乐果降解菌LGX1的筛选及其降解特性研究

通过富集培养,从连续施用农药乐果的土壤中分离得到一株具有较强降解有机磷农药乐果能力的细菌菌株LGX1,通过菌落形态观察及细菌的16SrDNA测序,对其进行了鉴定,同时初步研究了其降解性能。结果表明：该菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,在接种量为20%,乐果初始质量浓度为100mg·L-1,外加碳源葡萄糖质量分数为2%,温度为35℃,初始pH值为4时该菌株对乐果的降解能力最强;并且能在以辛硫磷、毒死蜱和三唑磷为唯一碳源的基础盐培养基中生长,且均比在以乐果为唯一碳源的基础盐培养基中生长的OD600值要高,初步推断菌株LGX1对有机磷农药的降解有一定的广谱性。     

一株2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)厌氧降解菌的筛选鉴定及降解特性

为去除环境中BDE-47的残留,通过以BDE-47为碳源的选择性培养基驯化,从电子垃圾拆解厂的土壤中分离出了1株厌氧降解BDE-47的纯菌种,命名为XM,并研究其对BDE-47的降解特性.经16S rDNA鉴定,XM属于兼性肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.),当BDE-47浓度为525μg/L,初始接菌量为7.1×10~5 cells/m L时,培养35 d后降解率为35.8%,降解产物中检测到BDE-28.BDE-47的降解反应符合一级动力学,拟合结果为ln C_t=-0.104t+6.22.选择以铁离子、硝酸根和硫酸根作为降解过程中外加的电子受体,BDE-47的降解率明显提高,分别为49.8%、59.1%和67.3%.以上研究结果表明,菌株XM能够有效地降解BDE-47,在电子垃圾污染的生物修复方面具有较好的参考和应用价值.     

一株高效邻苯二甲酸二丁酯降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性研究

从活性污泥中分离出1株以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为碳源和能源生长的高效降解菌DP-2,经形态观察、生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.).采用单因素试验研究了不同试验条件(接种量、DBP浓度、NaCl浓度和碳源)对菌株DBP降解特性的影响,结果表明:接种量大于10%时,菌株DP-2在3 d内对初始浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的DBP降解率可达到90%以上;DBP初始浓度为5—50 mg·L~(-1)时,菌株在6 d内对DBP降解率均能达到90%以上,但高浓度DBP会影响菌株DP-2生长,DBP浓度为1000 mg·L~(-1)时,DBP降解率仅为26.88%;菌株降解DBP的最佳NaCl浓度范围为0—20 g·L~(-1);此外,醋酸钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖添加对于菌株降解DBP均有一定的促进作用,其中葡萄糖效果最为明显.在此基础上,采用响应曲面法优化了菌株降解DBP的培养条件并进行了试验验证,在盐度为5 g·L~(-1),接种量为17.14%,底物浓度为9.81 mg·L~(-1),菌株对DBP的降解率为85.86%.     

不同类型外加碳源对制药污泥堆肥过程中青霉素降解的影响

以制药污泥为研究对象,采用葡萄糖、蔗糖、玉米秸秆粉及其混合物作为外加碳源,研究不同类型的外加碳源对堆肥系统一次发酵周期内温度、有机质等理化参数变化及青霉素的降解情况的影响.结果表明,堆体中有机质含量与外加碳源的量呈正比,堆体中有机质的质量分数随堆肥时间不断下降且趋于稳定.温度是青霉素降解的主要影响因素.外加碳源增加了堆体溶解性有机质质量分数,生物可利用碳源的增加促进了堆肥过程中微生物的转化作用,并有助于提高堆肥过程温度.在堆肥周期内外加碳源可以提高青霉素的降解速率(15 d内对照组青霉素降解率为94.44%,其他组均大于95%),且外加蔗糖与玉米秸秆粉的混合碳源处理组青霉素降解速率最快(15 d内降解率可达到99.08%).堆肥过程中升温阶段(中温阶段和高温阶段)青霉素含量与温度呈负相关(P0.01),与溶解性有机碳呈正相关(P0.01).15 d内所有处理组青霉素降解率均可以达到90%以上.     

苯酚降解酵母Pd6的分离及对酚类化合物的降解

从炼油厂污染的污水和土壤中,筛选分离出一株具有很高苯酚降解能力的酵母菌Pd6.通过生理生化方法并结合26S rRNA序列比对,将其初步鉴定为麦芽糖假丝酵母(Candida maltosa).该酵母菌能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源,对苯酚的最大降解浓度为1500mg/L,添加有机碳和有机氮可显著提高其对苯酚的降解率.在外加碳源的条件下,菌株Pd6还具有降解其它9种取代酚的能力.此外,关于苯酚和氯酚共代谢的研究表明,酵母菌Pd6可以利用苯酚为唯一碳源降解对氯酚和间氯酚.表明该菌在苯酚及其衍生物的生物降解和水污染治理方面可起到重要作用.     

嗜铁细菌枯草芽胞杆菌Bs-15对辛硫磷的降解特性

为探讨嗜铁细菌对农药辛硫磷的降解及其土壤修复的潜能,采用改良定向培育法,对嗜铁细菌枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Bs-15进行驯化,摸索其降解条件,并测定其土壤修复能力.结果显示,菌株Bs-15对辛硫磷有较高的耐受性,在辛硫磷浓度达到800 mg L-1时仍可生长;可以以辛硫磷为唯一碳源生长,适合其降解的最佳外加营养物质为酵母粉,无机盐为MgCl2.最适辛硫磷降解浓度为≤100 mg L-1,浓度继续升高时降解效能明显降低;最适降解温度为35℃;对pH值有较广的适应范围,在pH 5-9时降解率较高;最适降解时间为24 h,振荡速率为150 r min-1,接种量为8%;土壤修复试验表明,此菌株在第20天时对土壤中辛硫磷的降解率接近50%.本研究结果说明枯草芽胞杆Bs-15对辛硫磷具有较好的降解作用,对辛硫磷污染的土壤具有良好的修复潜能.     

低温条件下苯酚降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

在15℃低温的条件下,从本溪钢铁集团公司焦化厂曝气池活性污泥中分离、筛选得到1株高效苯酚降解菌,即Bb-2,它对起始质量浓度为400 mg·L-1的苯酚降解率为74.8%.经形态观察和生理生化实验,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属.该菌株能在4～40℃的温度条件下生长繁殖,因此为耐冷菌.当醋酸钠和葡萄糖作为第二碳源存在时,促进了低温下Bb-2对苯酚的生物降解.采用反应动力学方程拟合其降解过程,初始苯酚质量浓度较低时,遵循Monod方程;初始质量浓度较高时,其降解过程以基质抑制型的Haldane方程为主.     

一株吡啶高效降解菌的鉴定及其降解特性

对山西省长治市一家煤焦化厂经活性污泥处理后的废水中的吡啶降解菌进行了分离,并对其中一株吡啶高效降解菌JB27进行了分类鉴定及其吡啶降解特性分析。通过菌落形态观察、菌体显微观察、生理生化测定和16S r RNA基因序列分析对菌株JB27进行菌种分类;利用紫外分光光度计和可见光分光光度计分别测定培养基中吡啶质量浓度和菌液OD_(600)值;分别测定菌株JB27在不同pH、温度、葡萄糖添加量以及初始吡啶质量浓度条件下的菌液OD_(600)值和吡啶降解率。结果表明,菌株JB27为Shinella zoogloeoides;该菌株能利用吡啶作为唯一碳源;菌株JB27在pH 5.0~9.0条件下均能发挥较强的吡啶降解能力,其降解吡啶的最适pH为8.0或9.0;菌株JB27降解吡啶的最适温度为30℃;葡萄糖的添加会降低菌株JB27的吡啶降解速率,不利于该菌株对吡啶的降解;菌株JB27对吡啶的降解程度与菌液OD600值成正比,在吡啶初始浓度分别为500、1 000、1 500、2 500和3 000 mg·L~(-1)的培养基中,可分别在3、4、4、5和6 d内降解掉99%以上的吡啶。菌株JB27的吡啶降解能力高于多数已报道吡啶降解菌,是一株吡啶高效降解菌,可作为煤化工废水中吡啶类化合物的生物降解的优良菌种资源。该研究可为该菌种的进一步应用提供理论依据。     

乙酸钙不动杆菌TS2H对DBP降解特性的研究

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类具有一般毒性和致畸、致突变性的有机化合物,它作为重要的化工原料被大量地用于塑料生产,同时也带来了严重的环境污染问题。文章以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为PAEs生物降解研究的模型物,通过驯化富集培养,分离出1株能降解DBP的乙酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus)TS2H,研究了TS2H对DBP的生物降解特性。结果表明,该菌可在好氧条件下高效降解DBP,在最佳pH值7时,150r·min-1振荡培养48h对DBP初始质量浓度为40mg·L-1的降解率可达到98.64%;TS2H对100mg·L-1内较高质量浓度的DBP均具有较高的降解效能,但当DBP质量浓度达到300mg·L-1时,降解效能受到一定的抑制;加入营养物蛋白胨能促进菌株TS2H对DBP的降解,而葡萄糖和苯甲酸钠的加入对DBP的降解有延缓作用;菌株TS2H在一定浓度的Zn2 、Cd2 和Cu2 条件下仍可较高效地降解DBP。     

一株铬还原菌的分离鉴定及铬还原特性研究

铬污染是目前最为普遍的重金属污染物之一,一定浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)会威胁动植物健康。用微生物修复技术降解高毒性的Cr(Ⅵ)可为环保高效的铬污染治理开辟新途径。针对从湖南某铬盐厂污染区土壤中分离筛选出的铬还原菌G12进行菌种鉴定及铬还原特性研究,明确该菌株的最适生长条件,考察其在不同环境条件下的铬还原效果,为原位微生物修复技术实际工程应用提供理论依据。通过菌株形态特征和16S r RNA基因序列分析,确定该菌株为革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌,鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。研究发现B.pumilus G12的最佳生长温度和p H分别为30℃和9.0;且菌株铬还原能力随着初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的升高而下降;在50、100、200、400和600 mg·L~(-1)初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度条件下其铬还原率分别为66.2%,35.7%,26.1%,16.0%和6.0%。在改变环境过程中,该菌株以甘油为外加碳源电子供体时对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率可达100%,在60 h可将50mg·L~(-1)Cr(Ⅵ)还原为零;菌株G12培养可耐受较高盐浓度,在10 g·L~(-1) Na Cl盐浓度下菌株的还原能力最佳,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率为70%;将菌株分别培养在含不同重金属离子的培养液中,菌株G12还原能力均受到抑制。对菌株G12的铬还原能力的初步研究结果表明,菌株G12在铬污染修复中具有良好的应用潜力。     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.