植物化感作用及其在农业生态系统中的应用

介绍植物化感作用的概念、化感物质的种类、化感物质的释放、迁移和转化以及作用机制，并着重从人工混林农业系统、多作农业生态系统、防治杂草和植物病害、作物化感品种4方面概述了植物化感作用在农业生态系统中的应用。     

农药生产中的环境污染及其治理措施

一、农药生产在发展中农业生产是人们赖以生存的基础,农业生产的丰歉直接影响国民经济的发展。要获得农业的持续增产,必须不断克服影响收成的各种不利因素。在诸因素中,据统计,在整个农业生产到消费的过程中因植物病害、虫害和杂草危害造成的损失量为生产量的30％—50％。因此,防治作物病、虫和杂草的危害,合理使用农药便成为农业增产必不可少的措施和手段。     

油料作物,土壤中氟乐灵残留量的测定

氟乐灵为二硝基苯胺类除草剂。广泛应用于棉花、大豆、小麦、花生等作物,可防除多种禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,使用后,主要残留于土壤及作物中。通常,氟乐灵残留分析,采用丙酮、石油醚提取,弗罗里硅土净化,以气相色谱法测定。试验表明,此法不能有效去除植物油脂。我们采用甲醇提取油料作物中的氟乐灵,氯甲烷反萃取,以弗罗里硅土净化。实验表明,能有效地去除油脂,且回收率较高。与此同时,参考有关方法,建立了土壤中氟乐灵农药残留量的测定方法。实验部分一、仪器及试剂 (一)仪器 1.Mill-2型电动粉碎机; 2.TZ-83型台式振荡器; 3.LXJ—2型离心沉淀机;     

北魏旱地农业技术研究

从农具、耕地、选种、播种、田间管理、作物制度等方面探讨了北魏的旱地农业技术。结果表明,北魏旱地农业技术已达到相当高的水平。其后一千多年,中国北方的旱地农耕业并未有实质性的突破。     

有机农业生产中杂草综合防治方法探讨

分析杂草的特征，阐述有机农业对待杂草的观念，并提出有机生产中杂草综合防治的方法。     

农业机械化环境指南

1.前言农业机械化为减轻农业生产中的劳动强度、增产粮食和除去杂草等起了很大作用,现在发达国家已广泛采用机械来代替农业中的人力与畜力耕作、收获与除草等。现在许多发展中国家也已开始用机械来代替劳动强度大的人工耕作。为了获得必要的粮食产量,用机械化技术也给环境带来了惊人的影响。美国和欧洲在灌溉与排水中,使用大型和重     

基因食品

科研人员为了提高农作物的产量,或者为了提高农作物抵抗病虫害和杂草的能力,增加作物的抗旱、抗寒、抗盐碱的功能,正在越来越广泛地使用基因技术。例如,德国的基因专家,将一种基因植入马铃薯,就能够有效地防止植物病毒的入侵;美国研究人员使用基因技术,能够使马铃薯的产量提高60％,而且这种基因土豆油炸时能吸收更少的油脂。比利时的普兰特公司生产的油菜籽具有抵抗杂草的功能。瑞士的诺瓦迪斯企业在美国栽培的基因玉米,能够产生自己独特的杀虫粉来。澳大利亚科学家从改变了基因的葡萄种类中酿出了一     

废弃秸杆变板材

废弃的秸秆、花生壳、杂草，经过加工就可以变成人们喜爱的环保型板材，这是河北省井陉县科技部门，经过两年研制开发出的一项科研新技术。到目前，该县已建成年产2．1万块环保型板材生产企业，年消化秸秆、花生壳、杂草等157万多吨。     

免耕法与环境保护

我国农业上的传统耕作方法,一般要经过12—15道作业工序,这种耕作方法在农业生产上对控制病虫和杂草的危害、疏松土地及作物生产虽起到一定的作用,但土壤经过年复一年的反复耕耘之后,破坏了土壤的团结粒结构,引起土壤粉化渍水,土壤板结,盐碱化和沙漠化。近20年来,随着化     

集约化农区土地利用变化对水资源的影响——以河北省曲周县为例

根据曲周县统计资料和水利观测资料,分析了近30年来土地投入变化及其对粮食作物单产变化的贡献率,并对区域水资源平衡变化的情况进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,作为集约化农区的曲周,30年来土地利用集约化程度不断提高,表现为土地的复种指数、化肥投入和灌溉率不断提高;播种作物面积单产的生产函数模拟表明,灌溉保障率的提高对作物播种面积单产的贡献率最大,达到了0.546;作物播种面积单产提高对水资源的高度依赖性,导致了对水资源的过度开采,使区域水资源失衡。这种趋势持续下去,将对区域的资源持续利用产生不利影响。要促进集约化农区水土资源的可持续利用,只有降低复种指数,减少耗水作物,特别是小麦的播种面积。     

三种田间杂草的镉、铅富集特征研究

选择了三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）、青蒿（Herba Artemisiae Annuae）、飞蓬（Erigeron acer）3种田间杂草进行盆栽试验,其间用不同浓度的镉、铅溶液处理,最后测定杂草根系及地上部镉、铅量。结果表明：3种田间杂草无论是根系,还是地上部,镉、铅量都随处理液浓度增高而增高;3种杂草对镉的富集系数排序为：三叶鬼针草〉飞蓬〉青蒿;转移系数排序为：三叶鬼针草〉青蒿〉飞蓬;对铅的富集系数排序为：飞蓬〉青蒿〉三叶鬼针草;转移系数排序为：飞蓬〉青蒿〉三叶鬼针草。研究还表明,3种杂草对于镉的富集系数和转移系数都远大于对铅的富集系数和转移系数,三叶鬼针草是镉的超富集田间杂草。     

好氧颗粒污泥的影响因素及其形成机理探讨

结合国内外的研究成果,对好氧颗粒污泥的影响因素及形成机理进行了探讨,认为接种污泥、进水基质和有机负荷、运行方式、水力剪切力、沉淀时间等对好氧颗粒污泥的培养具有重大影响,是好氧颗粒污泥形成的主要影响因素;并提出了好氧颗粒污泥形成机理的"凝结核猜想",认为好氧颗粒污泥的最终形成分为出现凝结核、形成胚胎颗粒污泥及形成好氧颗粒污泥三个阶级。     

废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联菌株的驯化和分离

在不接种污泥、接种厌氧污泥和接种好氧污泥的条件下,采用鼓泡反应器研究猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器的启动及关键微生物.试验前期(第26 d前),接种污泥反应器的脱氮脱硫率为50%～64%,而不接种污泥反应器的脱氮脱硫率只有11%～14%.到驯化结束时(第56 d),3个反应器的脱氮效率为90%左右,脱硫效率达到70%以上.结果表明,不接种污泥反应器经过一段时间驯化后也可以达到同样的脱氮脱硫效果,只是启动时间比接种污泥的反应器稍长.在反应器启动期间,于不同时段分别进行了微生物种群动态变化检测,结果显示微生物种群数量变化与3个反应器的脱氮脱硫效果变化趋势基本一致.在驯化成功的反应器中,分离筛选出氮硫去除率同时达到60%以上的菌株2株,初步鉴定为脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)细菌.     

Soil frost control: agricultural adaptation to climate variability in a cold region of Japan

In the northernmost region of Japan (Hokkaido Island), earlier onsets of thick snowcover in recent years (post 1980) have reduced the penetration depth of soil frost, resulting in over-winter survival of unharvested small potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers that emerge as weeds in the spring in rotation crop fields. To prevent the occurrence of potato weeds, a method was developed to manipulate soil-frost depths by artificially controlling snowcover thickness, guided by a simple numerical model that simulates soil freezing-thawing processes using daily mean air temperature and snowcover thinckness as input variables. The method involves removal of snowcover to expose the soil surface in the beginning of winter until the soil freezes to a sufficient depth. After that time, snow is deposited back or allowed to accumulate naturally to prevent further penetration of frost, which may cause undesirable delay in the seeding of spring crops. Field trials indicated that the model predicted frost depths within several centimeters of observed values, when measured temperature and snowcover thickness were used as model input. Based on the field and laboratory data, a soil temperature of −3°C is necessary for complete elimination of potato tubers. To achieve this temperature in potato-burial zones without causing excessive freezing, an optimal frost depth is 0.3 to 0.4 m. The method is being adopted by progressive potato producers in the region, who use tractor-mounted snow ploughs to manipulate snowcover over a large scale. This is an emerging new technology for agricultural adaptation to climate variability.     

污泥水富集硝化菌和强化城市污水低污泥龄硝化

采用西安市邓家村污水处理厂污泥水富集硝化菌(1号反应器内进行),对低污泥龄(6 d)下的模拟城市污水处理系统(2号反应器内进行)进行生物添加,比较了添加前后城市污水处理系统的硝化效果及其活性污泥特性,考察了利用污泥水富集硝化菌并进行生物添加强化硝化的可行性.结果表明,1号反应器的活性污泥的最大氨氧化速率可达81.4 mg/(L·h);添加进行后,2号反应器的出水氨氮浓度以0.992 mg/(L·d)(R2=0.903)的速度呈线性下降,添加稳定后的2号反应器内活性污泥的最大氨氧化速率为添加前的2.36倍;添加停止后,出水氨氮浓度以1.956 mg/(L·d)(R2=0.999)速率上升,但在添加停止34 d后因添加所引起的硝化能力并未完全消失;虽然在添加初期,2号反应器内的原生动物数量与种类以及SVI值都明显增加,但在添加稳定后,基本恢复至添加前的状态.     

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by seeding different inoculated sludge

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical charactedstics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specitic gravity, and ratio Of water containing were distinct wnen the inoculate sludge differe. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

高温厌氧消化污泥的培养试验研究

在试验室半连续装置中培养高温厌氧消化污泥,以中温厌氧污泥作为种泥,中温启动运行一段时间后,再逐步升温,经过100d运行可达到高温厌氧消化运行的良好状态。整个试验过程中无需人为调节碱度,pH值比较稳定。45℃以下,升温对厌氧消化系统的扰动比较小,之后继续升温至48℃,厌氧消化系统不稳定。认为45～48℃可能存在着中温和高温厌氧消化的临界温度,在这一温度下,中温细菌可能会大量死亡,但是不适合高温菌生长或对应着较低的生长速率。     

Development of biodiversity in field margins recently taken out of production and adjacent ditch banks in arable areas

Taking field margins out of intensive cultivation is a common form of agri-environmental scheme and on-farm nature management. Typically, no nutrients or pesticides are applied in these margins, which may be sown either with a crop or with grasses and native flowering plants. In some cases the margins are mown, while in others they are left alone. Newly established grass margins are less species-rich than field boundaries or road verges with a long history, justifying the expectation that field margins, if properly managed and given time and appropriate seed sources, could develop into relatively species-rich vegetation. We studied the biodiversity of both margins taken out of production and adjacent ditch banks in the years following initial establishment of the margins. To this end we combined the data of three different projects in order to increase the sensitivity of the statistical analyses. The results showed that the plant species richness of the field margins increased in the years following establishment over a period of four years. In addition, shifts in species composition indicated a decrease in soil nitrate concentrations. The species richness of both butterflies and dragonflies may increase. The most striking result was the marked increase in the plant species richness of the adjacent ditch banks in the five years following creation of the margins. Here, too, changes in species composition indicated a decrease in soil nitrate. In the years following establishment of the field margins there was no increase in the cover of agriculturally harmful weeds in these margins. However, the number of harmful nematodes increased. Our results show the short term effect of establishing field margins. Long term effects are still in need for further research.     

稀释接种法测BOD5考核样品的一些注意点

用稀释接种法测定BOD5时,由于操作繁琐,全部实验时间需要5d,任一环节出现问题都会影响实验结果。在进行考核实验时,由于时间紧,样品量有限,因此每个实验操作步骤都要谨慎仔细。通过实践经验,就BOD,考核实验总结了一些注意点。