基于贝叶斯蒙特卡罗的液氨罐区安全系统动态风险分析

以概率分布表示液氨罐区各安全系统的失效率,用贝叶斯蒙特卡罗对安全系统进行动态分析.首先,构建事件树;然后,用无信息的均匀分布作为各个安全系统失效率的先验分布,由结果事件发生次数得到似然函数,进而得到安全系统失效的后验分布;最后,由蒙特卡罗模拟得到事件树结果事件发生的概率值.结果表明,火灾和中毒发生的概率比先验值大,液氨罐区总体安全性能降低.报警器、自动关断系统和灭火系统失效率比先验失效率高;浓度传感器、手动关断系统和防火系统失效率比先验失效率低.后验分布的方差逐渐减小,风险评估的不确定性降低.因此,动态分析更能够反映液氨罐区安全系统的安全状态,有利于决策人员及时采取相应措施.     

Numerical simulation of hydrogen–air detonation for damage assessment in realistic accident scenarios

An accidental hydrogen release within an equipment enclosure may result in the presence of detonable mixture in a confined environment. From a safety standpoint, it is then useful to assess the potential for damage. In that context, numerical simulation of the sequence of events subsequent to detonative ignition provides a useful tool, although with obvious limitations. This article describes the procedure, summarizes two case studies, and reviews the limitations. First, a hydrogen dispersion pattern is obtained from numerical simulation of dispersion, using a commercial package designed primarily for incompressible flow. This dispersion cloud is then used as the initial condition in an inviscid, compressible, reactive flow simulation. To force detonative ignition, a sufficiently large amount of energy is deposited in a small region that corresponds to the ignition location. Chemistry is modeled using a single step Arrhenius model. Because the wave thickness is small compared with the computational domain, a fine mesh is needed, limiting the practicality of the process to two-dimensional geometries. This is the most significant limitation; it is conservative. The two cases described in the paper include an electrolyzer, in which a small release occurs, leading potentially to some damage to the enclosure, and a reformer, in which the consequences are potentially more serious.     

基于蒙特卡罗的垃圾焚烧产生二噁英健康风险评估

垃圾焚烧产生的二噁英严重危害人体健康.人体摄入二噁英的途径包括土壤摄入、空气吸入、皮肤接触和食物吸收.首先,计算地面空气和土壤中二英浓度;然后,由噁蒙特卡罗模拟得到二噁英摄入量,并进行敏感性分析;最后,进行致癌、非致癌健康风险评估.蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,食物是人体摄入二噁英的最主要来源,其他3种暴露途径所摄入二噁英非常少.对食物摄入进行敏感性分析可得,牲畜和家禽摄入量对二噁英摄入影响最大.因此,通过合理调节饮食结构可极大降低二噁英摄入量,减少对人体健康的影响.风险计算结果表明,致癌风险值为2.80× 10-5,小于最大可接受风险值10-4;非致癌风险值为2.80× 10-2,小于可接受风险值1.因此,从致癌风险和非致癌风险的角度考虑,该垃圾焚烧厂产生二噁英不会对附近人群健康产生明显不利影响.     

An algorithm for assessing the risk of traffic accident

INTRODUCTION: This study is aimed at developing an algorithm to estimate the number of traffic accidents and assess the risk of traffic accidents in a study area. METHOD: The algorithm involves a combination of mapping technique (Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques) and statistical methods (cluster analysis and regression analysis). Geographical Information System is used to locate accidents on a digital map and realize their distribution. Cluster analysis is used to group the homogeneous data together. Regression analysis is performed to realize the relation between the number of accident events and the potential causal factors. Negative binomial regression model is found to be an appropriate mathematical form to mimic this relation. Accident risk of the area, derived from historical accident records and causal factors, is also determined in the algorithm. The risk is computed using the Empirical Bayes (EB) approach. A case study of Hong Kong is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. RESULTS: The results show that the algorithm improves accident risk estimation when comparing to the estimated risk based on only the historical accident records. The algorithm is found to be more efficient, especially in the case of fatality and pedestrian-related accident analysis. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The output of the proposed algorithm can help authorities effectively identify areas with high accident risk. In addition, it can serve as a reference for town planners considering road safety.     

改进模糊Petri网在空管安全风险评估中的应用

科学、有效的空管安全风险评估是进行安全风险管理的重要环节,是保证航空事业健康发展的必要前提。遵循计划(P)—实施(I)—检查(C)—处理(A)的程序,建立了具有针对性的空管安全风险评价体系。在评估过程中采用模糊Petri网方法,同时针对其节点过多和变迁权值主观性强的缺点,引入风险等级阀值和层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP),运用逆向搜索的方法简约复杂的模糊Petri网,在保证能够找出威胁安全的主要因素和准确评估空管系统安全状态的前提下,简化后续计算和推理过程,快速得到评价结果,实例验证该方法有效、可行。     

基于事故情景分析的液氯泄漏定量风险评价

液氯在运输和储存过程中存在泄漏的危险性,一旦发生泄漏可能导致包括人员中毒、死亡和环境破坏等一系列灾害的发生。本文针对上述各种灾害的具体发生条件及其危险性进行了分析,提出运用事故情景分析对液氯泄漏进行定量风险评价,识别具有最高风险的事故情景,并对一典型场所进行详细的后果分析,得出半数致死浓度（LC50）的危害半径。     

Incident tree model and incident tree analysis method for quantified risk assessment: An in-depth accident study in traffic operation

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a logically structured process that can help identify potential causes of system failure before the failures actually occur. However, FTA often suffers from a lack of enough probabilistic basic events to check the consistency of the logic relationship among all events through linkage with gates. Sometimes, even logic relationship among all events is difficult to determine, and failures in system operation may have been experienced rarely or not at all. In order to address the limitations, this paper proposes a novel incident tree methodology that characterizes the information flow in a system instead of logical relationship, and the amount of information of a fuzzy incident instead of probability of an event. From probability statistics to fuzzy information quantities of basic incidents and accident, we propose an incident tree model and incident tree analysis (ITA) method for identification of uncertain, random, complex, possible and variable characteristic of accident occurrence in quantified risk assessment. In our research, a much detailed example for demonstrating how to create an incident tree model has been conducted by an in-depth analysis of traffic accident causation. The case study of vehicle-leaving-roadway accident with ITA illustrates that the proposed methodology may not only capture the essential information transformations of accident that occur in system operation, but also determine the various combinations of hardware faults, software failures and human errors that could result in the occurrence of specified undesired incident at the system level even accident.     

基于集对分析的空中交通管制运行风险评价

为了对空中交通管制运行风险进行有效的分析,首先根据SHEL模型确立管制运行风险评价指标体系,它由人的因素、硬件因素、软件因素、环境因素4个方面的17个因素组成;使用熵权法与超标倍数赋权法综合分析确定各指标权重;针对管制运行风险各评价指标的不确定性,利用集对分析理论进行分析,确定评价样本与指标之间的联系度,并对样本进行"同一""差异""对立"的集对分析来确定评价样本风险等级。结果表明,提出的集对分析模型对风险指标的处理结果与实际情况基本相符,可以用于空中交通管制运行风险评价。     

基于蒙特卡洛模拟算法的化工装置失效概率估算

分别采用分析算法和蒙特卡洛模拟算法计算装置的瞬时失效概率.首先对瞬时失效概率进行理论研究,依据可靠度理论进行分析,得到瞬时失效概率理论计算公式,但此方法存在理论公式复杂以及计算误差等问题;其次利用蒙特卡洛模拟分析构建化工装置失效概率估算方法,得出利用矩阵实验室(MATLAB)运行的程序流程;最后通过实例计算某个装置的瞬时失效概率,比较分析算法和蒙特卡洛模拟算法所得结果.结果表明,蒙特卡洛算法就整体性而言是可以接受的,而且随着装置数量的增加,装置的瞬时失效概率下降速率加快,这一情况与实际相符.     

A criterion for developing credible accident scenarios for risk assessment

Maximum credible accident analysis is one of the most widely used concepts in risk assessment of chemical process industries. Central to this concept is the aspect of ‘credibility’ of envisaged accident scenarios. However, thus far the term credibility is mostly treated qualitatively, based on the subjective judgement of the concerned analysts. This causes wide variation in the results of the studies conducted on the same industrial unit by different analysts.

This paper presents an attempt to develop a criterion using which credible accident scenarios may be identified from among a large number of possibilities. The credible scenarios thus identified may then be processed for detailed consequence analysis. This would help in reducing the cost of the analysis and prevent undue emphasis on less credible scenarios at the expense of more credible ones.     

基于故障贝叶斯网的边坡垮塌事故风险评估方法研究

针对故障树分析方法在风险评估中的局限性,研究了故障贝叶斯网络在边坡垮塌事故风险评估中的应用.在边坡垮塌事故故障树的基础上,建立了边坡垮塌风险评估的故障贝叶斯网络模型,结合统计数据和专家经验,获得了各节点事件间的条件概率分布.结合工程案例,运用故障贝叶斯网络模型对边坡垮塌事故发生概率进行预测,并对导致边坡垮塌事故发生潜在因素进行排序.结果表明,基于故障贝叶斯网络的风险分析方法简单易用,且可以得到更丰富的信息.     

Modelling of BP Texas City refinery accident using dynamic risk assessment approach

Process industries involve handling of hazardous substances which on release may potentially cause catastrophic consequences in terms of assets lost, human fatalities or injuries and loss of public confidence of the company. In spite of using endless end-of-the-pipe safety systems, tragic accidents such as BP Texas City refinery still occur. One of the main reasons of such rare but catastrophic events is lack of effective monitoring and modelling approaches that provide early warnings and help to prevent such event. To develop a predictive model one has to rely on past occurrence data, as such events are rare, enough data are usually not available to better understand and model such behavior. In such situations, it is advisable to use near misses and incident data to predict system performance and estimate accident likelihood. This paper is an attempt to demonstrate testing and validation of one such approach, dynamic risk assessment, using data from the BP Texas City refinery incident.Dynamic risk assessment is a novel approach which integrates Bayesian failure updating mechanism with the consequence assessment. The implementation of this methodology to the BP Texas City incident proves that the approach has the ability to learn from near misses, incident, past accidents and predict event occurrence likelihood in the next time interval.     

Stress among air traffic controllers: Occupational sources of coronary heart disease risk

This study attempts to assess the sources of occupational stress on air traffic controllers. It is based on data collected from a majority of air traffic controllers at a large U.K. airport. There are two unique methodological features described in this article. First, the use of the repertory grid technique as a method of generating work stressor variables, and second, the use of the multiple logistic equation as a coronary heart disease risk index.     

Fatality risk assessment and modeling of drivers responsibility for causing traffic accidents in Dubai

Introduction: This paper examines crash and safety statistics from the Emirate of Dubai in an attempt to identify factors responsible for making this population at greater risk of crashes compared to other countries. Problem: In developing countries such as the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), motor-vehicle-related mortalities frequently exceed those of the industrialized nations of North America and Europe. Method: Fatality and injury data used in the analysis mainly come from Dubai Emirate police reports and from other relevant international sources. Groups of the population are identified according to associated risk and exposure factors. Influence and strength of the most common risk factors are quantified using relative risk, the Lorenz curve, and the Gini index. Further analysis employed logit modeling, and possible predictors available in Dubai police reports, to estimate probability and odds ratios associated with drivers that are deemed responsible for causing traffic accidents. Results: Traffic fatality risk was found to be higher in Dubai, compared to some developed nations, and to vary considerably between different classes of road users and groups of the resident population. The likelihood of a driver causing an accident is considerably higher for those driving goods vehicles, but it is also associated with other factors. Impact: Results provide epidemiological inferences about traffic mortality and morbidity, and suggest priorities and appropriate measures for intervention, targeting resident population.     

The application of reliability models in traffic accident frequency analysis

Analysis of traffic accident frequency represents an important subject of research of many authors. From the aspect of temporal analysis of traffic accident occurrence, two approaches have been singled out in previous practice: the collective (analyzes traffic accidents over a longer period of time) and individual (analyzes traffic accidents in real time). The paper shows that the system reliability theory, with certain adjustments, can be largely used to analyze traffic accident frequency based on the individual approach. A certain similarity has been observed between the system reliability theory and the traffic safety theory, and conceptual adjustment of equivalent terms and states has been performed based on this. A model has been successfully tested on the basis of which, for the road and sections, we have determined the traffic accident frequency, the probability of the occurrence of a certain number of traffic accidents and the mean time between two consecutive traffic accidents.     

蒙特卡洛模拟方法在苯致癌风险评价中的应用

在将PBPK模型与剂量-反应的多阶模型相结合用于苯职业暴露的致癌风险评价研究的基础上,首先利用Euler数值解法,借助Excel电子表格对模型进行求解;然后针对风险评价中存在的不确定性,采用Crystal ball软件的蒙特卡洛模拟方法对致癌风险进行概率分布规律研究;通过实地收集数据,使用该方法对某涂料生产项目进行苯暴露致癌风险定量分析.理论分析和实地验证表明,该方法计算出的风险值符合实际发病情况.该方法可以定量评估对人体有害的职业暴露危险源,提供工人致癌风险的概率数据.     

危险化学品大气污染事故模拟

近年来国内突发性危险化学品大气污染事故频繁发生,为及时做出风险评估及救援决策,需要在事故初发阶段快速模拟确定其危害程度和范围。以东部沿海地区某一假想化工厂突发性泄漏事故为例,对其可能的危害范围进行模拟,采用WRF-CALMET模式模拟事故区域的高分辨率气象场,耦合随机模式模拟污染物的扩散过程。结果表明,WRF能精确地模拟1 km分辨率的近地面气象场的演变趋势。将该结果用于CALMET模式获得了高分辨率风场数据,再输入随机模式中进行扩散模拟,结果显示该模式能合理地模拟出污染物的危害范围及地面最高浓度。     

基于集成法的道路交通安全评价

为了对道路交通安全进行较为客观的定量评价,将一种新的集成评价方法运用到评价中.该方法是包括德尔斐法、层次分析法、灰色聚类法、模糊评判、矩阵方法等一系列方法的综合应用.在该方法中,德尔斐法被用于建立道路交通安全的评价指标体系,层次分析法被用来确定各评价指标间的权重,灰色聚类法被用来对专家评分进行处理,模糊评判以及矩阵方法被用在整个运算过程中.不同的理论有不同的适用性,在道路交通安全评价中的不同阶段使用不同的理论,就能获得一个直观的评价结果.最后用一个算例说明了整个思路,并证明了该法是有效可行的,且有对历史样本数据无依赖、简单直观等优点.     

基于毕达哥拉斯模糊和改进TOPSIS的管制员人为风险评估

为降低由管制员导致的不安全事件比例,客观准确地评估管制员人为风险,确保风险决策的可靠性和有效性.首先,基于HFACS构建了管制员人为风险评估指标体系.其次,利用毕达哥拉斯模糊集将专家评估语言转换为定量信息,运用改进TOPSIS表征各指标之间的相对重要关系,综合评价指标确定风险排序结果,构建了基于毕达哥拉斯模糊和改进TOPSIS的管制员人为风险评估模型.最后,利用所构建的模型对某地区空管局管制员人为风险进行评估,结果表明,管制员身体状态不佳疲劳工作、管制员与飞行员沟通时用语不规范、大流量或冲突等情况下管制员处置能力差等10个指标风险较高,提出了针对性风险应对建议.     

模拟事故分析会在基层安全教育中的应用

铁路工作,责任重大.如何不断增强全体干部职工的责任感和忧患意识,一直是铁路部门长期探索的重要课题.2004年1月起,喀什工务段在八盘磨工区试点,通过模拟事故分析会的方式对职工进行警钟长鸣的安全教育.经过8个月的实践,八盘磨工区在工务段的正确指导下,逐渐摸索出一条开展安全教育的新套路,安全形势持续稳定,设备质量均衡发展,职工保安全的责任心明显增强了.