复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆肥的作用效果研究

为了研究复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆肥的作用效果,以消化污泥、锯末和回流堆肥为原料,接种不同剂量(0、0.2%、0.5%)的复合微生物菌剂进行室外露天堆肥,分析了温度、含水率、pH值、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、种子发芽指数(germination index,GI)的动态变化,结果表明:各堆体温度保持在50℃以上的时间均超过7 d,满足堆肥卫生标准;接种复合微生物菌剂的堆体升温速率和温度最高值均大于未接种堆体,接种复合微生物菌剂有利于增加堆体水分散失量,加快堆体有机质降解速度,降低堆体氮的损失量,提高GI值;其中微生物菌剂接种量为0.5%的堆体,接种处理对水分散失、氮损失的控制和GI值的增加效果较明显.     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

为了研究不同C／N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况,提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料,在添加1％的生物腐熟剂的基础上,对堆肥温度及C／N比进行调控,并进行交叉实验。结果表明,（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时,在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳,温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时,添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C／N比值、含水量,缩短堆肥时间,其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：l混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30d时,堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加,有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的,且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器,在通风量为3．0L／min,搅拌频率为5min／h的条件下,就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明,接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、Ct（P〈0．01）,堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P〈0．01）,其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18d,第8天COD降解率达到61．17％、总氮损失率为25．75％,第6天时GI达到108．22％。     

城市污泥堆肥过程中堆体表面沉降及减容率的研究

通过测定堆肥过程中堆体表面沉降量的动态变化,结合堆肥温度、含水量和挥发性固体（VS）含量的变化,对堆体表面沉降和减容率及其影响因素进行研究。研究结果表明,城市污泥：树皮（1：1）处理的升温速率、最高温度和高温维持时间、含水量和VS含量去除率等均高于城市污泥：秸秆（1：1）处理,其灭菌、生物干燥和有机质降解效果较好。堆体表面沉降可分为物理压实沉降和有机质降解沉降,城市污泥：树皮（1：1）的物理压缩沉降量低于城市污泥：秸秆（1：1）,主要是因为秸秆作为调理剂的支撑作用比树皮差;前者的有机质降解沉降量大于后者,这与堆肥温度、含水量和VS含量的去除率等因素有关。     

温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志，它直接影响堆肥反应速率，是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。本试验利用可自动加热堆肥反应器，在一定条件下研究不同温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响。通过监测出口气体中O2和CO2气体的浓度，计算堆料中有机物降解速率。试验表明，当反应条件为生活垃圾：成熟堆肥=80：20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N比为25，堆肥温度控制在55℃左右时，能加速高温菌繁殖，从而加快垃圾分解速度，大大缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响简

为了研究不同C/N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30 d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况,提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料,在添加1%的生物腐熟剂的基础上,对堆肥温度及C/N比进行调控,并进行交叉实验。结果表明,（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时,在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳,温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时,添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C/N比值、含水量,缩短堆肥时间,其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：1混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30 d时,堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加,有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的,且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

复合微生物菌剂强化堆肥技术研究

采用复合微生物菌剂对生活垃圾的接种堆肥技术进行了实验研究。通过测定堆肥过程中反应器出口O2、CO2与H2S气体浓度及对堆肥样品扫描电镜照片分析，比较了3个接种组与1个对照组中堆料中微生物总数变化、种群结构演替及堆肥腐熟速度。试验结果表明，在原料成分为：生活垃圾／成熟堆肥=80／20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N-30时，对于不同接种量的复合微生物接种系统堆料中分别接种0．2％、0．3％、0．5％(质量百分含量)，与加入0．3％灭活菌的对照组进行对比实验，接种复合微生物菌剂堆肥系统不仅微生物总数高于对照组，而且其种群结构合理，能明显提高堆肥效率，有效控制臭气的产生，提高堆肥腐熟度。     

低温型复合发酵菌剂接种鸡粪堆肥的效应

以鲜鸡粪为主要材料,进行了低温启动型复合发酵菌剂在低温环境下的堆肥发酵试验,研究分析了发酵过程堆肥的温度、水分、pH值、C/N、灰分、NH~+_4-N和有机质含量的变化。结果表明:在15℃条件下,研制的发酵菌剂可使鸡粪堆肥在24 h内启动发酵,提早启动2 d以上,堆温达到50℃以上的时间提前5 d左右,维持55℃以上高温达到14 d,低温启动效果明显,且堆温较高;可加快堆肥物料水分的挥发,降低C/N比,发酵15 d后种子发芽指数达到80.4%,比对照提前12 d,发酵进程显著加快;虽然堆肥有机质的损失率略高于对照,但全氮的损失率却低于对照,堆肥铵态氮的含量提高70.2%,保氮效果显著。     

城市污泥与水葫芦堆肥性质变化规律

采用仓式好氧堆肥方法,研究了不同比例的城市污泥和水葫芦混合物料堆肥过程中各项评价参数(温度、含水率、pH、有机质和总氮)的变化规律。结果表明:堆肥过程中,堆体温度、含水率变化过程为先上升,再下降;堆体的pH和总氮变化过程为先降低再升高,最后趋于稳定。有机质含量在堆肥48 h内迅速下降,之后缓慢下降。对小堆体,大风量更有利于有机质的降解,但不利于氮素的保存。当m(污泥)∶m(水葫芦)为4∶1时的堆肥效果要优于m(污泥)∶m(水葫芦)为2∶1时的堆肥效果。     

添加腐熟污泥对生活垃圾堆肥物料理化性质及温室气体释放规律的影响

研究了添加腐熟污泥对生活垃圾堆肥物料理化性质及温室气体释放规律的影响。结果表明:(1)在生活垃圾中添加腐熟污泥进行堆肥,可降低堆肥物料的含水率,缩短整个堆肥周期;添加腐熟污泥还可以缓解堆体的酸化程度,促进有机质的降解,使C/N更适合微生物的生长和繁殖。(2)CO_2和CH_4两种温室气体的释放主要集中在堆肥高温期,CO_2释放量随腐熟污泥添加量的增加而增加,而CH_4释放量随腐熟污泥添加量的增加而减少。     

粪便与生活垃圾混合堆肥过程控制

采用强制通风静态仓进行粪便和生活垃圾混合堆肥,以玉米秸为调理剂,石灰调节pH,考察正压鼓风和负压抽吸2种通风方式对不同堆料配比堆肥过程的控制效果。试验结果表明,5种堆料配比的中层温度都达到了50℃,并保持了5 d以上,达到了堆肥无害化和稳定化的要求。正压鼓风堆料底部温度较低,负压抽吸堆料底部热量容易聚集,但是后者堆体温度分布相对均匀。负压抽吸对水分的去除效果差于正压鼓风。对于温度未达到50℃的堆料应回流处理保证无害化。粪便有机物含量高,堆肥初期易酸化,添加石灰调节pH,使堆肥顺利升温,缩短发酵期,石灰合理添加量为2%(质量分数)。采用负压抽吸的通风方式,散除堆肥初期的挥发性有机酸,再经过冷凝除臭器脱酸除臭后排放,是一种可取的方式。     

添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

选用猪粪与小麦秸秆为堆肥原料进行高温好氧堆肥实验,研究添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温好氧堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、种子发芽指数、碳氮比和养分等理化指标的影响,寻求猪粪高温堆肥时的最佳秸秆配比,旨在为猪粪快速资源化利用提供科学依据。结果表明,猪粪高温堆肥时添加小麦秸秆可以缩短进入高温发酵阶段的时间,减少氮素损失,加快C/N的降低速率,加速有毒有害物质分解。其中猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4处理各层温度在2~5 d内上升至50℃,并持续37~46 d,在堆肥结束时,有机质和速效氮含量较堆肥初期下降幅度最小,分别为33.90%和23.76%,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量较堆肥初期提高幅度最大,分别为13.34%、20.24%、53.19%、41.53%和16.57%。若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标,猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4配比堆肥的腐熟速度比纯猪粪快18 d,36 d即可腐熟。综合判断,实际应用中,猪粪与小麦秸秆按体积6∶4进行堆肥较为适宜。     

牛粪与小麦秸秆混合高温堆肥的腐熟进程研究

通过研究牛粪与小麦秸秆混合高温堆肥的腐熟进程,寻求最佳的堆肥体积比,旨在为农业废弃物快速资源化利用提供科学依据。将牛粪与小麦秸秆分别按体积比10∶0、8∶2、6∶4、4∶6、2∶8混合,高温堆肥64d,研究各种处理下堆肥进程。结果表明,与纯牛粪高温堆肥相比,添加小麦秸秆可以加快堆肥升温速度,抑制高温堆肥前期pH的升高和氨气挥发,减少氮素损失,加速堆肥内有毒有害物质分解,加快C/N降低速率。其中牛粪和小麦秸秆以6∶4的体积比混合高温堆肥时效果最好,堆肥结束时有机质和速效氮下降幅度最小,分别为31.84%和18.18%,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾的提高幅度最大,分别为15.86%、13.64%、9.42%、22.73%和29.30%。若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标,牛粪和小麦秸秆按6∶4体积比混合高温堆肥43d即可腐熟,比纯牛粪腐熟提前了12d。综合判断,实际应用中牛粪与小麦秸秆按6∶4体积比进行高温堆肥较为适宜。     

Fate of nitrogen during composting of chicken litter

Chicken litter (a mixture of chicken manure, wood shavings, waste feed, and feathers) was composted in forced-aeration piles to understand the changes and losses of nitrogen (N) during composting. During the composting process, the chemical [different N fractions, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (C), and C:N ratio], physical, and microbial properties of the chicken litter were examined. Cumulative losses and mass balances of N and organic matter were also quantified to determine actual losses during composting. The changes in total N concentration of the chicken litter piles were essentially equal to those of the organic N. The inorganic N concentrations were low, and that organic N was the major nitrogenous constituent. The ammonium (NH(4)(+))-N concentration decreased dramatically during first 35 days of composting. However, the rapid decrease in NH(4)(+)-N during composting did not coincide with a rapid increase in (NO(3)(-)+NO(2)(-))-N concentration. The concentration of (NO(3)(-)+NO(2)(-))-N was very low (<0.5 g kg(-1)) at day 0, and this level remained unchanged during the first 35 days of composting suggesting that N was lost during composting. Losses of N in this composting process were governed mainly by volatilization of ammonia (NH(3)) as the pile temperatures were high and the pH values were above 7. The narrow C:N ratio (<20:1) have also contributed to losses of N in the chicken litter. The OM and total organic C mass decreased with composting time. About 42 kg of the organic C was converted to CO(2). On the other hand, 18 kg was lost during composting. This loss was more than half (59%) of the initial N mass of the piles. Such a finding demonstrates that composting reduced the value of the chicken litter as N fertilizer. However, the composted chicken contained a more humified (stabilized) OM compared with the uncomposted chicken litter, which would enhance its value as a soil conditioner.     

Microbiological aspects of humid husk composting

The feasibility of composting as disposal practice of husk mixed with olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was studied in the present research. The process was investigated with regards to some reliable and easy to be determined microbial activity parameters such as the ATP content, the activity of a pool of enzymes and the viable counts, keeping in mind the well known bias of this last technique. Two different composting technologies were compared: static pile and reactor by studying the cured composts obtained. Among the bioindicators tested, the composting process trend was described better by the ATP content and the activity of some enzymes. In fact, the ATP content showed an increase during the thermophilic phase in both the pile and the reactor, and decreased at the end of the process, it was also higher in the bioreactor-pile technology than in the pile. With regard to the enzymatic activity, with the reactor technology experiment, two peaks were evidenced in the thermophilic phase and during the curing phase in pile, and a drop during the transfer of material from the reactor to the pile. The quality of the cured product obtained using the reactor technology has been evaluated considering phytoxicity and hygienic features: the stabilised compost resulted to have neither phytoxical effect, nor faecal indicator contaminants.     

不同生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因的削减规律研究

为探讨不同类型生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的削减规律,分别将玉米秸秆生物炭、竹炭和猪粪生物炭添加到猪粪中进行好氧堆肥,解析不同类型生物炭添加对猪粪堆肥过程中抗生素浓度和ARGs丰度的影响.研究发现,添加竹炭堆肥对抗生素的平均去除率最高(97％),其中对四环素类抗生素的去除率高达98％;添加玉...     

Humification process enhancement through relative abundance promotion of Talaromyces and Coprinopsis by inoculated Phanerochaete chrysosporium during the secondary fermentation of composting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To explore the mechanism of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) inoculation driving the humification process of maize straw composting, the...     

Evaluation of carbon degradation during co-composting of exhausted grape marc with different biowastes

In this work the carbon biodegradation of exhausted grape marc (EGM) combined with other organic wastes using the turned pile composting system was studied. Four different piles were made of EGM in Pile 1, EGM mixed with cow manure and straw (CMS) in Pile 2, EGM mixed with municipal solid waste (MSW) in Pile 3 and EGM mixed with grape stalks (GS) in Pile 4. The results obtained were modelled to determine the main kinetic and stoichiometric parameters. Regarding to the rate constants of the composting processes they were increased from 0.033d(-1), the value obtained when EGM was composted alone, to 0.040 and 0.044d(-1) when MSW and GS were added, respectively as co-substrates. However, the addition of CMS reduced the rate constant. About the biodegradable carbon fractions, it was observed that the co-composting reduced significantly the remanent carbon concentration after composting in all the piles whilst increased the readily biodegradable carbon fractions from 35, the value obtained when EGM was composted alone, to 50 and 60%, respectively when MSW or GS were added. As regards the temperature profiles, only Piles 1 and 4 achieved thermal hygienization values and about the nitrogen losses, the lowest percentage of nitrogen loss took place when GS were added, because of its optimum pH and C/N initial ratio. Thus, though any of these wastes could be used for co-composting with EGM, the use of GS as co-substrate and bulking agent for the co-composting process of EGM was recommended.