塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨枝下高对应急输水的响应

根据近5 a来对塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨林(Populus euphratica Oliv.)的监测数据和不同离河距离的地下水位监测信息,结合"面"上宏观调查与"点"上典型研究,集中对100 hm2长期监测样方内的4 499棵胡杨树进行了详细的调查,将胡杨个体实测数据和卫星影像信息进行对比,分析了塔里木河下游胡杨枝下高对应急生态输水的响应.结果显示,塔里木河下游的胡杨具有伴河生长的特性,不同等级枝下高的胡杨都主要分布在距离河道200 m的范围,且其分布都与离河道距离呈显著负相关关系;应急输水后,不同离河距离的胡杨枝下高都有不同程度的下降,河道附近100 m的范围内下降幅度最大,达到了0.36 m,枝下高的下降主要是由于胡杨茎部和基部萌生新枝所引起的,说明应急输水对于胡杨的自然更新产生了积极的影响.     

塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨树高的分布和密度

通过小尺度生态监测与遥感数据分析获取塔里木河下游胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)林现状信息,将胡杨个体对输水的响应实测数据和QuickBird影像信息进行对比和分析,"面"上宏观调查与"点"上典型研究相结合,集中对塔里木河下游阿拉干断面设立的100 hm2长期监测样方内的4 500棵胡杨树进行了详细的调查.研究表明:胡杨密度随着离河岸距离增加而呈现降低的规律.不同树高的胡杨也呈一定规律分布.树高小于3 m的幼树主要分布在距河道50 m范围内;树高39 m之间的胡杨在研究区中占绝对优势;树高大于9 m的胡杨在距河道200 m内分布比较均匀,200 m之外分布稀少.     

塔里木河下游应急输水前后胡杨年轮生长差异

1972年塔里木河下游大西海子水库建成,下游365km河道彻底断流。为拯救沿河植被,2000年5月启动了塔里木河下游应急输水工程,迄今已经完成了7次应急输水。文章通过对塔里木河中游英巴扎和下游输水河畔英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干断面胡杨(Populus euphratica)一级枝年轮取样调查,运用统计方法比较不同离河距离输水前后胡杨生长量差异的大小,分析了下游应急输水河畔胡杨种群对输水的响应。结果表明:1)英苏断面和喀尔达依断面在离河0~1000m输水前后胡杨生长量差异极显著。阿拉干断面在离河0~300m输水前后胡杨生长量差异极显著,离河300~700m生长量差异显著,700~1000m生长量差异不显著。由输水前后胡杨年轮生长量均值差可得,同一断面不同离河距胡杨年均生长量随离河距增大而降低。2)输水后下游3个调查断面在离河0~300m胡杨生长量增长由大到小顺序为:喀尔达依>英苏>阿拉干;离河300~700m由大到小顺序为:喀尔达依>阿拉干>英苏。3)以中游胡杨同年生长量作为参照对下游胡杨生长量进行相关比较的结果表明:应急输水前输水河畔各离河距离胡杨生长量均小于中游参照河段的生长量。应急输水后,输水河畔离河0~300m生长量已超过中游的生长量;离河300~700m输水河畔的生长量接近中游生长量;离河700~1000m生长量小于中游参照河段生长量,应急输水明显地促进了胡杨生长。     

叶尔羌河下游河岸胡杨种群长势与植物多样性对淹灌的响应评估

通过定量研究叶尔羌河下游河岸胡杨(Populus euphratica)种群长势与植物多样性对淹灌的响应,为优化叶尔羌河流域水资源管理与生态保护实践提供理论依据。于2016—2018年3次调查叶尔羌河下游植被数据,采用Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和重要值等指标分析植被对淹灌的响应。结果表明,淹灌2 a后,叶尔羌河下游河岸胡杨Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分别增加124. 8%、119. 6%和246. 9%,且新增喜湿和一年生草本植物等12种,植被盖度为42. 5%,增幅达112. 5%。研究区胡杨林为中老龄,胡杨长势没有恶化,中等级以上胡杨林增加3. 9%,胡杨平均枝下高下降7. 7%。随着距生态闸口距离的增加,植物密度和多样性均有减小趋势,但距生态闸口距离450 m处植物多样性和植物密度较高,与150、300和600 m处差异显著(P0. 05),在150和300 m处优势种为苦豆子和芦苇等一年生草本和喜湿植物,在450 m范围外优势种则为胡杨、柽柳和耐旱多年生草本。2 a的淹灌工程遏制了胡杨林退化趋势,植物多样性和植被盖度显著提高,同时荒漠河岸林植物群落在450 m范围内更新能力得到增强,生物多样性得到保护。为维持目前生态好转趋势,应继续实施淹灌工程。     

塔里木河下游植物群落结构特征分析

对塔里木河下游经30a断流后的应急输水河畔植被进行外业调查,分析了调查区植物群落的种类组成、垂直结构、密度结构以及优势种群的格局分布,旨在了解输水后研究区植物群落在结构特征方面恢复程度。结果表明:调查样地内有植物13种,其中胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)和疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)为优势种。不同地下水条件物种的重要值不同,表现在不同离河距离具有不同的物种组成结构,随地下水埋深不同植物群落由以胡杨和胀果甘草为主到以柽柳、黑果枸杞、花花柴和疏叶骆驼刺等抗旱耐盐碱植物为主。乔木层密度随着离河距离加大而减小,灌木层和草本层密度随离河距离加大呈先增加后减小的趋势。群落垂直结构随离河距离加大由乔-灌-草3层逐渐转变为灌-草2层,随离河距离加大趋于简单。优势种群胡杨在离河300m以内呈聚集分布,聚集强度随离河距加大而增强;柽柳灌丛在离河50m呈均匀分布,离河150m以外呈聚集分布,但离河750m段有向随机分布发展趋势。植物群落结构特征在不同的离河距离具有差异,说明经过输水下游植物群落的恢复在结构特征方面有响应,为区域生态治理和保护提供科学依据。     

黑河下游胡杨群落多样性沿河岸距离的变化特征

胡杨(PopuluseuphraticaOliv.)是荒漠河岸林的主要建群种之一,对维持荒漠河岸生态系统稳定和抑制荒漠化有着重要意义。为科学认识极端干旱荒漠河岸地带胡杨群落结构、多样性特征沿河岸距离的变化规律,选择黑河下游荒漠河岸地带自然分布的胡杨林作为观测样地,沿垂直河岸方向上设置9个采样点,分析沿河梯度上胡杨群落物种组成、结构、植物区系与多样性特征。结果表明:在沿河梯度上,共有物种7科9属9种,物种多样性低,胡杨在群落中占绝对优势(重要值为0.61—0.90),是群落优势建群种。植物区系贫乏,单种科和单种属占比高,具有明显温带属性,且与古地中海成分地理联系密切。随着沿河岸距离的增加,植物群落结构由乔-灌-草向乔-草类型过渡,植物群落盖度呈先上升后下降的显著变化趋势,在距河650 m处达到最大,为74.33%,灌木层盖度总体上低于乔木层和草本层。胡杨群落多样性指数偏低,Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数最大值分别为7、0.66、1.31、0.81。α多样性指数随沿河岸距离的增加呈先上升后下降变化趋势,在距河650—800 m之间达到峰值,其中Pielou指数变化不显著。Cody指数在距河650—800 m和800—950m之间出现较大值,而S?rensen指数较小,表明该区域β多样性最大,胡杨群落样地间异质性程度高。在黑河下游荒漠河地带,土壤水盐变化限制和调控着草本植物的生长和分布,对胡杨林群落多样性产生重要的影响。研究结果有助于认识该地区沿河胡杨群落结构特征及其多样性格局,也将为荒漠河岸胡杨林植物资源的管理和恢复提供科学参考。     

塔里木河下游荒漠植物群落物种多样性及其结构特征分析

以29块植物群落调查样地资料为基础,采用物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度由高到低指数对塔里木河下游植物群落的物种多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明,研究区共有植物10科14属,出现频率居于前3位的植物依次为柽柳、黑果枸杞和胡杨;重要值以胡杨为最大（0．384）,其次为柽柳（0．230）,盐生草为最小（0．002）;优势建群植物胡杨主要分布在与河道垂直距离500m范围内。沿河道从英苏至阿拉干断面,地下水位逐渐下降,物种多样性总体呈下降趋势,群落结构由乔木-灌木-草本转为以乔木-灌木为主;随与河道垂直距离增加,群落密度和盖度均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,植物群落结构由乔木-灌木、乔木-灌木-草本逐渐演变为灌木-草本或单一的灌木结构。     

新疆塔里木河下游生态输水对胡杨叶片MDA含量的影响

结合塔里木河下游生态输水后地下水位变化的监测和胡杨叶片中能够指示环境变化的丙二醛(MDA)含量的测定，对塔里木河下游地下水位变化与胡杨叶片中MDA积累变化关系进行了分析．结果表明，胡杨叶片MDA含量随着地下水位的下降、干旱胁迫程度的增强呈现出明显增加态势，与地下水位变化存在密切关系．结合野外样地调查分析得出：地下水位埋深在4．42m时，胡杨生长已受到水分胁迫；在5．78-6．46m之间，胡杨受到中度水分胁迫，胡杨的生长发育将受到明显的抑制；而在8．89～9．74m之间，胡杨受到重度水分胁迫，将面临着死亡的威胁．图6参22     

黑河下游荒漠河岸地带土壤水盐和养分的空间分布特征

探讨干旱区内陆河流域荒漠河岸地带土壤水盐和养分的变化特征,对荒漠河岸生态系统的保育和恢复具有重要指导意义。以黑河下游垂直于河道的乌兰图格嘎渣监测断面为研究对象,通过野外采样调查,分析距河道4 500 m范围内荒漠河岸地带土壤水盐和养分在沿河梯度上的空间分布特征。结果表明:在0-50 cm土层,土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤pH、土壤电导率、土壤总碳、土壤总氮、土壤速效磷和土壤速效钾在沿河梯度上表现出显著的差异性。随着沿河距离增加,土壤含水量大体表现为下降的变化趋势,在300 m和2 950 m处达到峰值,均值分别为26.57%和8.72%;而土壤容重呈相反的变化趋势,在4 500m处最高,均值为1.73g·cm~(-3)。土壤pH值随着沿河距离的增加呈凹型变化趋势,较大值出现在距河岸300-800 m和4 000-4 500 m处,均值分别为9.21-9.24和8.7-9.18,而土壤电导率则大体呈凸型变化趋势,较大值出现在距河岸2 200-3 200 m,均值为5.69~(-1)4.92 ms·cm~(-1),盐分表聚现象严重。随着沿河距离增加,土壤总碳、土壤总氮、土壤速效磷和土壤速效钾含量基本都表现出显著下降的变化趋势,在4 000-4 500 m处值最小,均值分别为5.71、0.11、2.81和73.76mg·kg~(-1),土壤养分(0-10cm)波动最为明显,由表层向下呈逐渐降低趋势。在沿河梯度上,生态输水对近河岸地带土壤的演变机制和恢复趋势有明显的促进作用,随沿河距离增加影响力渐小。在荒漠河岸生态系统恢复中,可在垂直河岸梯度上延长生态输水距离,促进地下水水位回升,有利于改善土壤结构和理化属性。     

黄河上游半干旱盐渍区柽柳群落土壤水盐空间变化

为促进黄河上游半干旱盐渍区植被群落营造与生态恢复,利用样地调查法,于2016年7月对宁夏引黄灌区次生盐碱地天然柽柳群落进行调查,采用经典统计学与地统计学方法,对柽柳群落影响下的土壤水盐空间分布特征及其响应关系进行分析.结果表明:研究区土壤水分普遍较低(1.98%-7.55%),盐渍化程度高(平均电导率10.28-25.38 m S/cm),土壤水盐变异系数为36.1%-83.7%,均属于中等程度变异,且土壤盐分变异程度随土层深度增加而减小.样地土壤水盐均具有明显的空间结构特征,块金系数为0.04%-49.88%,主要受到结构性因素影响或结构性因素与随机因素的共同影响,空间相关性较强.各样地柽柳群落土壤水盐的空间分布呈斑块状格局,土壤水盐高值区域与柽柳集中分布区域较为一致.相关分析表明土壤水分与盐分间呈正相关关系.综上所述,黄河上游半干旱盐渍区土壤水盐制约着柽柳的群落分布与生长状况,柽柳的生长与分布也增强了土壤水盐的空间变异性.     

Rehabilitating China's Largest Inland River

Abstract:  Wetlands are particularly important for conserving China's biodiversity but riparian wetlands in the Tarim River basin in western China have been reduced by 46% during the last 3 decades. The world's largest habitat for Populus euphratica , which is in the Tarim River basin, significantly shrank. To protect and restore the deteriorated ecosystems along the Tarim River and its associated wetlands, China's government initiated a multimillion dollar river restoration project to release water from upper dams to the dried-up lower reaches of the Tarim River starting in 2000. We monitored the responses of groundwater and vegetation to water recharge in the lower reaches of the river from 2000 to 2006 by establishing nine 1000-m-long transects perpendicular to the river at intervals of 20–45 km along the 320-km river course below the Daxihaizi Reservoir, the source of water conveyance, to Lake Taitema, the terminus of the Tarim River. Water recharges from the Daxihaizi Reservoir to the lower reaches of the Tarim River significantly increased groundwater levels and vegetation coverage at all monitoring sites along the river. The mean canopy size of the endangered plant species P. euphratica doubled after 6 years of water recharge. Some rare migrating birds returned to rest on the restored wetlands in summer along the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The biggest challenge facing decision makers, however, is to balance water allocation and water rights between agricultural and natural ecosystems in a sustainable way. A large number of inhabitants in the Tarim Basin depend on these limited water resources for a living. At the same time, the endangered ecosystems need to be protected. Given the ecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical realities in the Tarim Basin, adaptive water policies and strategies are needed for water allocation in these areas of limited water resources.     

荒漠河岸生态系统退化机理的定量分析

通过野外监测资料,采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,分析了荒漠河岸生态系统退化的内外因素与驱动力、植被退化的环境主导因子与生态退化程度,结果表明:(1)地质、地貌与气候条件等因素的影响,塔里木河下游生态系统存在脆弱和不稳定性是其退化的内因,外界干扰则是其退化的外在因素。人为干扰则是其退化发生的驱动力,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。(2)在此过程中导致植被受损的环境主导因子是水,植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。(3)其不同河段的生态退化可以归为三类:潜在沙漠化类(轻度退化),轻度沙漠化类(中度退化),中度或重度沙漠化类(重度退化),其中第三类型,土壤条件与其它两类差异较大,表现出土壤退化的滞后现象。     

荒漠河岸生态系统退化机理的定量分析

通过野外监测资料,采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,分析了荒漠河岸生态系统退化的内外因素与驱动力、植被退化的环境主导因子与生态退化程度,结果表明：（1）地质、地貌与气候条件等因素的影响,塔里木河下游生态系统存在脆弱和不稳定性是其退化的内因,外界干扰则是其退化的外在因素。人为干扰则是其退化发生的驱动力,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。（2）在此过程中导致植被受损的环境主导因子是水,植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。（3）其不同河段的生态退化可以归为三类：潜在沙漠化类（轻度退化）,轻度沙漠化类（中度退化）,中度或重度沙漠化类（重度退化）,其中第三类型,土壤条件与其它两类差异较大,表现出土壤退化的滞后现象。     

Aquatic ecological health assessment of Shaying River Basin based on indices of physico-chemistry and aquatic organisms北大核心CSCD

With a variety of ecosystem services, river ecosystem plays an important role in the process of human society development. On the other hand, health condition of most aquatic ecosystems is seriously threatened by human activities. Restoring and maintaining a healthy ecosystem has already become a vital goal of river management. As a basis of river management, river health assessment is therefore particularly important. Based on indices of physics, chemistry and aquatic organisms, this research tried to establish a comprehensive evaluation system of aquatic ecological health suitable for the situation of Shaying River Basin. The system included 6 factors including riparian zone, river morphology, nutrients, oxygen balance, periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates, which were defined into 19 indices reflecting the aquatic ecological health from different aspects. The assessment results indicated that the health condition of overall basin was normal, varying among different parts of the region, with Shahe River, Lihe River and Beiru River in the upper part sub-healthy, and Jialu River in the same part sub-sick. The middle region was generally in normal or sub-sick level; the health condition of the lower part was comparatively better due to a good condition. Within the indices, the nutrients and benthic macroinvertebrates were the major constraining factors to the health condition of Shaying River Basin for their poor health condition. The health conditions showed significant differences among the rivers (P < 0.01), with Jialu River being the worst. The result indicated that the aquatic ecological health of Shaying River Basin is affected by many factors, with urban and industrial sewage being the main ones, And that different protective measures should be employed for rivers of different conditions. The result can provide theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of Shaying River Basin and reasonable exploitation and conservation of the water resource of the whole Huaihe River Basin.     

胡杨年轮记录的塔里木河下游54年来区域水环境历史变迁

通过胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv．）树木年轮宽度的分析,建立了塔里木河下游大西海子（A）、阿克墩（B）、亚合甫马汗（c）、英苏（D）、阿布达勒（E）、喀尔达依（F）、吐格买莱（G）、阿拉干（H）、依干不及麻（I）和考干（J）10个采样区过去54a来的STD、RES和ARS年表,并借助RES年表,采用年代际变化分析和突变检验,反演了塔里木河下游54a年来区域水环境状况变迁时空格局。结果表明：①下游10个样区54a来区域水环境状况具有多样性和复杂性,并不完全表现为距离下游上段（大西海子水库）越近其水环境状况就越好,区域水环境状况总体变异程度由低到高排序为A、G、C、H、E、D、I、B、F、J,也反映了下游10个样区生态退化程度的差异;②下游54a来区域水环境状况最好时期出现在20世纪60年代和21世纪初,大部分区域最差时期主要集中在20世纪90年代,是下游地区长达30a断流水环境变干累积效应的体现;③下游10个样区区域水环境变化具有明显的突变时间,突变出现时间相对水文事件年代具有滞后性。胡杨年轮记录的塔里木河下游54a来区域水环境时空变迁格局对下游生态退化的历史认识具有重要意义。     

Impact of population growth and land-use change on water resources and ecosystems of the arid Tarim River Basin in Western China

Time series data on population change, economic development, climate change, water volume and quality and oasis land-use change were collected to study the interactions between these factors in the arid Tarim River Basin, China. The study reveals that precipitation and stream flow in headwater streams increased, but stream flow in the main Tarim River had reduced significantly over the past three decades. This implies that human activity, rather than climate change, dominated the recent environmental changes in the river basin. As a result of population growth and cultivated land expansion in the upper and middle reaches of the river, severe problems of water shortage, water pollution, death of natural vegetation, soil salinization, desertification and sand-dust storms have occurred, particularly in downstream areas of the river basin. These problems have had serious negative effects on the health of local people and sustainable social economic development in the region. Some development strategies are proposed to deal with these problems.     

Processesof Tamarix invasion and floodplain development along the lower Green River, Utah.

Significant ecological, hydrologic, and geomorphic changes have occurred during the 20th century along many large floodplain rivers in the American Southwest. Native Populus forests have declined, while the exotic Eurasian shrub, Tamarix, has proliferated and now dominates most floodplain ecosystems. Photographs from late 19th and early 20th centuries illustrate wide river channels with largely bare in-channel landforms and shrubby higher channel margin floodplains. However, by the mid-20th century, floodplains supporting dense Tamarix stands had expanded, and river channels had narrowed. Along the lower Green River in eastern Utah, the causal mechanism of channel and floodplain changes remains ambiguous due to the confounding effects of climatically driven reductions in flood magnitude, river regulation by Flaming Gorge Dam, and Tamarix invasion. This study addressed whether Tamarix establishment and spread followed climate- or dam-induced reductions in annual peak flows or whether Tamarix was potentially a driver of floodplain changes. We aged 235 Tamarix and 57 Populus individuals, determined the hydrologic and geomorphic processes that controlled recruitment, identified the spatial relationships of germination sites within floodplain stratigraphic transects, and mapped woody riparian vegetation cohorts along three segments of the lower Green River. The oldest Tamarix established along several sampling reaches in 1938, and 1.50-2.25 m of alluvium has accreted above their germination surfaces. Nearly 90% of the Tamarix and Populus samples established during flood years that exceeded the 2.5-year recurrence interval. Recruitment was most common when large floods were followed by years with smaller peak flows. The majority of Tamarix establishment and Green River channel narrowing occurred long before river regulation by Flaming Gorge Dam. Tamarix initially colonized bare instream sand deposits (e.g., islands and bars), and most channel and floodplain changes followed the establishment of Tamarix. Our results suggest that Tamarix recruitment was triggered by large annual floods that were followed by years with lower peak flows, not by periods of low flow alone. Tamarix appears to have actively invaded floodplains, while Populus colonization has been limited. Thus, Tamarix invasion may have greatly influenced floodplain development and riparian vegetation composition along the lower Green River since the early 20th century.     

Restoration of rivers used for timber floating: effects on riparian plant diversity.

Fluvial processes such as flooding and sediment deposition play a crucial role in structuring riparian plant communities. In rivers throughout the world, these processes have been altered by channelization and other anthropogenic stresses. Yet despite increasing awareness of the need to restore natural flow regimes for the preservation of riparian biodiversity, few studies have examined the effects of river restoration on riparian ecosystems. In this study, we examined the effects of restoration in the Ume River system, northern Sweden, where tributaries were channelized to facilitate timber floating in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Restoration at these sites involved the use of heavy machinery to replace instream boulders and remove floatway structures that had previously lined stream banks and cut off secondary channels. We compared riparian plant communities along channelized stream reaches with those along reaches that had been restored 3-10 years prior to observation. Species richness and evenness were significantly increased at restored sites, as were floodplain inundation frequencies. These findings demonstrate how river restoration and associated changes in fluvial disturbance regimes can enhance riparian biodiversity. Given that riparian ecosystems tend to support a disproportionate share of regional species pools, these findings have potentially broad implications for biodiversity conservation at regional or landscape scales.