1950年以来鄱阳湖流域水沙变化规律及影响因素分析

运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和回归分析等方法,对鄱阳湖流域赣江外洲站、抚河李家渡站、信江梅港站、饶河虎山站和修水万家埠站1950~2012年径流量和1956~2012年输沙量的变化进行了系统分析,并探讨了水沙变化的原因。研究结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖流域五大河流水沙的趋势变化特征相异,除李家渡站径流无明显趋势变化外,其余各站均呈不显著的增加趋势(未超过α=0.05显著性检验临界值);外洲站、梅港站和李家渡站输沙量呈减少的趋势变化,且1985年以后呈显著的减少趋势,而虎山站和万家埠站输沙量在1965~1999年呈不显著的增加趋势,1999年以后才开始减少;(2)入湖总水量呈不显著的增加趋势,发生突变的年份为1992年;入湖总沙量呈显著的减少趋势,发生突变的年份为1996年,入湖总沙量突变滞后于入湖总水量;(3)流域径流量变化主要受降雨量的影响,而输沙量变化主要受水土保持和水库建设等人类活动的影响,且水库拦沙是鄱阳湖流域输沙量减少的主要原因。     

近60年赣江水沙变化特征及影响因素分析

赣江是鄱阳湖流域最大水系,赣江水沙变化对鄱阳湖入湖径流、泥沙等水文特征有重要影响。目前对赣江水沙研究主要集中在下游外洲站河段,不足以反映全流域水沙变化规律。选取赣江上游4站、吉安和外洲水文站分别代表上、中、下游河段,基于近60 a的实测流量、悬移质泥沙资料,采用水文学和数理统计相结合的方法,分析赣江水沙年际变化特征以及可能影响因素,以期为流域水沙资源管理提供参考。结果表明:(1)赣江径流年际变化大,1970s、1990s水量较丰,其它年代径流偏少,年径流序列无显著变化趋势和突变点;(2)输沙量年际变化剧烈,呈显著降低趋势,上游4站、吉安站、外洲站输沙序列突变点分别为2002年、1995年、1995年,突变后年输沙量较突变前减少52%、71%、67%;(3)赣江上游水土保持建设是上游4站输沙量减小的主要原因;1993年后万安水库拦沙是吉安、外洲站输沙量显著减少的主要原因,水土保持、河道采砂也是引起吉安、外洲站输沙量减少的直接因素。(4)水土保持减沙的作用是缓慢和滞后的,而万安水库对下游河道的减沙作用是迅速而显著的。可见,赣江入鄱阳湖的年径流无明显减少趋势,入湖输沙量显著减少,有利于减少鄱阳湖的泥沙淤积、促进湖泊生态的良性发展。     

基于IHA/RVA法的近年来鄱阳湖生态水位变异研究

湖泊水位是影响其生态功能正常发挥的重要因素，开展湖泊水位变异特征研究是正确认识湖泊水资源系统变化的前提。基于鄱阳湖区5个水文站1960~2014年的日水位监测数据，研究分析了近年来鄱阳湖水位年际变化的异常特征，并借鉴IHA/RVA法，定量揭示了2000~2014年鄱阳湖生态水位变异程度及其空间差异。结果表明：鄱阳湖水位近年来下降明显，湖口、星子和都昌站年平均水位自2009年以来呈现高度一致的变化特征，水位差几乎消失；2000~2014年鄱阳湖生态水位发生中度改变，整体改变度为38.86%；各水文站改变程度由高到低依次为都昌站、星子站、湖口站、康山站和棠荫站；主要水位指标体系中6和11月平均水位、最小3日和30日平均水位、年最高水位出现时间、年高水位频率和年水位减少率等指标变异程度均达到50%以上。近年来鄱阳湖水位异常及其空间差异与人为采砂导致的湖盆地形变化密切相关，这种水位变异已对湖泊湿地生态系统产生了众多不利影响。     

Carbon Budget Proposal： An Institutional Framework for an Equitable and Sustainable World Climate Regime

Consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level.However,as the issue involves economic costs and the right to develop,the international institutional framework for addressing greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of impartiality and sustainability.However,a sustainable carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the global carbon budget (the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security) is made an absolute constraint.If a preliminary distribution was made among the world’s population on a per capita basis,the total limited global carbon budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure the proposal’s equitable.Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs,we should carry out carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding funding mechanism to ensure efficient allocation under the proposal.Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol,the carbon budget proposal outlined above is a comprehensive and holistic package.Due to the politicization of the climate change issue,however,many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.     

苏州城市化进程对降雨特征影响分析

城市化的发展过程中,城市下垫面的改变以及人类的生产生活共同作用使大气边界层的特性发生变化,从而影响了城市地区的降雨。位于太湖流域平原水网地区的苏州城市化发展迅速。在分析了苏州城市化发展进程的特点及1953~2000年降雨时间序列特征基础上,采用同时期城区（苏州站）与郊区（望亭站）雨量横向对比、城市化发展不同时期同一站雨量纵向对比的方法,研究了城市化对该地区降雨量、降雨年内分配、降雨发生次数等的影响。通过研究发现：城市化对年雨量、汛期雨量和最大日雨量都有不同程度的增加作用,其中对最大日雨量的影响最显著;受城市化影响,降雨年内分配有集中的趋势;城市化使不同类型降雨发生次数均增加,其中对暴雨发生次数的影响最大。     

汉江中下游干流水质变化趋势及持续性分析

汉江是长江中游最大的支流,近年来水质污染日趋严重,且范围有逐渐扩大趋势。随着流域内经济社会发展用水量增长以及2014年南水北调中线一期工程建成引水,汉江中下游流域水资源、水生态环境压力日益显现,流域管理面临较大挑战。利用汉江中下游干流襄阳、仙桃和汉口3个主要的水质监测控制断面1998~2011年实测水质资料中5个水质项目,采用季节性肯达尔检验法对其项目进行了变化趋势检验与分析,并用叠加型指数法验证趋势分析的合理性;结合Hurst指数分析了趋势变化的持续性,结果表明季节性肯达尔检验法方法合理,持续性分析结果可预测未来水质变化,并为水环境保护和管理提供技术参考。     

巴东官渡汇流口网箱养鱼对附近水域水质的影响

对巴东官渡汇流口网箱养殖区进行了现场调查和实验室分析，结果显示其水质变化规律为网箱养殖区劣于控制断面区域，控制断面劣于背景和削减断面，同一断面水质基本相同，控制断面水质由网箱向外逐渐变好。主成分分析表明，不同养殖区对水体污染影响依次为：中华鲟养殖区>鸭嘴鲟养殖区>黄颡鱼养殖区>鲤鱼、草鱼混养区。各水质指标相关性分析表明，官渡Chla与总磷和氨氮高度相关；氨氮、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数4个指标明显相关，说明其污染源具有同源性，该水域污染主要受到网箱养殖的影响。以超河流背景断面浓度5％作为划定超背景污染带的标准，网箱养鱼引起的氨氮超背景污染面积最大，约为网箱面积的10倍，高锰酸盐指数超背景污染面积最小，约为网箱面积的5倍     

Spatial variability of precipitation in Spain

The spatial variability of annual and seasonal precipitation in the conterminous land of Spain has been evaluated by using correlation decay distance analysis (CDD). The CDD analysis essentially explores how the correlation between neighbouring stations varies according to distance. We analysed CDD independently for the decades 1956–1965, 1966–1975, 1976–1985, 1986–1995, and 1996–2005 using only those stations with no missing values for each decade. To this end, 972, 1,174, 1,242, 773 and 695 complete series were used for each decade, respectively. In particular, for each station and decade, we calculated the threshold distance at which the common variance between target (i) and neighbour series is higher than 50 % (r ²  = 0.5) to evaluate whether current density of the climate data set captures the spatial variability of precipitation within the study area. Results indicate that, at an annual scale, neighbouring stations with 50 % of common variance are restricted on average to about 105 km, but this distance can vary from 28 to 251 km within the study area. The lowest variability is located to the SW and in winter, while the higher spatial variability is found to the north, in the Cantabrian area, and to the east, in the Mediterranean and Pyrenees, during summer. Our results suggest that current density of climate stations (those operating in 2005) is good enough to study precipitation variability at an annual scale for winter, spring and autumn, but not enough for summer.     

长江入海水沙通量变化过程分析及变化趋势

针对河流入海水沙通量变化问题，以长江为研究对象，基于1950~2017年大通站及各组分实测水沙和降雨量数据，在分析入海水沙和各组分变化过程及各组分贡献比例的基础上，确定主要贡献组分，进而预测入海水沙通量的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）各组分年径流量和降雨量的多年变化均不大，使得大通站入海年径流量多年变化不大，宜昌站对入海年径流量的贡献比例为48%。（2）大通站入海流量年内分配过程逐渐坦化，其中宜昌站为主要贡献组分，洪枯季平均贡献比例分别为233.79%和80.36%；宜昌站的主要贡献作用体现了其上游梯级水库群对大通站入海流量过程的调平效应。（3）流域水库建设将使得大通站入海流量过程坦化和年径流量稳定的趋势得以维持。（4）大通站年入海沙量自1985年起显著减少，三峡水库蓄水前大通站泥沙主要来自宜昌，其贡献比例为116.04%，三峡水库蓄水后，大通站泥沙主要来自宜昌—大通区间的河床补给，其贡献比例为53.29%；水库下游河床补给逐渐减少和水库淤积平衡时间延长将使得大通站多年平均入海沙量在较长时期内（>300年）不超过1.5×108 t/a。     

基于SPEI的云南中部区域干旱时空变化特征分析

利用云南中部地区1961~2010年逐月降水和气温资料,采用降水距平百分率和历史旱情资料验证了标准化降水蒸散指数(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI)在该地区的适用性,并采用Mann-kendall突变检验、Morlet小波和经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)等方法,分析了该地区干旱的时空演变特征,结果表明:(1)SPEI与降水距平百分率在时空上具有很好的相关性,验证了SPEI对降水变化的敏感性;(2)SPEI指数与历史旱情资料比较吻合,能够有效地反映云南中部区域的干旱特征;(3)年均SPEI呈波动下降趋势,干季SPEI降低趋势明显。年均SPEI存在着24a的主周期和9a的次周期,并于1977年发生了突变,此后开始降低,在整体上呈现出干旱化的趋势;(4)从SPEI的空间分布特征来看,其在整体上受大尺度气候系统的影响表现出一致的下降趋势,而在区域内部则表现出东南-西北(干热河谷)的反向结构差异。     

湖南省四水流域水沙周期特征及其影响因素分析

采用复小波变换和M K非参数检验的方法分析了湖南省四水流域主要控制站1951~2011年径流量与输沙量周期规律和突变特征。结果表明：(1)湖南四水径流量存在多个波动增加和波动减少的波动变化现象，但无显著变化趋势；而输沙量虽然有一定的波动，但总体上呈波动减少变化态势，而且下降趋势较显著;(2)湘潭站、桃江站和桃源站径流量和输沙量存在20~25 a的第一主周期，而石门站径流量和输沙量的第一主周期不具有一致性，径流量主周期为2 a，输沙量主周期为13 a，但其径流量和输沙量第二、三主周期变化规律相吻合，均为3~5 a的周期;(3)大量的水利工程建设是导致输沙量减少的主要原因，径流量的变化与降水的变化规律较为一致     

日调节电站库区生态水文情势评价——以湘江干流衡阳站为例

河流生态水文情势对生态系统起着决定性作用，定量评估日调节电站库区中部生态水文情势影响，可为日调节电站的生态调度，维持河流生态健康等提供科技支撑。采用变动范围法（RVA）对湘江干流大源渡枢纽库区衡阳水文站1959~2015年逐日流量、水位及流速指标进行分析，采用生物多样性指标SI初步评估库区生物多样性的变化。结果表明:日调节电站蓄水后，库区中部生态水文变化特征及生态影响为：流速IHA指标整体改变度达到81%，流量IHA指标整体改变度为43%；4～7月月均流速降低（高度改变）不利于“四大家鱼”产卵活动；库区年极小值流量的增加利于保障自然栖息地和植物群落；年极值流速降低在改变库区河道地貌的同时加大生态环境风险；流量、流速年最小值出现时间发生100%改变，影响生物的生命活动；流量低脉冲历时和流速高脉冲历时高度改变，不利于刺激家鱼产卵繁殖活动；枢纽蓄水后SI值降低，生物多样性降低。     

瓯江河口潮汐特征变化及其原因分析

利用瓯江河口沿程4个长期潮位站的监测数据,结合潮流数学模型,计算分析1960~2014年各站年均高、低潮位,年均涨落潮历时特征值,得出瓯江河口近54 a来潮汐特征变化过程,分析相关影响因素,探讨河口潮汐特征变化原因。结果表明:瓯江河口下游的龙湾站多年来潮汐特征尚无明显趋势性变化;河口中上游的温州、梅岙和花岩头站趋势性变化明显且变化规律基本一致,整体表现为高潮位上升、低潮位下降、潮差增大,涨潮历时延长、落潮历时缩短的特征,时空格局上,上游站位潮汐特征变幅大于下游站位,低潮位变幅大于高潮位变幅。原因分析表明,流域来水对河口潮汐特征的影响不明显;堤线调整和围垦工程等人类活动主要引起工程局部河段潮位变化;河口高强度的采砂活动应是温州、梅岙、花岩头站潮汐特征变化的主因。瓯江河口不同河段因受径流、潮流、人类活动等因素的影响程度不同,其潮位特征沿程的变化特点也不同,需要在河口工程设计、防洪减灾与河口治理等方面予以关注。     

Impact of product heterogeneity and soft budget constraint on excess capacity in Chinese energy industry based on the duopoly model

Chinese energy industries are facing serious problems such as excess capacity, homogeneous product, and soft budget constraint. This paper provides a duopoly model to investigate the influence of heterogeneity and soft budget constraint on production capacity decision and internal action mechanism, respectively, under Cournot and Bertrand competitions, which reveals the formation mechanism of excess capacity. We conclude that excess capacity would exist when the products are not wholly heterogeneous under Cournot competition, and the higher level of the soft budget constraint or the more homogeneous the products are, the worse the excess capacity will be. The insufficient capacity would exist provided that products are not wholly heterogeneous under Bertrand competition, and the higher level of soft budget constraint or the more homogeneous the products are, the more insufficient capacity will be. Both soft budget constraint and product heterogeneity mutually affect to decision-making of capacity and output.     

三峡工程对洞庭湖水位影响研究

利用河流动力学Ｓａｉｎｔ Ｖｅｎａｎｔ方程组，通过建立描述长江水情的数值模式，进行三峡工程对长江城陵矶站水位影响预测。在预测结果的基础上，根据城陵矶站与洞庭湖各湖区水位代表站的水位相关关系，研究三峡工程对洞庭湖水位的影响。     

A multi-path routing-inventory problem for a closed-loop supply chain considering the heterogeneous fleet of vehicles

In this paper, the inventory-routing problem is studied for a closed-loop supply chain. This closed-loop supply chain considers suppliers, manufacturers, whole-sellers, and disposal centers. To formulate this problem, a mixed integer linear programming model is proposed. This mathematical model minimizes the total costs of the supply chain, including the fixed and variable costs of vehicles, and holding inventory costs of final products and scraps. The proposed model considers the road roughness degree, multi-path setting and the heterogeneous fleet of vehicles, which increases its flexibility and the quality of solutions. Then, two symmetry-breaking constraints are proposed to reduce the complexity of the mathematical model. In order to evaluate the integrity of the proposed model, 20 instances of different sizes are randomly generated and solved. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to five key features of the problem, such as the impact of the symmetry-breaking constraints on the CPU time, multi-path setting, fixed cost of vehicles, heterogeneous fleet of vehicles, and lost sales. The results indicate that the consideration of multi-path setting and the heterogeneous fleet of vehicles improves the quality of solutions significantly.     

Sediment toxicity assessment in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) using Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fertilization and embryo bioassays

The capacity of two toxicity bioassays (fertilization and embryo toxicity tests) to discriminate sediment toxicity using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was tested in five stations with different levels of pollution in the Lagoon of Venice. Two stations were located in estuarine sites, two in the industrial zone, and one in a site at the top of our quality gradient (reference). Elutriate was chosen as sediment matrix to assess the potential effects of bioavailable pollutants in the water column as a consequence of sediment resuspension (dredging and dumping, fishing gear, etc.). An experimental design based on Quality Assurance/Quality Control procedures (QA/QC) was adopted in order to set the methodological basis for an effective use of these bioassays in monitoring programs. Results revealed both higher embriotoxicity than spermiotoxicity in all stations and the efficacy of combined use of both toxicity bioassays in discriminating differing pollution/bioavailability between stations and periods. The good representativeness of the integrated sampling scheme and the standardization of all experimental phases yielded high precision of results. Clear Toxicity Fingerprints were evidenced for the investigated sites through the combined use of both bioassays. A good fit between ecotoxicological data and chemical contamination levels was found, except for unnatural sediment texture.     

Spatial pattern of recent rainfall trends in Serbia (1961–2009)

This paper examines a spatial pattern of annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall trends in Serbia. The study used data from 63 weather stations between the period of 1961–2009. The rainfall series was examined by applying the nonparametric method of the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s method to determine the significance and magnitude of the trends. Significant trends have not been detected for the whole country at an annual scale. Seasonal trends at the confidence level of 97.5 %, however, indicate a slight decrease in winter (5 stations out of 63) and spring (7 stations out of 63) precipitation and an increase in autumn precipitation (10 stations out of 63). Results for monthly rainfall trends also generally showed a nonsignificant trend with the exception of a negative trend in May (6 stations out of 63) and positive trend for October (9 stations out of 63). Calculated global autocorrelation statistics (Moran’s I) indicate a random spatial pattern of rainfall trends on annual, seasonal and monthly timescales with exceptions for March, June and November. Overall, results suggest that only weak, mostly nonsignificant trends are present in Serbia in the period 1961–2009.     

Household preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for freshwater quality improvement in Pakistan’s Swat River Valley

This two-part study investigates household preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for water quality improvement of the Swat River in Pakistan. First, a four-point Likert scale was used to rank preferences for water quality benefits without using any financial metric. Results show that households have comparatively strong preferences for non-use benefits. Second, a contingent valuation question was designed to determine WTP for adopting a management plan developed exclusively for water quality improvement in the Swat River. The estimated annual mean WTP per household for water quality improvement is $2.40 when donating to an NGO. Generalizing this value to households living in Swat Valley would generate up to $544,000 per year. The present value aggregate benefit for 15 years would be sufficient to cover the present value of aggregate costs to adopt the management plan. A mandatory program that would require paying for the management plan generates half the WTP compared to the voluntary plan, but is still sufficient to cover costs and may be more feasible than a voluntary program because payment is assured.     

Accuracy and reliability of Chile's National Air Quality Information System for measuring particulate matter: Beta attenuation monitoring issue

A critical analysis of Chile's National Air Quality Information System (NAQIS) is presented, focusing on particulate matter (PM) measurement. This paper examines the complexity, availability and reliability of monitoring station information, the implementation of control systems, the quality assurance protocols of the monitoring station data and the reliability of the measurement systems in areas highly polluted by particulate matter. From information available on the NAQIS website, it is possible to confirm that the PM_2.5 (PM₁₀) data available on the site correspond to 30.8% (69.2%) of the total information available from the monitoring stations. There is a lack of information regarding the measurement systems used to quantify air pollutants, most of the available data registers contain gaps, almost all of the information is categorized as “preliminary information” and neither standard operating procedures (operational and validation) nor assurance audits or quality control of the measurements are reported. In contrast, events that cause saturation of the monitoring detectors located in northern and southern Chile have been observed using beta attenuation monitoring. In these cases, it can only be concluded that the PM content is equal to or greater than the saturation concentration registered by the monitors and that the air quality indexes obtained from these measurements are underestimated. This occurrence has been observed in 12 (20) public and private stations where PM_2.5 (PM₁₀) is measured. The shortcomings of the NAQIS data have important repercussions for the conclusions obtained from the data and for how the data are used. However, these issues represent opportunities for improving the system to widen its use, incorporate comparison protocols between equipment, install new stations and standardize the control system and quality assurance.