生物质炭微生物矿化稳定性机制研究进展

生物质炭在碳封存和土壤改良等方面的应用潜力取决于其在土壤中的微生物矿化稳定性.明确生物质炭在土壤中微生物矿化稳定性是推进生物质炭在土壤固碳、改良等领域应用的关键.基于生物质炭在土壤中的微生物矿化稳定性研究进展,本文系统总结了不同类型生物质炭的微生物矿化速率和在土壤中的平均驻留时间,探讨了不同因素(生物质炭特性、土壤特性和外源不稳定有机质的添加等)对生物质炭微生物矿化稳定性的影响,阐述了生物分解过程中生物质炭的性质变化及其与土壤微生物/有机质/矿物质的交互作用,简述了生物质炭中内源矿物质和外源土壤矿物质对其矿化稳定性的影响机理.最后,总结现有研究的不足,并提出今后的研究重点.     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳动态的影响

对贵州茂兰自然保护区内三种典型土地利用方式(林地、草地和耕地)下土壤活性有机碳组分(土壤溶解有机碳和土壤微生物量碳)的月变化及其对环境因子的响应进行了研究,结果表明在不同的土地利用方式下上覆植被类型不同,其凋落物数量、质量及分解行为不同,有机质的输入量及质量也不相同,从而形成不同的土壤溶解有机碳含量差异,土壤有机碳的大小也存在较大差别。研究结果显示:从全年平均值来看,林地土壤溶解有机碳分别比草地和耕地高25%、48%;从3月到8月,三者均随气温的上升呈增加的趋势,林地和耕地在8月均达到最大值,而草地则在10月达到最大值;林地和草地土壤微生物量碳分别高于耕地81%和45%,林地和草地在10月达到最大值。不同的土地利用方式导致土壤活性有机碳的差异较大,这说明岩溶生态系统中土地利用方式对土壤碳库的大小有较大影响。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳对环境因子的响应也各不相同,这表明土壤活性碳受众多因素的制约而呈现出一种动态平衡关系,进一步的机理仍需要进行深入研究。     

Saguenay河溶解有机质光化学生成溶解无机碳的研究

溶解有机质作为水生生态系统中一种重要的活跃的有机组分,对生态系统中的碳循环起到重要的作用.利用模拟太阳光对Saguenay河溶解有机质的光氧化过程模拟,研究了溶解氧浓度、模拟太阳光波长范围和铁浓度对溶解无机碳产量的影响.研究表明,基于空气饱和样品前72 h的溶解无机碳产量1.39 μmol·L-1·h-1,氧气饱和条件下照射的溶解无机碳产量增加了52.5%,而氮气饱和条件下的照射则只有空气饱和样品的10%.实验以Mylar-D、有机玻璃UF-3和有机玻璃UF-4为滤光片研究了波长范围对溶解无机碳产量的影响,近似计算的结果表明UV-B、UV-A和可见光部分分别占无机碳产量的16.5%,55.4%和28.0%,表明溶解无机碳的生成可发生在紫外光无法到达的水体较深区域.铁在光化学催化氧化过程中起重要作用,当总铁浓度达到10 μmol·L-1时,有效的增加了溶解无机碳的生成速率,其生成速率约为初始样品的1.68倍(初始样品中总铁含量为3.2 μmol·L-1).     

植被恢复对寒旱区典型草原群落枯落物分解的影响研究

草地的不同利用方式和利用程度影响枯落物的分解过程,进而影响生态系统的物质循环和能量流动。为了解寒旱区植被恢复后草地生物地球化学循环过程,在内蒙古不同恢复年限(恢复25年、恢复12年和严重重度退化)的典型草原群落开展枯落物原位分解试验,分别于样品投放后的第15、30、45、60、75、300、330和360天回收分解袋,同时测定8个时期枯落物中氮(N)、碳(C)、磷(P)、纤维素、木质素和灰分含量并记录土壤表层温度和含水量,以确定不同恢复阶段植物群落枯落物物质损失情况。结果表明,恢复时间不同的3个群落,枯落物残留率存在显著差异(P0.05),恢复25年群落、恢复12年群落和重度退化群落枯落物的残留率分别为31.57%、44.11%和49.63%。植被恢复对不同群落枯落物分解系数影响较小,但减少了枯落物分解时间。经过25年和12年的恢复,枯落物分解95%需要的时间分别为1 465 d和1 361 d,而重度退化群落为2 864,植被恢复使得分解时间减少大约一半。植被恢复对枯落物中TOC含量存在显著影响(P0.05),植被恢复可以减缓枯落物中有机碳的损失速率。经过一年的分解,重度退化群落枯落物中纤维素、木质素、和灰分的含量显著高于两个恢复群落(P0.05)。植被恢复减少了枯落物分解过程中的难分解物质的含量。植被恢复通过改变植物枯落物中物质的组成,进而改变生物地球化学循环的速率。围封恢复可以加速草地生态系统生物地球化学循环的速率。气温是控制寒旱区草地全年枯落物分解的重要环境因素;在温度条件适宜时,水分条件的变化对枯落物分解速率有一定的影响。     

植被恢复中坡地土壤颗粒有机碳分布特征和δ~(13)C值组成

以喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中典型坡地为研究对象,对坡地各个地形剖面土壤及土壤不同粒径组分中有机碳含量和有机质稳定碳同位素(δ13C值)组成进行了分析.结果显示:坡地土壤有机碳含量向下坡方向逐渐降低,上坡位两个剖面土壤砂粒(50～2000 um)中有机碳含量占50%以上,处于不稳定状态;易受到侵蚀作用破坏;而下坡位两个剖面中有机碳主要储存在粉粒(2～50um)和粘粒(<2um)土壤中,属于高度腐殖化的稳定有机碳.土壤有机质的δ13C值是评估SOC周转的一个良好指标,因粒径组成、剖面深度.植被和成土环境而不同.坡地各个土壤剖面中δ13C值的组成差异,较好地反映作物残体输入和土壤累积特征;输入土壤中的植物有机体由于分解程度不同而储存在不同粒径土壤中,因此各粒径中δ13C值对土层中有机质的储存和变化趋势具有较好的指示作用.     

流域特征对南苕溪溶解有机质浓度的影响

溶解有机质(DOM)是水域生态系统中碳、氮、磷循环的重要组成部分,开展流域尺度上流域特征对河流DOM输出的调控机制研究,有助于加深对DOM经由河流向下游水体迁移的生物地球化学行为的认识,为改善河流及其下游水体富营养化状况和进行生态修复提供依据。选取南苕溪流域为研究对象,在其16个子流域开展近一年的采样调研,提取各子流域水温、流量、面积、平均坡度、平均高程以及5种土地利用类型[天然林、经济林(雷竹林)、农田、城镇、水域]面积占流域面积比例共10个流域特征变量,同时测定溶解有机碳(DOC)、溶解有机氮(DON)和溶解有机磷(DOP)浓度,分析DOM浓度的空间分布及季节动态,并结合多元分析方法,探讨流域特征对DOM浓度的影响机制。结果表明,DOC、DOP浓度呈由上游河源到下游河口递增的趋势,与流域内土地利用格局及相应的污染梯度变化一致。DON浓度受到流域内雷竹林集约经营活动的影响,就空间而言,在用地类型以雷竹林为主的子流域,DON浓度最高;就季节而言,春季DON浓度最高。夏、秋季DOP浓度小于春、冬季,此与水生生物对水中磷素吸收作用有关。主成分分析结果表明,流域地形地貌特征(土地利用类型、坡度等)对DOM浓度的影响要强于河流水文状况(流量、温度)。在主成分样点得分图中,以天然林为主的子流域与其他受人为影响的子流域(经济林、农田、城镇)分开分布,表明人为活动会引起DOM浓度的增加。多元回归分析结果表明,城镇用地占比是DOM浓度的最优预测变量,虽然城镇面积小(平均面积占比约为5%)、分布散,但却是流域内DOM重要的"源"。     

气候变化与土壤有机质的关系(英文)

在最近的地质历史中,气候变化的速率是史无前例的,它对地球生物圈产生了巨大的影响。土壤有机质中的碳是地球碳库的重要组成部分,它参与全球碳循环。土壤有机质分解而产生的CO2和CH4是重要的温室气体。土壤有机质对气候模型的反应较敏感;其总量取决于生物量生产与分解的平衡状态,以及土壤储存有机质的能力。就全球规模来说,土壤有机质沿着降水增加和温度下降的梯度而增加。温度是支配凋落物分解速率的重要环境因素,它甚至能改变凋落物分解的动力学。     

两类生物炭的元素组分分析及其热稳定性

通过元素分析、红外光谱和热重分析探讨了4种不同来源生物炭(玉米芯、香蕉杆、草海底泥、泥炭土)的理化性质及热稳定性.结果表明,生物炭的制备是一个逐渐从"软质碳"向"硬质碳"过渡的过程,制备过程中生物炭含碳量增加,芳香性增强,形成致密的碳结构,其中的含氧官能团被大量烧失,极性减弱,憎水性增强,不易被土壤中的微生物利用,有利于增加生物炭在土壤中的稳定性.热重实验显示,沉积物生物炭拥有比植物生物炭更好的热稳定性,这是因为沉积物中无机矿物对有机质起到了保护作用.     

微生物群落对河流底泥中锑含量变化的响应

锑(Sb)矿的开采会造成周边水环境发生Sb污染,对周边生态环境和人体健康造成潜在风险。微生物是河流中Sb污染物生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力之一,通过氧化/还原过程调控Sb的价态转化过程,从而改变Sb的毒性和流动性。以贵州独山县Sb污染河流底泥为研究对象,利用地球化学参数分析、高通量测序和统计分析等方法,研究Sb污染河流底泥中Sb的浓度分布规律及其对河流底泥微生物群落的选择性影响。结果表明,随着与Sb冶炼厂排水口距离的增加,河流底泥中Sb浓度逐渐降低,这可能是微生物还原产生的Sb(III)在厌氧环境下易与铁锰化合物结合形成沉淀所导致的。基于随机森林分析发现,Sb是塑造河流底泥微生物群落结构的主要因素,河流底泥微生物多样性随Sb浓度的降低而呈现逐渐增加的变化趋势。通过LEfSe差异分析可知,Sb是河流底泥微生物群落结构组成演变的关键驱动因子,在不同Sb污染环境下富集了差异微生物。结合共现网络分析,发现栖泥沼杆菌属Paludibacter和糖发酵菌属Saccharofermentans是Sb污染河流底泥中的核心微生物,其相对丰度与Sb_tot、Sb(III)浓度呈显著正相...     

金属元素与环境微生物的互作关系研究进展

在自然环境、人工生态系统等不同的环境介质中,微生物能与各种金属及其化合物共存并产生相互作用,最终影响其在环境中的迁移速率、循环过程及分布状态.本文综述了金属元素的生物地球化学循环、微生物与金属元素的互作机理以及在生产生活中的应用.主要结论为:微生物通过生物矿化、生物浸出等方式使金属发生迁移和生物转化,进而影响其在不同环境介质中的迁移速率、毒性等理化性质,参与了金属地球化学循环的每一步.微生物与金属相互作用的机理探索目前尚处于研究阶段,但较为认可的作用机制包括生物膜作用、电子传递和毒性效应等.而在工业上,微生物与金属元素间的相互作用在微生物燃料电池、金属的回收利用、土壤中重金属污染的治理等诸多方面得到了广泛的应用.未来可在群落水平上利用组学手段解析金属元素生物溶解与析出的调控网络及信号分子等作用机制,并利用基因工程或酶工程等技术开发可有效降低环境中重金属离子毒性的相关菌剂.(图2表1参61)     

Fluxes and Transport of Organic Carbon and Trace Metals in the Tropical Tsengwen Estuary,Southwestern Taiwan

Distributions of organic carbon and trace metals were investigated in the tropical Tsengwen river end-member and in the estuary to better understand thoroughly the riverine fluxes and estuarine transports of constituents into the sea. Experimental results indicated that riverine fluxes of organic carbon and trace metals possessed a highly temporal variability, attributed primarily to temporal variation in river water discharge and suspended load. More than 70% of annual fluxes of dissolved constituents and >90% of particulate constituents arose from river floods caused by summer typhoons. the flushing time of fresh water in the estuary varied from a half month in the dry season to a half day in the flood period. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrienttype metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) were conservatively transported through the estuary. Dissolved particle-reactive metals (Mn, Pb), however, were apparently transported non-conservatively through the estuary. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and trace metals (PTM) were transported non-conservatively by following the transport mode of total suspended matter (TSM) in the estuary. DOC slightly dominates the transport of organic carbon while particle-reactive PTM predominates the transport of trace metals through the estuary. Total organic carbon (TOC) in estuarine sediment was progressively enriched with ¹³C downstream, as derived by mixing the overlying TSM between terrestrial and marine end-members. Distributions of trace metals in sediment were subsequently controlled by sedimentary TOC and particle size. Based on results presented here, we believe that enrichments of trace metals in the estuary are attributed primarily to the natural processes of transport and sedimentation of fluvial TSM     

Processes Influencing Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur in Soils

The influence of different plant and soil processes on the concentrations of soluble organic forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in soil and drainage waters is reviewed. Current knowledge about soluble organic matter is restricted mainly to dissolved organic carbon. Comparable information about soluble organic nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in processes such as eutrophication, plant uptake and decomposition is limited. Data are presented to highlight the potential sources of soluble organic components together with a discussion of their likely fate within the soil profile. the implications of changes in land use and management practices on dissolved organic matter are discussed.     

Biogeochemical zonation of sulfur during the discharge of groundwater to lake in desert plateau (Dakebo Lake,NW China)

As one of the important elements of controlling the redox system within the hyporheic and hypolentic zone, sulfur is involved in a series of complex biogeochemical processes such as carbon cycle, water acidification, formation of iron and manganese minerals, redox processes of trace metal elements and a series of important ecological processes. Previous studies on biogeochemistry of the hyporheic and hypolentic zones mostly concentrated on nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals and other pollutants. Systematic study of biogeochemical behavior of sulfur and its main controlling factors within the lake hypolentic zone is very urgent and important. In this paper, a typical desert plateau lake, Dakebo Lake in northwestern China, was taken for example within which redox zonation and biogeochemical characteristics of sulfur affected by hydrodynamic conditions were studied based on not only traditional hydrochemical analysis, but also environmental isotope evidence. In the lake hypolentic zone of the study area, due to the different hydrodynamic conditions, vertical profile of sulfur species and environmental parameters differ at the two sites of the lake (western side and center). Reduction of sulfate, deposition and oxidation of sulfide, dissolution and precipitation of sulfur-bearing minerals occurred are responded well to Eh, dissolved oxygen, pH, organic carbon and microorganism according to which the lake hypolentic zone can be divided into reduced zone containing H₂S, reduced zone containing no H₂S, transition zone and oxidized zone. The results of this study provide valuable insights for understanding sulfur conversion processes and sulfur biogeochemical zonation within a lake hypolentic zone in an extreme plateau arid environment and for protecting the lake–wetland ecosystem in arid and semiarid regions.     

Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m³ per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m² and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV₂₅₄, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.     

臭氧氧化印染废水生化出水的生化降解特性

测定了不同比臭氧消耗量条件下,印染废水生化出水中生化可降解溶解性有机碳（BDOC）在28 d内的变化过程,并对接种培养前后的三维荧光光谱进行了分析.结果表明,臭氧氧化能有效降低印染废水生化出水的色度和芳香度,明显提高可生化性.在比臭氧消耗量2.7 mg.mg-1条件下,预计臭氧氧化和生物滤池联用技术对DOC的去除率约为54%.另外,亲水性有机物对BDOC的贡献率与比臭氧消耗量呈正比关系.类腐殖和类色氨酸物质的荧光强度在一定程度上反映了生化难降解有机物的含量.     

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Dissolved and Colloidal Organic Matter

An overview of the methods used for the isolation and characterization of organic matter in natural waters is presented. Commonly used techniques for the concentration and isolation of organic matter from water, such as preparative chromatography, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, and the methods used to analyze the organic matter obtained by these methods are reviewed. the development of methods to obtain organic matter that is associated with fractions of the dissolved organic carbon other than humic substances, such as organic bases, hydrophilic organic acids and colloidal organic matter are discussed. Methods specifically used to study dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorous are also discussed.     

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Dissolved and Colloidal Organic Matter

An overview of the methods used for the isolation and characterization of organic matter in natural waters is presented. Commonly used techniques for the concentration and isolation of organic matter from water, such as preparative chromatography, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, and the methods used to analyze the organic matter obtained by these methods are reviewed. the development of methods to obtain organic matter that is associated with fractions of the dissolved organic carbon other than humic substances, such as organic bases, hydrophilic organic acids and colloidal organic matter are discussed. Methods specifically used to study dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorous are also discussed.     

Decomposition of urea associated with photosynthesis of phytoplankton in coastal waters

Decomposition of urea in seawater was studied in Mikawa Bay, a shallow eutrophic bay on the southern coast of central Japan. The urea concentration in seawater ranged from 1.3 to 5.9 μg-at. N/1 and comprised 12 to 40% of the dissolved organic nitrogen. Using ¹⁴C labelled urea, the rate of CO₂ liberation from urea and the incorporation rate of urea carbon into the particulate organic matter were determined. For the surface samples, high rates of CO₂ liberation from urea as well as the incorporation of urea carbon into the particulate organic matter were observed in the light, while much lower rates were obtained in the dark. Incubation experiments with exposure to different light intensities revealed that the rate of CO₂ liberation from urea and the incorporation of urea carbon into particulate organic matter changed with light intensity, showing a pattern similar to that of photosynthesis. The highest liberation and incorporation rates were observed at 12,000 lux. Incubation in light and in dark produced marked decreases and increases, respectively, in urea and ammonia, while no appreciable changes were observed for nitrate and nitrite. It is suggested that urea decomposition associated with photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton is one of the major processes of urea decomposition, and that it plays a significant role in the nitrogen supply for phytoplankton in coastal waters.     

Effects of rising temperature on pelagic biogeochemistry in mesocosm systems: a comparative analysis of the AQUASHIFT Kiel experiments

A comparative analysis of data, obtained during four indoor-mesocosm experiments with natural spring plankton communities from the Baltic Sea, was conducted to investigate whether biogeochemical cycling is affected by an increase in water temperature of up to 6?°C above present-day conditions. In all experiments, warming stimulated in particular heterotrophic bacterial processes and had an accelerating effect on the temporal development of phytoplankton blooms. This was also mirrored in the build-up and partitioning of organic matter between particulate and dissolved phases. Thus, warming increased both the magnitude and rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) build-up, whereas the accumulation of particulate organic carbon (POC) and phosphorus (POP) decreased with rising temperature. In concert, the observed temperature-mediated changes in biogeochemical components suggest strong shifts in the functioning of marine pelagic food webs and the ocean’s biological carbon pump, hence providing potential feedback mechanisms to Earth’s climate system.     

Variability of dissolved organic matter in northern adriatic coastal waters

The results obtained in the four seasonal cruises planned in the PRISMA II project are reported. These concern dissolved and colloidal organic carbon, free amino acids and total dissolved carbohydrates and heterotrophic activity. Main factors controlling organic matter degradation, resulting from laboratory tests not planned in the above project, are also discussed. Dissolved organic matter shows seasonal accumulation, which may be markedly different from year to year, and large contributions by colloidal and saccharide components. Heterotrophic activities play an important role in the carbon cycle, although laboratory runs highlight limitations caused by aging of organic matter and phosphorus deficiency.