镉在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化及其影响因素

重金属镉(Cd)被列为环境污染物中最危险的五种物质之一。因其极易通过食物链在人体内积累并危害人体健康的特性，环境Cd污染尤其是土壤系统的Cd污染已成为国内外环境污染研究的热点，Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化规律备受关注。本文概述了国内外土壤Cd污染研究现状；在已有研究的基础上，总结并阐述了影响Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的几个重要因素：土壤基本理化性质(pH值、有机质等)、Zn元素、P元素、陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-，其中包括尚未被普遍认识的P元素和陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-；并详细论述了各因子对Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的影响及其可能机理。     

褐土中磷镉交互作用对磷镉有效性影响

为了阐明磷与镉在土壤-植物系统中交互作用机制,通过施用磷肥提高镉污染土壤修复效率,通过室内培养试验研究了磷镉交互作用对磷镉有效性影响。在供试褐土中磷、镉分别以不同处理培养90 d后,接近自然状态下对磷、镉进行吸附、解吸。结果表明:(1)在磷镉同时加入时,速效P的质量分数随着施Cd质量浓度的升高而显著降低,在磷质量分数一定时,施镉降低了土壤中磷的有效性。(2)培养的含磷土壤对不同质量浓度镉吸附解吸时,褐土对镉的吸附量随着磷质量分数的增加而增加,此结果与(1)有一定的差异,可能的原因是向土壤中添加磷镉的顺序不同所造成的。     

镉污染农田土壤修复技术及安全利用方法研究进展

作物镉(Cd)超量累积是人体中镉的主要来源。研究镉污染农田土壤修复技术及安全利用方法对保护生态环境及保障食品安全具有重大意义。镉对植物的毒性效应与其生物有效性密切相关,且土壤镉的生物有效性决定其植物根系吸收量,因而基于土壤镉生物有效性调控原理的修复技术是农业环境领域近年来的研究热点。此外,植物镉含量也与植物自身特性密切有关,故筛选不同镉累积特性的植物可为镉污染土壤修复和安全利用提供重要生物质资源。文章综合评述了镉生物有效性的物理和化学调控方法,并分别就超累积植物和低累积作物介绍镉污染农田土壤的植物修复技术和安全利用方法。物理方法如水分管理主要通过改变土壤环境的Eh等理化性质从而影响土壤镉的形态转化过程,进而影响植物镉的吸收量;化学方法如施用钝化剂主要通过改变土壤的pH及土壤镉吸附特性,从而改变土壤镉的生物有效性。低镉累积作物通过减少根系镉吸收或降低地上部镉转运的方式减少可食部镉累积量;镉超累积植物的修复效率主要取决于其镉富集系数的高低及生物量的大小。化学和生物联合调控方法主要通过降低土壤镉含量或阻止镉进入作物可食部,实现"边生产边修复"。农田土壤镉污染修复技术及安全利用方法存在效率低、体系不稳定等问题,探究土壤镉生物有效性关键调控因子及其作用机制、充分挖掘特殊镉累积特性的植物资源并探寻改造植物镉耐性的方法以提高镉污染农田土壤修复效率将是今后该领域的研究热点。     

冬季农田杂草繁缕对镉的积累特性研究

为进一步筛选出更多的镉超富集植物作为植物修复的材料,本文以冬季农田杂草作为研究对象,采用土壤种子库-金属筛选法进行筛选,以期从冬季农田杂草中筛选出镉超富集植物,为镉污染农田土壤的冬季植物修复提供材料。通过土壤种子库-金属筛选法初步研究发现,冬季农田杂草繁缕(Stellaria media)地上部分镉含量接近超富集植物的临界值(100 mg·kg-1),但转运系数(TF)小于1,可能是镉富集植物。为此,采用盆栽试验进行了进一步的浓度梯度鉴定。结果表明,随土壤镉含量的增加,繁缕根系生物量、地上部分生物量、主枝长度、根系长度、抗性系数及耐性系数均随土壤镉含量的增加而下降,但繁缕根系及地上部分镉含量呈显著增加的趋势。与对照相比,在土壤镉质量分数为25、50、75、100和125 mg·kg-1时,繁缕总生物量分别下降了17.31%、34.87%、44.79%、52.12%和59.32%,但各个处理均没有表现出明显毒害症状。土壤镉含量为75~125 mg·kg-1时,繁缕地上部分镉含量均大于100 mg·kg-1,最大值为135.79 mg·kg-1,地上部分富集系数(BCF)大于1,但转运系数(TF)小于1。在土壤镉含量为100 mg·kg-1时,繁缕地上部分镉提取量达到最大值,为87.42μg·plant-1。这些结果表明繁缕是一种镉富集植物。虽然繁缕的单株镉提取率较低,但繁缕具有分蘖力强、繁殖力强、生长密度大、耐荫性强等特点,因此适用于冬季农田镉污染的修复。     

土壤中植物有效态镉提取方法比较

通过温室盆栽试验研究了滩潮土、青紫泥田和黄泥砂田中添加镉对青菜镉吸收的影响,评价了人工螯合剂、无机盐和硝酸溶液对污染土壤中镉的浸提性及其植物有效性.结果表明,青菜地上部镉与土壤镉含量呈非线性关系.土壤pH值和碳酸钙含量是影响镉植物有效性的主要因素,青菜对镉的吸收与土壤pH呈显著负相关.在土壤镉含量相同条件下,黄泥砂田、青紫泥田、滩潮土3种土壤中青菜地上部镉含量依次降低.青菜地上部镉含量与0.43mol·L-1HNO3、0.05mol·L-1EDTA和0.01mol·L-1CaCl2提取态镉均呈显著相关(r2=0.73～0.96).笔者认为,这3种提取剂提取的土壤镉可视为植物有效态镉.     

铅锌冶炼厂土壤污染及重金属富集植物的研究

对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区进行了植被和土壤调查。结果表明，该厂土壤污染以镉铅锌(Cd、Pb、Zn)最为严重，尤其是重金属镉在土壤中含量超过背景值高达208倍，分析原因主要是由于大气尘降和雨水淋洗等使得污染加重。实验采集并分析测定了9种植物中重金属富集量，首次报道了土荆芥是一种铅超富集植物，其体内Pb质量分数高达3888mg／kg。另一种植物商陆能大量富集镉，具有地下部向地上部转运能力强、生物量大、富集总量高的特点，有很大研究价值和应用潜力。另外，荨麻对Zn有较强富集能力，这3种植物可分别用于铅、镉和锌等3种重金属污染土壤的植物修复。     

镉污染土壤对潜在能源植物生长的影响

利用重金属污染土壤种植能源植物是一种同时解决环境问题和能源问题的新理念,但目前相关研究成果并不多。通过盆栽试验研究人工镉污染土壤中象草Pennisetumpurpureum和亚香茅Cymbopogonnardus两种植物植株的生长状况和两种植物对土壤镉的吸收和富集能力。结果表明,当外源可溶性镉加入到土壤后,其主要是以生物有效性较高的状态存在。土壤镉对象草和亚香茅生长的影响作用有很大的不同,亚香茅比象草具有更强的镉耐受力,其生物量受镉污染影响小。两种植物植株镉含量均随土壤镉添加量的增加而增加。除高镉处理象草外,植物地下部分含镉量比地上部分高很多。高镉处理象草地下部分含镉量比地上部分低的现象可能反映出根系已积累了太多的镉,因而加速了向地上部的转移,从而加剧了植物中毒的程度。赤泥添加剂具有降低土壤酸度,减少植物对镉的吸收和增加象草和亚香茅生物量的作用。     

海洋镉生物地球化学循环研究进展

镉是一种重要的有毒重金属元素,对生态系统和人体健康造成严重威胁.目前已有学者对土壤、大气、植物等介质中镉的环境行为进行了综述,而对海洋镉循环的系统梳理较少.本文综述了海洋中镉的来源、浓度分布与影响因素、镉生物地球化学循环过程及镉同位素在海洋中的示踪应用,并对海洋镉循环未来研究方向进行了展望.在现有研究的基础上,未来应在镉全球海洋大尺度循环、迁移转化及微观动力学机制方面开展更深入研究.海洋镉及其同位素生物地球化学循环的研究可为深入理解镉的环境行为与风险和发展有效的镉污染风险防控技术提供科学依据和数据支撑.     

镉污染环境下中华蚊母树的镉积累与生长及叶绿素荧光动力学响应

以三峡库区优势物种中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)为试验对象,在其生长土壤中添加不同w(Cd~(2+))(0、2、5、15、30 mg·kg~(-1)),研究植物镉积累、生长高度及叶绿素荧光参数对不同含量镉胁迫的响应。结果表明,中、高含量镉胁迫对植物的生长高度及叶绿素总量具有显著抑制作用;叶绿素荧光参数对植物的耐受性可以进行生理学解释,镉胁迫下植物光反应中心PSⅡ受到可逆性损伤,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm与RET值随胁迫时间先降低后逐渐恢复;添加w(Cd~(2+))为2 mg·kg~(-1)时,根、茎、叶的镉富集系数最大,分别为7.4、8.1和8.2;茎、叶的转移系数最大,分别为1.01和0.94;中华蚊母树具有很强的富集性和转移能力,可以作为镉污染土壤植物修复技术的潜能物种。     

无机阴离子对镉、铅解吸特性的影响

土壤中重金属的解吸直接影响重金属在环境中的形态转化和植物有效性.而地表水环境及土壤中的无机阴离子能与重金属离子络合,影响重金属在环境中的迁移和作物的吸收.因此,有关无机阴离子对重金属解吸特性影响的研究,将有利于了解重金属的吸附-解吸机制及其控制措施.文章以我国东北地区草甸棕壤作为研究对象,采用静态解吸实验研究无机阴离子(C1-、SO42-、F-)对土壤中镉、铅的解吸行为的影响.结果表明,土壤中镉、铅的解吸率与无机阴离子类型、浓度密切相关;随着解吸液中无机阴离子(C1-、SO42-、F-)浓度的增大,土壤镉、铅的解吸率随之提高.C1-、SO42-、F-这3种无机阴离子对解吸土壤中镉的影响力顺序是:C1- > SO42- > F-;对解吸土壤中铅的影响力顺序是:SO42- >C1- > F-.     

有机酸对珠江三角洲水稻土镉解吸行为的影响

用批平衡实验方法,研究了3种有机酸及其两两混合酸在一系列pH值梯度下(pH3~7)对珠江三角洲沉积型水稻土镉(Cd)解吸的影响.结果表明,只有柠檬酸及含柠檬酸的混合酸在较低酸度区(pH>5)可以显著促进Cd的解吸,这一效应与浓度成正相关,而苹果酸、草酸及二者的混合酸在所试验酸度范围均促进了Cd吸附,特别是草酸,促进作用随浓度的升高而增强.在较低pH区(pH<5),苹果酸最有利于Cd解吸,在高pH区(pH≥5),柠檬酸最有利于Cd解吸,草酸的Cd解吸能力最低.混合有机酸交互作用不显著,对Cd解吸的影响约等于各个单独酸的作用之和,但在一些酸度条件下,可存在颉颃作用.图3表2参22     

Single and joint effects of HHCB and cadmium on zebrafish (Danio rerio) in feculent water containing bedloads

As an important type of emerging pollutants, ecological toxicity and risk of artificial musks are increasingly concerned. Thus, single and joint toxic effects of 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran (HHCB) as one of the most widely applied artificial musks and cadmium (Cd) as an toxic metal on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were investigated by the exposure of zebrafish to various concentrations of HHCB or/and Cd in feculent water containing bedloads. The results indicated that the joint effect of HHCB and Cd changed during different exposure times within 120 h. The index of the antioxidant enzyme system including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were sensitive and induced in the zebrafish stressed by Cd, and content of soluble protein (SP) was sensitive to HHCB and could be used as a biomarker for HHCB. Joint effects on antioxidant enzymes depended more on the effect of single Cd in the first one or two days. However, in the rest exposure days, the effect of HHCB began to dominate in the joint effect during the exposure process.     

Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation

The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.     

Joint effects of Penta-BDE and heavy metals on Daphnia magna survival, its antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation

The joint toxicity of Penta-BDE (Pe-BDE) and heavy metals including cadmium and copper on Daphnia magna (D. magna) was evaluated on the basis of determining the 48 h survival, antioxidative enzyme responses, and lipid peroxidation. The response was classified as additive, greater than additive, or less than additive by comparing the measured ??toxic units, TU?? with one. Based on the survival of D. magna, less-than-additive interactions were found in most of mixtures treatments. This may be attributed to the different toxicity mechanism between Pe-BDE and metals. Cu and Cd played a greater role in toxicity than what Pe-BDE did. As for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, most response was less than additive. For the glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity, most of the greater-thanadditive responses were found in the Cu plus Pe-BDE treatments, but the additive responses occurred in Cd plus Pe-BDE treatments and binary metal treatments. For lipid peroxide levels, which were measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, less-than-additive response occurred in the 50% Cd plus 50% Cu and ternary mixture treatments. Results suggested that Pe-BDE, Cd, and Cu could induce different patterns of antioxidant enzyme responses, such as antioxidant/prooxidant responses, depending on their capability to produce reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes to detoxify them.     

农田土壤镉生物有效性及暴露评估研究进展

随着工业化和城市化进程的发展,我国在农田土壤污染领域面临较大挑战,其中镉(Cd)为最优先控制元素之一。农田土壤Cd污染风险类型为健康风险,其主要暴露途径为经土壤-植物系统,并经膳食进入人体。在当前的土壤Cd风险评估中,一般不考虑生物有效性问题,这使得风险评价中实际暴露评估的不确定性普遍偏高。所以,近年来欧洲国家有许多研究者提出将生物有效性因素放在土壤污染物风险评价框架内。基于此,本文立足于农田系统,并从土壤、植物、污染物及环境因素等4个方面详细综述了农田土壤Cd生物有效性的影响因素及其作用机理。其次,分别综述了近年来土壤Cd生物有效性预测模型和土壤Cd膳食暴露评估模型研究进展。最后,分析了我国土壤重金属风险评价中存在的不足,并对农田土壤Cd暴露评估发展态势和研究方向进行了初步预测,以期为农田土壤Cd健康风险评估及安全基准研究提供一定参考。     

Metal binding capacity of soft acid,organic‐rich waters

Organic carbon from one stream and two ponds in South Carolina was fractionated into five nominal molecular diameter fractions by ultrafiltration. The concentrations associated with and binding capacity for Ca, Cd, Cu and Pb were determined for each fraction. The distribution of organic carbon among ultrafilter fractions varied from water to water, with the largest percentage occurring in the smaller fractions. Calcium was associated with each of the fractions isolated from each of the three waters, indicating Ca is bound to organics in all fractions, however, more than 99% of the Ca which passed the smallest ultrafilter was removed by cationic exchange resin. Each fraction bound more Ca than Cd, Cu or Pb except in a few cases where Pb binding was greater. All of the organic fractions had their Ca++ binding sites saturated. Calcium was not an effective competitive ion against Cd, Cu or Pb for organic binding sites. The total Cu binding capacity was less than that of Ca or Pb but similar to that of Cd. Naturally occurring organics bound more Pb than Cd or Cu but less than Ca. Saturation of Cu binding sites was less than 20% in most ultrafilter fractions except that with a nominal molecular weight of between 10,000 and 300,000 where the percent of saturation was as much as 60%. Approximately 50% of the Cu was removed onto anionic exchange resin in two waters while more than 90% was removed from water with a high organic content. Percent saturation of Cd and Pb binding sites ranged from 0.091% to 5.4% and 0.059% to 1.5%, respectively. All ions tested effectively competed with Cd, Cu or Pb for some but not all binding sites, indicating that organic binding sites were heterogeneous. A generalized order of metal‐organic stabilities based on competition for binding sites is Al>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni = Mg=Zn = Mn>Ca. Both Cd+2 and Al+3 effectively out competed Pb++ and Cd and Pb out competed Cu for most organic binding sites.     

Effects of fertiliser and intercropping on cadmium uptake by maize

This study investigated the effect of fertilisation and intercropping on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Guangtian-2). Maize was intercropped with soybean, peanut, chickpea, alfalfa, adzuki bean, garden pea, amaranth, Chinese mustard, and flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that most legumes substantially enhanced Cd uptake by maize under different fertiliser treatments. Cd accumulation in the leaf tissues of maize was increased by garden pea to 1.5 times the amount in the control (maize alone) with PK fertiliser. Maize intercropped with garden pea absorbed 1225 μg plant^?1 Cd and transferred 925.9 μg plant^?1 Cd to above ground tissues. Adzuki bean proved as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize owing to its relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 5.9 and large transfer factor of 0.47 in the no fertiliser treatment. The results suggest that legumes caused a greater effect than non-legumes on Cd concentration in maize under different fertilisers; application of NPK fertiliser had positive effects on Cd level in intercropped maize.     

Endocrine stress response in Oreochromis sp. from exposure to waterborne cadmium: the plasma cortisol analysis

Cadmium (Cd) is known as one of the most dangerous environmental and industrial pollutants. It has no biological function and accumulates mainly in metabolically active tissue even at low concentrations, which in turn may cause tissue damage. The effect of Cd on the endocrine systems of fish is not well known. To test the hypothesis that Cd is a chemical stressor, Oreochromis sp. were exposed to waterborne cadmium chloride and their endocrine stress response (plasma cortisol) was investigated after 4 days and 20 days. The plasma cortisol levels were analyzed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (λ = 250 nm) after liquid–liquid extraction. The detection limit of the method was found to be 0.87 ng/mL plasma. This study provides evidence that Cd probably causes exhaustion of endocrine systems. Oreochromis sp. exposure to Cd resulted in a 15%–53% and 52%–91% suppression of cortisol release after 4 days and 20 days of exposure, respectively, in comparison with the control group. The results suggest that Cd still activates the endocrine system at 20 days and the interrenal cells of Oreochromis sp. were not impaired after 20 days of exposure to Cd.     

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

为了解植物根系对重金属镉的反应,以水稻秀水63和秀水09为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度镉(0、1、5、10、25、50、100 μmol·L~(-1))对水稻幼苗根系形态和部分生理特性的影响.结果表明:1 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理对2个水稻品种根系生长有一定的促进作用,表现为植株干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力均略有升高.但随着镉浓度(5～100 μmol·L~(-1))增加,表现出一定的抑制效应,与对照相比,秀水63和秀水09分别在10 μmol·L~(-1)和25 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理时的根系干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力明显受到抑制,而根系平均直径、质膜透性均有所增加.不同浓度镉胁迫对两个水稻品种直径≤1.5 mm的根系生长影响最大,其中高于10 μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下,秀水63直径≤1.5 mm根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积分别降低了11.89%～55.39%、10.77%～57.27%和18.37%～67.35%,秀水09分别降低了6.84%～40.48%、8.55%～42.79%和16.50%～52.42%.本实验结果表明,2个水稻品种对镉胁迫存在着一定的差异,秀水09对Cd胁迫的耐受能力要强于秀水63.