the land, leaving a sizeable area of hilly countryside with unrestricted access, relatively empty and unspoilt. Care for this common heritage, in the past, focused on afforestation of the denuded hillslopes especially in reservoir catchments. The remaining parts, covered by grasses and shrubs, hardly received attention. The rapid population growth, urban encroachment and unplanned recreational use, threatened to engulf and ruin the countryside from the 1960s. A country parks programme was initiated belatedly in 1972, and was rapidly accomplished, so that in 1979 40 percent of the land was designated. The parks are broadly divided into high-intensity recreation, low-intensity recreation, and conservation zones. The programme has been successful in encouraging informal outdoor recreation, but has also engendered environmental problems which contradict the principal conservation goal. The overuse of sites and footpaths causes soil and vegetation damage. Hill fires, ignited by, and widely dispersed litter, left by, irresponsible and careless visitors, are additional forces of degradation. Long-term management should aim at containing these problems and plan for the anticipated changing recreational demands in the future.Dr C. Y. Jim is a lecturer in biogeography and soil science at the Department of Geography and Geology, University of Hong Kong. 相似文献
13.
Jinwon Kim 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(7):1137-1161
Beaches are a unique type of recreation setting, offering a variety of water- and land-based opportunities that can meet residents’ diverse and complex recreation needs. Providing and improving equitable access to recreation amenities such as beaches have been recognized as essential responsibilities of public leisure agencies. This study assessed the degree of equity inherent in the distribution of public beaches in the Detroit metropolitan area; to account for spatial effects, phenomena rarely considered in prior equity analyses, geographically weighted regression was employed. Considerable local variations in the relationships between level of access to public beaches and population density, proportion of elderly population and educational attainment were identified. Such findings can help parks and recreation agencies better understand local patterns of equity, an important first step in facilitating the formulation of more efficient and effective planning and policy approaches. 相似文献
14.
Valuing nature-based recreation in public natural areas of the Apalachicola River region, Florida 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
As more people visit natural areas for tourism and recreation purposes, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the value they place on these natural resources. Specifically, tourists to Florida have been increasingly interested in visiting natural areas, forests, parks, and preserves-highlighting the importance of this new and growing phenomenon. We analyze visitors' demand for nature-based recreation in the Apalachicola River region of Florida using the travel cost method. The results from a count data regression model reveal that on average visitors would pay 74.18 dollars per visit-day for nature-based recreation resulting in a total economic value of 484.56 million dollars attributable to nature-based recreation in the Apalachicola River region. Results of this study provide useful information for natural resources management in the region and a rationale to preserve Florida's unique ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
Darcy L. Gray Rosaline Canessa Rick Rollins C. Peter Keller Philip Dearden 《Environmental management》2010,46(2):167-180
Marine protected areas (MPAs) and zoning plans require an understanding of stakeholders if they are to be successful at achieving
social and biological objectives. This study examines recreational boaters in a proposed MPA in British Columbia, Canada,
using the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) and models of recreation conflict as a basis for investigation. Boaters (n = 543) visiting the region during the summer completed face-to-face surveys. Results show variability in boater setting preferences,
supporting an ROS-based approach to MPA planning and zoning. While boaters as a whole placed the greatest importance on natural
settings, sailboat operators expressed stronger preferences for natural and quiet settings relative to motorboats, and motorboat
operators expressed stronger preferences for settings characterized by built facilities and extractive activities relative
to sailboats. Several marine activities emerged as sources of perceived conflict for boaters, including personal watercraft,
commercial whale watching vessels, and shellfish aquaculture. Our analysis indicates that while some of these may be addressed
through zoning, others are better addressed through education and communication. Recommendations for both MPA management and
future research are made. 相似文献
16.
Understanding how setting attributes influence the nature of the visitor experience is crucial to effective recreation management.
Highly influential attributes are useful indicators to monitor within a planning framework, such as Limits of Acceptable Change.
This study sought to identify the setting attributes perceived to have the most profound effect on the ability to have “a
real wilderness experience” and to assess the degree to which attribute importance varied with situational context and visitor
characteristics. To this end, exiting hikers were surveyed at moderate and very high use trailheads in Alpine Lakes Wilderness,
WA (USA), and Three Sisters Wilderness, OR (USA). They were asked about the degree to which encountering varying levels of
different setting attributes would add to or detract from their experience. Attributes with the largest range of effect on
experience, based on evaluations of different levels, were considered most important. The most influential attributes were
litter and several types of campsite interaction—people walking through camp and number of other groups camping close by.
The perceived importance of setting attributes did not vary much between wilderness locations with substantially different
use levels, suggesting that conclusions are robust and generalizable across wilderness areas. There also was little difference
in the perceptions of day and overnight visitors. In contrast, we found substantial variation in the perceived importance
of setting attributes with variation in wilderness experience, knowledge, attachment, and motivation. Our results validate
the emphasis of many wilderness management plans on indicators of social interaction, such as number of encounters. 相似文献
17.
Sustaining Visitor Use in Protected Areas: Future Opportunities in Recreation Ecology Research Based on the USA Experience 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Christopher A. Monz David N. Cole Yu-Fai Leung Jeffrey L. Marion 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):551-562
Recreation ecology, the study of environmental consequences of outdoor recreation activities and their effective management,
is a relatively new field of scientific study having emerged over the last 50 years. During this time, numerous studies have
improved our understanding of how use-related, environmental and managerial factors affect ecological conditions and processes.
Most studies have focused on vegetation and soil responses to recreation-related trampling on trails and recreation sites
using indicators such as percent vegetation cover and exposed mineral soil. This applied approach has and will continue to
yield important information for land managers. However, for the field to advance, more attention needs to be given to other
ecosystem attributes and to the larger aspects of environmental conservation occurring at landscape scales. This article is
an effort at initiating a dialog on needed advances in the field. We begin by reviewing broadly generalizable knowledge of
recreation ecology, to separate what is known from research gaps. Then, based on the authors’ perspective of research in the
USA and North America, several research directions are suggested as essential for continued progress in this field including
theoretical development, broadening scale, integration with other disciplines, and examination of synergistic effects. 相似文献
18.
Hesseln H Loomis JB González-Cabán A Alexander S 《Journal of environmental management》2003,69(4):359-368
We use a travel cost model to test the effects of wild and prescribed fire on visitation by hikers and mountain bikers in New Mexico. Our results indicate that net benefits for mountain bikers is $150 per trip and that they take an average of 6.2 trips per year. Hikers take 2.8 trips per year with individual net benefits per trip of $130. Both hikers' and mountain bikers' demand functions react adversely to prescribed burning. Net benefits for both groups fall as areas recover from prescribed burns. Because both visitation and annual recreation benefits decrease to these two types of visitors, this gives rise to multiple use costs associated with prescribed burning. With respect to wildfire, hikers and mountain bikers both exhibit decreased visitation as areas recover from wildfires, however, only hikers indicate an increase in per trip net benefits. Bikers' demand effectively drops to zero. These results differ from previous findings in the literature and have implications for efficient implementation of the National Fire Plan and whether prescribed burning is a cost effective tool for multiple use management of National Forests. Specifically, that fire and recreation managers cannot expect recreation users to react similarly to fire across recreation activities, or different geographic regions. What is cost effective in one region may not be so in another. 相似文献
19.
G. D. Garrod 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1996,39(2):189-204
The provision of leisure facilities is usually assessed on their value to users. This paper outlines the use of contingent valuation methods in an ex ante appraisal of the costs and benefits of enhancing river flow for recreational purposes in a low flow river. A number of rivers in England and Wales experience low flows, especially during summer months, due to over abstraction of water, creating a trade-off between leisure uses and the demands of water consumers. The sequential benefits of enhanced flows are estimated from those associated with abstraction up to licensed limits: to river flow at 70% of licensed abstraction levels; to flow levels required for an environmentally acceptable flow regime, which would permit leisure activities such as fishing, enhanced scenic walking and wildlife encounters. These benefits are compared to the costs which would be incurred to achieve these enhanced flow regimes. The study illustrates the importance of including non-user benefits in benefit-cost analysis, if leisure provision is to be provided in certain areas. 相似文献
20.
M. Qadir E. Quillérou V. Nangia G. Murtaza M. Singh R.J. Thomas P. Drechsel A.D. Noble 《Natural resources forum》2014,38(4):282-295
Food security concerns and the scarcity of new productive land have put productivity enhancement of degraded lands back on the political agenda. In such a context, salt‐affected lands are a valuable resource that cannot be neglected nor easily abandoned even with their lower crop yields, especially in areas where significant investments have already been made in irrigation and drainage infrastructure. A review of previous studies shows a very limited number of highly variable estimates of the costs of salt‐induced land degradation combined with methodological and contextual differences. Simple extrapolation suggests that the global annual cost of salt‐induced land degradation in irrigated areas could be US$ 27.3 billion because of lost crop production. We present selected case studies that highlight the potential for economic and environmental benefits of taking action to remediate salt‐affected lands. The findings indicate that it can be cost‐effective to invest in sustainable land management in countries confronting salt‐induced land degradation. Such investments in effective remediation of salt‐affected lands should form part of a broader strategy for food security and be defined in national action plans. This broader strategy is required to ensure the identification and effective removal of barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management, such as perverse subsidies. Whereas reversing salt‐induced land degradation would require several years, interim salinity management strategies could provide a pathway for effective remediation and further showcase the importance of reversing land degradation and the rewards of investing in sustainable land management. 相似文献