中国几种土壤中的有机态硒及其分布特征

采用0.1mol/L NaOH-0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7浸提,活性碳分离技术研究了中国湿润半湿润地区几种土壤中有机态硒的化学特征.供试土壤有机态硒占全硒含量的百分数变幅为3.46％—59.86％,平均28.42％.影响有机硒含量的主要因素有全硒含量(r=0.8033)、有机碳含量(r=0.6618)、土壤交换性酸(r=0.6136)和pH(r=-0.5248)。土壤有机质的C/Se为0.58×10~6-42.93×10~6,平均为6.38×10~6.低硒环境土壤有机质的C/Se显著高于正常硒含量土壤.以平均计,胡敏酸结合态硒约占有机态硒的34％,富啡酸结合态硒占66％.缺硒土壤有机态硒中,胡敏酸结合态硒的比例一般都较高.     

淀山湖沉积物中硒的存在形态及分布特征

对淀山湖沉积物中硒的存在形态，水平分布及垂直分布进行了探讨，研究了在自然条件下沉积物中硒的分布特征。结果表明淀山湖沉积物中硒的有机物－硫化物结合态及元素态是订的存在形态，占３３％￣５７％，且各形态硒的分布与环境因素密切相关。     

大庆龙凤湿地土壤硒的结合态与分布特征

为了解大庆龙凤湿地土壤硒的含量、形态,应用连续浸提的方法研究了大庆龙凤湿地保护区4个样区20个样点4个不同层次的土壤中硒的含量、形态、剖面分布,并对土壤中影响硒元素沉积量的相关理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,大庆龙凤湿地土壤全硒含量在垂直分布上没有明显的规律,变幅在121～150μg/kg之间,属于少硒土壤,在各种结合态硒中,水溶性硒仅占土壤全硒含量的1.5%～3.3%,交换态硒占3.6%～7.4%,有机态硒占24.0%～43.9%,酸溶态硒、硫化态硒和残余态硒3种无效态硒共占50%以上。土壤有机质、pH值及土壤粘粒是影响土壤硒含量的主要因素,并且由于土壤有效硒含量低、无效硒比例高导致硒的利用率低,这可能是本地区人与生物缺硒的主要原因之一。     

高硒高镉区土地安全区划方法

湖北恩施地区土壤中硒资源非常丰富,但土壤中也存在一定程度的镉污染风险,为了科学地开发富硒资源,选择典型高硒高镉区恩施市沙地乡为研究对象,结合玉米镉硒吸收模型,提出土地安全区划方法.对比硒的健康效应对土地安全区划结果的影响发现,硒对镉的拮抗作用可以减少农耕区严格管控区面积,提高土地利用效率.结合研究区各类农作物中镉硒的含量特征,建议优先保护区及安全利用区大力发展富硒农产品,结构调整区种植玉米与茶叶.     

江汉平原沙洋地区表层土壤中硒的分布特征及富硒原因分析

以江汉平原沙洋地区为研究区,采集154个表层土壤样品,综合表层土壤样品的主微量元素含量、pH值和有机碳(TOC)等地球化学指标,系统地探讨了沙洋地区表层土壤中硒(Se)含量的分布特征、硒来源以及土壤理化性质对硒分布的影响。结果表明:沙洋地区表层土壤中Se含量介于0.07～1.48mg/kg之间,90%以上表层土壤样点呈足硒状态;富硒土壤主要分布于西荆河东岸的李市镇和官垱镇,面积约为80km2;沙洋富硒区土壤中主微量元素含量及主要参数与汉江沉积物相近,而与长江沉积物和沙洋过渡区土壤有一定的差异,指示其物源为汉江沉积物;表层土壤中硒的含量与土壤酸碱度(pH值)、TOC含量以及铁铝氧化物(Fe2O3、Al2O3)含量具有良好的相关关系,说明沙洋地区表层土壤中硒分布不仅受控于成土母质,还受土壤理化性质的影响。     

青阳县富硒土壤中硒的形态与水稻富硒的相关性研究

通过对青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量及种植水稻中硒的含量测定,研究青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的赋存分布特征,探讨水稻中硒含量及分布特点,同时对土壤中各形态的硒与水稻中硒的相关性进行研究。研究结果显示:青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量差异较大,其中强有机结合态、腐殖酸态和残渣态的硒,含量较高,占到总量的10%以上;而水溶态、离子态、铁锰态、碳酸盐态的硒含量较低,占总量比例皆低于5%;研究区水稻籽粒中硒的含量均值为0. 063 8 mg/kg高于全国平均水平0. 032 mg/kg,达到了国家富硒水稻的标准;水稻对土壤中硒的富集利用与土壤中硒的形态关系密切,当地土壤中水溶态和腐殖酸态的硒与水稻中硒的含量呈显著相关,而其它形态的硒相关性不明显,说明水稻吸收利用的主要是土壤中水溶态与腐殖酸态的硒。据此可以通过施加有机生物质的生产措施,增大土壤腐殖酸态硒的含量,提高土壤中有效硒的供给含量,以有利于水稻对土壤中硒的吸收富集,提高水稻中硒的含量。     

富里酸结合叶面硒肥用于油菜修复低汞污染农田土壤

为了提高农作物对低汞污染农田土壤的修复效率,同时保障可食部分的安全,在低汞污染农田土壤中投加富里酸(0,0. 075,0. 15,0. 225 kg/m~2),结合叶面硒肥,研究了油菜植株对土壤汞的富集情况及油菜籽中汞的含量,并分析试验结束后植物生物量和组织内汞含量及土壤总汞、有效汞含量。结果表明:叶面硒肥、富里酸对油菜植株的生物量及油菜籽的产量影响不大;富里酸能提高植株中总汞的含量,促进植物根部汞向地上部分转运,同时促进土壤总汞及有效汞的降低,低投加量下促进效果最好;当富里酸投加量为0. 075 kg/m~2时,修复后土壤总汞含量由0. 45 mg/kg降低为0. 35 mg/kg,土壤有效汞含量由1. 45μg/kg降低为1. 02μg/kg;投加富里酸也可增加油菜籽中汞的含量。喷施叶面硒肥,并未影响油菜植株对汞的富集,但可以降低油菜籽中汞的含量,喷施叶面硒肥的小区,油菜籽中汞均未检出。"油菜+富里酸+叶面硒肥"可作为低汞污染农田土壤边生产边修复的一种潜在模式,既能提高植株对汞的吸收,也能抑制油菜籽中汞的富集。     

陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤-小麦体系中硒的空间分布特征

查明一个地区土壤和主食中硒含量及其空间分布特征,是探究该地区人体硒营养状况的重要基础.基于陕西泾惠渠灌区104个表层土壤样品和对应的小麦籽粒硒含量的测定,运用地统计的方法,对该地区硒含量的空间分布特征进行了分析,评价了土壤硒的有效性及其对人体硒摄入量的影响.结果表明:泾惠渠灌区土壤总硒含量变化为0.020~0.603 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.154±0.085)mg·kg-1,76.9%的地区处于临界缺硒状态,其中以阎良区土壤硒含量显著高于高陵区、临潼区、泾阳县和三原县;小麦籽粒硒含量为0.003~0.485 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.076±0.070)mg·kg-1,各地区间无显著差异,69.2%达到适度硒水平.造成土壤硒含量处于临界缺硒水平而小麦硒含量达到适度硒水平的原因是该地区土壤有效硒占土壤总硒含量的11.6%,硒的有效性相对较高.该灌区土壤和小麦的硒含量分布存在显著空间分布不均一性,在粮食硒强化中应综合考虑土壤供硒及作物硒吸收两个方面.     

不同价态外源硒在石灰性土壤中的形态转化及其生物有效性

通过盆栽试验和连续浸提的方法,研究了外源硒酸盐(六价硒)和亚硒酸盐(四价硒)施入石灰性土壤后的形态转化及其对小白菜生物有效性的影响.结果表明,不同价态外源硒施入土壤后,土壤各形态硒含量均随外源硒添加量的增加而显著增大(p0.01).但两种外源硒在土壤中的形态变化明显不同,施入土壤的硒酸盐主要以可溶态形式存在,在土壤中的移动性相对较大;而亚硒酸盐主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态形式存在,并可由可溶态转化为其他土壤形态,从而降低了其生物有效性.Monod方程拟合结果表明,小白菜根系对六价硒的亲和能力显著大于四价硒,从而使得硒酸盐处理小白菜地上和地下部最大硒含量分别为亚硒酸盐处理的5倍和2倍,说明在石灰性土壤上硒酸盐比亚硒酸盐的生物有效性更高.另外,亚硒酸盐处理小白菜地下部最大硒含量是地上部的2.3倍,而硒酸盐处理小白菜地下部和地上部最大硒含量相近,说明小白菜根系吸收在硒累积和转运过程中起着至关重要的作用.     

油菜硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒的关系

为系统研究油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,采用人工添加外源硒(0、0.5、5.0 mg·kg~(-1)土壤)的方式,构建了土壤含不同浓度硒的大田实验系统.测定了成熟期油菜不同部位硒总量、籽粒中有机小分子硒化合物及根际土壤中各形态硒的含量.明确了硒在油菜体内的富集特征;分析了籽粒中硒含量同其他组织部位及土壤硒含量间的关系;深入解析了土壤各形态硒对油菜硒的贡献.结果表明,随土壤硒浓度的增加,由根部向地上部转移的硒的比例增大;土壤高浓度(5.0 mg·kg~(-1))硒处理下,更大比例的硒富集于角果壳和籽粒中;硒代蛋氨酸、硒代半胱氨酸是籽粒中主要形态的有机小分子硒化合物;各浓度硒处理土壤中,均以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,占土壤总硒的87.24%~97.40%;籽粒硒含量与其他组织部位硒及土壤硒含量呈显著相关;茎干中硒与根系中硒含量呈正相关,而茎干中硒又是角果壳硒的主要贡献因子,茎干和角果壳硒对籽粒硒具有同等贡献.研究结果明确了油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,有助于通过土壤中硒形态和植物营养器官中硒含量来评估籽粒中硒含量.     

Role of interaction between selenium and organic matters on causes of Kaschin-Beck disease

Influences of organic matters of soil and water on speciation and biological utilization of selenium are discussed. Humic acid is found to be the main pool of selenium in soil and affects the bio-availability of the element in soil-plant system. Fulvic acid from drinking water inhibits the absorption of selenium taken from diet. The relationship between high content of organic matters of water and selenium deficiency on the causes of KBD could be reflected in the limited synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, which is generally stimulated by fulvic acid from drinking water.     

The roles of organic degradation products andselenium in the pathogenesis ofKaschin-Beck disease

An investigation on the organic degradation products and selenium in the pathogenesis of Kaschin-Beck disease was carried out. The results demonstrated that the organic degradation products existed in food and drinking water were the pathogens of the KBD; their leading pathological process of cells would be "membrane injury" due to peroxide. As GSH-Px is a selenium contained enzyme, therefore insufficient selenium would be one of the most important conditions to cause KBD.     

利用深层地下水防治大骨节病分析

大骨节病是一种骨关节变形地方性慢性病。该病病因复杂,以生物地球化学和地球化学生态学理论为指导,在研究区进行水文地质环境调查,并对饮水水样分析对比,发现病区饮水水源低矿化度、高腐殖酸是大骨节病患病的重要因素,据此在病区开展改水工程,探讨利用深层地下水改善病区饮水水质和提高居民生活水平的有效性,为大骨节病致病水源假说提供相关的理论依据,同时为病区综合防治大骨节病提供相关经验。     

A retrospective survey on the effect of Kaschin-Beck disease prophylaxis by a change of water sources

In order to provide further references for studing on the causes of Kaschin-Beck discase (KBD) and measuring for its prevention and treatment from a macroscopic view, we analyzed the natural growth and declineof KBD and the effects of selenium and humic acid on its occurrence from an epidemiologic angle. In this article through a retrospective survey on the spots of disease areas by comparison between a change in water sources and that without. It was proved that a change in water sources was an effective measure for the prevention of KBD occurrence, and the pathogenic factor of KBD was one (or several kinds) of organic compounds or active radicals related to water.     

Soil selenium concentration and Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in Tibet, China

In order to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of Kashin-Back disease (KBD) and Se concentrations, natural soil samples and cultivated soil samples were collected from southeastern Tibet, China; and the soil Se concentrations were measured by atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. It was found that the mean Se concentrations of natural soil samples in KBD areas, from the first layer to the third layer, were 0.17 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, and in nondisease areas were 0.21 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, and 0.13mg/kg, respectively. The mean Se concentrations of cultivated soil samples were 0.10 mg/kg in KBD areas and 0.23 mg/kg in non-disease areas, respectively. Soil Se concentrations in KBD areas were lower than that in non-disease areas, and the mean concentrations of soil Se in Tibet were lower than the average of China (0.29 mg/kg). Therefore, there is a close relationship between soil Se concentrations and KBD in Tibet. More studies should be concentrated on the impacts of Se deficiency in soils and its relationship with Se concentrations in food-grain and the human body in Tibet areas.     

浙中典型富硒土壤区土壤硒含量的影响因素探讨

通过对浙江省中部典型富硒土壤区的系统调查研究,总结了影响土壤硒含量的主要因素.结果表明,地质背景对土壤硒含量有控制作用,汤溪组、之江组和金华组分布区的土壤硒含量明显高于其他地质背景区.研究同时发现,土地利用方式对土壤硒的迁移富集有不可忽视的影响,旱地土壤比水田土壤更易富集硒元素.由于土壤有机质对硒的吸附与固定作用,致使其成为影响硒含量的重要因素之一.除此之外,研究认为土壤质地也是影响土壤硒含量的重要因素,土壤中黏粒含量越多,越黏重,硒含量往往较高.     

缅甸皎漂农村地区饮用水源地土壤金属释放特征及水质安全策略

缅甸皎漂农村地区以水塘水为主要饮用水水源,此类水源普遍存在金属离子超标的问题.针对该问题,选取拟新建水塘选址地内不同深度的土壤样品,并对其进行理化指标、金属含量测定,同时对其进行浸泡及金属元素赋存形态提取实验.结果表明,土壤中除Ni元素含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值外,其他金属元素含量均低于筛选值,且在垂直尺度空间上分布较均匀.通过浸泡实验发现,不同土层的浸泡液中Al、Fe、Mn、Ni元素浓度均超过了我国饮用水标准,其中,中层土（1.2~2.4 m）释放的金属离子浓度最高,释放速率最快,而深层土（>2.4 m）释放的Al、Fe、Ni离子较少.比较浸泡前后金属赋存形态发现,不同深度土壤中金属离子的释放与弱酸态、可氧化态含量变化有关,深层土中弱酸态Al、Fe、Ni释放量较少,同时通过弱酸态、可氧化态释放的金属离子被铁锰氧化物大量吸附转化为可还原态,所以其释放量低于浅层土（0~1.2 m）和中层土.Mn主要以弱酸态和可氧化态赋存于不同深度的土壤中,因此具有较高的迁移性.本文提出了以释放金属离子少的深层土作为水塘内壁的分质用土方案,以减少饮用水源金属离子释放风险,保障皎漂农村地区饮用水安全,并可为其他有类似饮用水问题的国家和地区提供参考.     

A new hypothesis for the etiology of Kaschin-Beck disease

Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) could be exogeneous free radical induced endemic osteoarthropathy under conditions of lacking necessary antioxidant defences.especially selenium-cored defence in Chinese eco-en-vironment. Experimental evidences have been provided for the internal relations among previously suggested pathologic factors, i.e., selenium deficiency, organic matters of drinking waterand mycotoxins from contaminated grains, based on the facts that the former is a preventory factor while the others are exogenous freeradical carriers. ESR spectrum shows that these exogenous free radical carriers have a property of semi-quinone compounds and are toxic in in-vitro cartilage cell culture and animal tests in inducing lipid peroxidation process.     

高氟环境对奶牛生产和繁殖性能的影响

通过检测宁夏某地奶牛内外环境中的饮水、饲料和土壤氟、硒、铜及血氟、毛氟、尿氟和全血硒、铜，证实该场奶牛高氟低硒低硐。日粮添加０。２６ｍｇ／ｋｇ硒和３．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜。连续饲喂３个月，低硒低铜现象消失，但高氟仍旧存在。高氟使奶牛子宫复旧时间、首次发情时间 科后配妊天数分别延长６．６ｄ、６ｄ和３８．５ｄ，产后孕酮含量始终低于健康奶牛，同时，奶牛胎衣不下发病率和乳房炎发病率分别高于健康奶牛１６．７％和１     

Assessment of selenium pollution in agricultural soils in the Xuzhou District, Northwest Jiangsu, China

Xuzhou City is an important base for coal production and coal-fired power. To evaluate selenium contamination in this area, we sampled agricultural soil, soil profile, irrigation water, bedrock, coal, fly ash, paddy rice, and vegetables from the north of Xuzhou City, and determined their selenium contents. The background level of selenium in the soil profile was 0.08 mg/kg. The selenium concentrations in agricultural soils and irrigation water were in the range of 0.21-4.08 mg/kg and 0.002-0.29 mg/L, respec...