净月潭国家森林公园凋落物层土壤动物群落多样性

为了解中温带地区城市森林凋落物层土壤动物群落结构及大面积针叶人工林对凋落物层土壤动物群落多样性的影响,对长春净月潭国家森林公园凋落物层土壤动物进行调查,共采获土壤动物8 630头,隶属于3门6纲18个类群,其中弹尾目、蜱螨目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目幼虫、蜘蛛目、双翅目幼虫和石蜈蚣目是该地区森林生态系统凋落物层土壤动物的主要类群,其个体数占土壤动物个体总数的97.91%。天然次生林与针叶人工林间凋落物土壤动物的类群数、密度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数和密度-类群指数均无显著差异(P>0.05),而2种林分间伪蝎目、石蜈蚣目、缨翅目和鳞翅目幼虫的密度及蜱螨目和弹尾目个体数之比差异明显。2种林分Jaccard相似性系数为0.67。     

长春市不同土地利用生境土壤昆虫幼虫群落组成与生态分布

对长春市郊区天然次生林、市内公园风景林、郊区防护林和农田等土地利用生境进行土壤昆虫幼虫调查,研究土地利用差异对土壤昆虫幼虫群落特征的影响。研究区共捕获土壤昆虫幼虫35科411只,其中鞘翅目幼虫14科319只,双翅目幼虫13科64只,鳞翅目幼虫8科28只。研究结果表明:不同土地利用生境土壤昆虫幼虫群落组成与生态分布存在差异,防护林和农田土壤昆虫幼虫的类群数和个体密度显著减少;除农田外,其他生境土壤昆虫幼虫群落个体密度和类群数主要集中分布在0～5cm土壤层,生境凋落物的移除对土壤昆虫幼虫群落组成影响不明显;此外,鞘翅目、双翅目和鳞翅目幼虫对土地利用和植被类型变化的响应也不同。     

林窗大小对川西马尾松人工林林下物种多样性和生物量的影响

林窗是植被演替和森林循环的重要驱动力,研究林窗大小对物种多样性和生物量的影响有利于揭示林窗干扰在生态系统恢复中的作用.以川西莲花山马尾松人工林为研究对象,划分出5种不同面积(81-625 m~2)的林窗共计15个和3个非林窗(林下)作对照(CK),对其群落物种组成、物种多样性水平(丰富度指数D、Simpson优势度指数H’、Shannon-Wiener指数H、Pielou均匀度指数J_(sw))和林下生物量(灌木层生物量、草本层生物量)进行调查研究.结果表明:(1)在总面积为5 493 m~2的样地中,共记录到维管植物99种,隶属56科84属;草本层和灌木层物种数随林窗面积增加均呈单峰格局,前者的物种数变化较后者明显.(2)总的来看,林窗下的D、H、J_(sw)值较林下大,H’值较林下小,且400-450 m~2面积的林窗下灌木、草本各物种多样性指数值达到一个较高水平.(3)林窗内的生物量显著大于林下生物量,200-250 m~2林窗下的生物量最大.(4)群落各层次物种多样性指数与对应层次地上、地下、全株生物量的相关性均不显著.因此认为,大面积林窗(400-450 m~2)有利于增加马尾松人工林林下群落物种丰富度,提升林下群落物种多样性水平;而中等面积林窗(200-250 m~2)则有利于增加林下生物量.     

上海城市绿地生境中春季大型土壤动物群落结构研究

2006年春季对上海市区不同绿地生境进行采样,其中包括学校:华东师范大学校区绿化乔木类型(A),草地类型(B);居住区:师大一村草地类型(C);路旁绿地:浦东生态林乔木类型(D);公园:上海植物园乔木类型(E),草地类型(F);工业区:宝钢乔木类型 (G),草地类型(H);废弃地:南汇老港垃圾填埋场乔木类型(I),共获得大型土壤动物1 930只,分别隶属于3门8纲18目.研究结果表明:大型土壤动物群落优势类群为:中腹足目、等足目、后孔寡毛目、膜翅目,常见类群为鞘翅目、近孔寡毛目、半翅目、蜘蛛目、石蜈蚣目,其余均为稀有类群.不同城市绿地生境中土壤动物群落组成和个体数各异.群落-密度指数IDG和群落复杂性指数C比Shannon-Wiener指数H'更能体现群落的复杂性与多样性, 且能修正不同类群个体数对多样性的影响.对大型土壤动物群落进行聚类和排序的结果显示,9种城市绿地生境可以分为6大类:浦东路旁绿地、植物园及工业区乔木类型,植物园及工业区的草地类型,居住区草地类型,校园乔木类型,校园草地类型,废弃地乔木类型.     

不同营林措施对林下层多样性和群落结构的影响

在人为活动干扰较为强烈的农林复合生态系统中,开展不同营林措施对林下层植物多样性和群落结构的影响研究,对于解决大尺度林下生境保护与小面积森林经营的矛盾问题具有重要的参考意义,也符合林区的现实需求。本研究针对东北国有林区的典型性和特殊性,于2013—2015年夏季调查了小兴安岭3种主要营林措施(割灌抚育、采伐和林下种植)对森林下层植物群落物种组成、结构特征、物种多样性及林下层生物量的影响。结果表明:草本层物种更容易受到人类管理活动的影响,其物种组成的变化大于灌木层的变化;3种经营措施都会降低灌草层盖度,种植样地灌草层高度和盖度下降最显著,相比对照组,其灌木和草本层盖度分别降了40%和54%;割灌时间越久,灌木层高度越高;3种经营措施均降低了物种多样性,其中种植作业的干扰最强烈,种植措施对灌木层的破坏高于草本层;生物量从高到低排序依次为2010年割灌样地、对照样地、采伐样地和种植样地,其值分别为2.1、2、1和0.4 kg?m~(-2)。本研究发现割灌抚育、采伐、林下种植等措施对森林下层植物组成、群落结构特征、物种多样性等方面均有不同程度的影响,整体而言,种植方式的干扰最为强烈。     

基于宏基因组(metabarcoding)技术的橡胶种植对林下节肢动物多样性的影响

地处热带边缘的西双版纳地区近几十年来土地利用方式发生巨变,热带森林逐渐被单一种植橡胶林所替代。探讨森林-橡胶林镶嵌格局对节肢动物群落组成和多样性的影响,分析节肢动物群落分布格局的驱动因素,以期为残存森林的保护提供相关科学数据。以西双版纳纳板河流域不同景观梯度下的片段森林和橡胶林为研究样地,采用马氏网诱集法,结合宏基因组(metabarcoding)技术调查林下节肢动物多样性和群落组成。结果表明:(1)基于metabarcoding技术,从橡胶林和片段森林林下马氏网中共得到397个可操纵的分类单元(OTUs),其中,片段森林中共收集到节肢动物18目347个OTUs;橡胶林收集到节肢动物14目136个OTUs。(2)片段森林中节肢动物物种多样性显著高于橡胶林;非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)结果显示,橡胶林和片段森林中节肢动物群落组成具有显著差异,片段森林节肢动物群落beta多样性大于橡胶林。(3)在景观尺度上,影响节肢动物物种多样性和群落分布的主要因素为森林覆盖率;在样方尺度上,影响橡胶林节肢动物物种多样性的主要因素为胶树年龄和到森林边缘距离;影响森林节肢动物物种多样性的主要因素为片段森林面积、树种多样性、到森林边缘距离、坡向和海拔。森林覆盖率、树种多样性、橡胶林到森林边缘距离和胶树年龄等因素都与节肢动物多样性呈显著相关性,因此,在选择橡胶林种植区时需考虑森林覆盖率、树种多样性及橡胶林到森林边缘距离等因素,且森林覆盖率达50%以上显著有利于生物多样性保护。该研究结果可为森林和橡胶林的管理提供数据资料和科学依据。     

森林-草原交错带土壤节肢动物的群落结构及其季节变化

对河北北部塞罕坝森林-草原交错区土壤节肢动物的群落结构特征及季节变化进行了调查.结果显示,交错区3个地带(森林带、森林-草甸带和草甸-草原带)土壤节肢动物群落的优势类群组成相似,均为蜱螨目和弹尾目,但不同生境中优势类群所占群落总数的比例不同,并且各样地常见类群和稀有类群的组成差异较大.3个地带土壤节肢动物群落类群数与DG多样性指数的季节变化总体表现为秋季多样性最高,夏季次之,春季最低,同时各样地土壤节肢动物群落因生境条件不同而形成各自的季节消长特点.3个地带土壤节肢动物群落类群数随着土层的加深而递减,具有明显的表聚性.     

紫茎泽兰入侵对不同植物群落类型中昆虫多样性的影响

紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora入侵对不同植物群落中昆虫群落的影响,以及不同植物群落抵御紫茎泽兰入侵的生态机制尚不清楚。本研究选取紫茎泽兰不同入侵程度和未入侵不同功能型植物群落样地,采用巴氏罐诱法、扫网法结合黄板法对各样地地表昆虫进行调查分析。在各样地共采集到昆虫标本12 099个,隶属于11目64科168种。其中,优势类群为膜翅目、同翅目、双翅目、缨翅目昆虫,占总种数的94.86%。随紫茎泽兰的入侵,群落中直翅目、缨翅目、同翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目昆虫在群落中所占的比例呈先降低再升高的趋势,而膜翅目、半翅目昆虫在群落中所占比例呈先升高再降低趋势。紫茎泽兰群落中的同翅目、半翅目昆虫所占比例较不同功能型本地植物群落低,而膜翅目昆虫所占比例较其他群落高。随紫茎泽兰入侵程度的加重,昆虫多样性指数D、H、E均呈先降低后升高的趋势;昆虫优势度指数C则呈先升高再降低的趋势。多年生禾本科植物群落的昆虫各多样性指数均大于紫茎泽兰群落,与紫茎泽兰群落间的差异最小,且有较高的相似性(0.602),可能是对紫茎泽兰的入侵具有较强抵御作用的指示因子之一。     

古田山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林类型及其群落物种多样性研究

在群落调查的基础上，分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林的群落类型和群落物种多样性特征．结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林主要有6种类型(群系)，即甜槠林、栲树林、野含笑-钩栗林、青冈林、虎皮楠-甜槠林、乌冈栎-青冈林，并对各群落类型的结构和物种组成进行了描述．从各群落的外貌、结构和种类组成上看，均具有我国典型常绿阔叶林的基本特征．不同群落类型其物种多样性大小不同，栲树林和野含笑-钩栗林物种多样性较高，虎皮楠-甜槠林和乌冈栎-青冈林物种多样性较低．在群落垂直结构中，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低，乔木层与灌木层之间物种多样性差异不显著，草本层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均明显小于乔木层和灌木层．与邻近4个山地常绿阔叶林物种多样性相比较，古田山常绿阔叶林物种多样性比纬度位置高的黄山和大别山要大，但比纬度位置低的乌岩岭和缙云山小．     

广州市莲塘村风水林群落特征及植物多样性

风水林是极具南方地域特色的植被景观与物种储存库,是接近地带性植被特性的一种群落类型.研究风水林,对丰富和发展环境科学、生态科学、林业科学和园林科学,具有重要意义.本研究在广州市莲塘村村后风水林设立了样带、标准地和样方,对其乔木层、灌木层和草本层植物进行详细调查,结果表明,该区共有植物73种,隶属于33个科57个属.其植物种类丰富,以茜草科、樟科、大戟科、壳斗科、莎草科、桃金娘科植物占优势.该群落具有南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落的典型群落结构,垂直结构分层现象明显,层次清晰.文章对树种丰富度、Shannon-Winner指数、Simpson多样性指数、种间相遇机率以及均匀度等多样性指标的研究表明:该群落具有较大的物种丰富度,植物多样性较高,物种分布均匀,不同种之间相遇几率较大,其生物多样性各项指标远远大于尾叶桉人工纯林.该风水林群落是目前广州市保存较完好的具有典型地带特色的少数自然林之一,它的研究成果对以后生态公益林造林有极大的参考价值.     

Insect fauna associated with sugarcane plantations in Sri Lanka

A survey conducted over 13 years (1986-1999) in sugarcane plantations in Sri Lanka to identify insects associated with sugarcane recorded a total of 103 insect species comprising Coleoptera (31 spp.), Dictyoptera (2 spp.), Diptera (5 spp.), 12 Heteroptera (12 spp.), Homoptera (18 spp.), Hymenoptera (7 spp.), Isoptera (3 spp.), Lepidoptera (13 spp.), Orthoptera (9 spp.), and one species each of Thysanoptera, Nuroptera and Trichoptera. Among them were forty-six species of sugarcane pests. In addition, 27 species of natural enemies of sugarcane pests belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera were identified Epiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher) introduced into Sri Lanka from Pakistan in 1991 for the control of the sugarcane planthopper was also recorded. Five new pest species previously not recorded from sugarcane in Sri Lanka have been identified.     

Effects of Selective Logging on Bat Communities in the Southeastern Amazon

Abstract:  Although extensive areas of tropical forest are selectively logged each year, the responses of bat communities to this form of disturbance have rarely been examined. Our objectives were to (1) compare bat abundance, species composition, and feeding guild structure between unlogged and low-intensity selectively logged (1–4 logged stems/ha) sampling grids in the southeastern Amazon and (2) examine correlations between logging-induced changes in bat communities and forest structure. We captured bats in understory and canopy mist nets set in five 1-ha study grids in both logged and unlogged forest. We captured 996 individuals, representing 5 families, 32 genera, and 49 species. Abundances of nectarivorous and frugivorous taxa (Glossophaginae, Lonchophyllinae, Stenodermatinae, and Carolliinae) were higher at logged sites, where canopy openness and understory foliage density were greatest. In contrast, insectivorous and omnivorous species (Emballonuridae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostominae, and Vespertilionidae) were more abundant in unlogged sites, where canopy foliage density and variability in the understory stratum were greatest. Multivariate analyses indicated that understory bat species composition differed strongly between logged and unlogged sites but provided little evidence of logging effects for the canopy fauna. Different responses among feeding guilds and taxonomic groups appeared to be related to foraging and echolocation strategies and to changes in canopy cover and understory foliage densities. Our results suggest that even low-intensity logging modifies habitat structure, leading to changes in bat species composition.     

Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) collected during the long term ecological research in a Hungarian oak forest

Along term ecological research was carried out in a Hungarian oak forest, in "Bükk" National Park starting with 1972. During the faunistical studies 3,602 insect species and more than 200,000 individuals were collected. The dominant orders were Coleoptera (1,051 species), Lepidoptera (803 species), Hymenoptera (470 species) and Diptera (400 species). The relative species abundance (RSA) for all insects collected in all years of sampling period suggests a rather J shape curve than a not clear scaling property. This means that we were able to identify almost three quarters of the insect species from one ha European oak forest during the survey (from 1987 to 2003), and two third of the staphylinides expected. Considering the staphylinid fauna a total number of 160 species and 4,022 individuals were collected. The most widely occurring species in dominance order were: Ocypus biharicus, Pseudocypus mus, Atheta gagatina, Philonthus quisquiliarius, Oxypoda acuminate, Platydracus chalcocephalus, Atheta crassicomis, Latrimaeum atrocephalum, Haploglossa puncticollis, Philonthus succicola and Anotylus mutator. The pooled value of alpha diversity was 1.51. The Shannon-Weiner Index (H') was relatively high (3.29) in comparison with other studies.     

Contrasting structure and composition of the understory in species-rich tropical rain forests

In large samples of trees > or = 1 cm dbh (more than 1 million trees and 3000 species), in six lowland tropical forests on three continents, we assigned species with >30 individuals to one of six classes of stature at maturity (SAM). We then compared the proportional representation of understory trees (1-2 cm dbh) among these classes. The understory of the three Asian sites was predominantly composed of the saplings of large-canopy trees whereas the African and American sites were more richly stocked with trees of the smaller SAM classes. Differences in class representation were related to taxonomic families that were present exclusively in one continent or another. Families found in the Asian plots but not in the American plot (e.g., Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae) were predominantly species of the largest SAM classes, whereas families exclusive to the American plots (e.g., Melastomataceae sensu stricto, Piperaceae, and Malvaceae [Bombacacoidea]) were predominantly species of small classes. The African plot was similar to Asia in the absence of those American families rich in understory species, while similar to America in lacking the Asian families rich in canopy species. The numerous understory species of Africa were chiefly derived from families shared with Asia and/or America. The ratio of saplings (1-2 cm dbh) to conspecific canopy trees (>40 cm dbh) was lower in American plots than in the Asian plots. Possible explanations for these differences include phenology, moisture and soil fertility regimes, phyletic constraints, and the role of early successional plants in forest development. These results demonstrate that tropical forests that appear similar in tree number, basal area, and the family taxonomy of canopy trees nonetheless differ in ecological structure in ways that may impact the ecology of pollinators, dispersers, and herbivores and might reflect fundamental differences in canopy tree regeneration.     

Specialization and interaction strength in a tropical plant-frugivore network differ among forest strata

The degree of interdependence and potential for shared coevolutionary history of frugivorous animals and fleshy-fruited plants are contentious topics. Recently, network analyses revealed that mutualistic relationships between fleshy-fruited plants and frugivores are mostly built upon generalized associations. However, little is known about the determinants of network structure, especially from tropical forests where plants' dependence on animal seed dispersal is particularly high. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of specialization and interaction strength in a plant-frugivore network from a Kenyan rain forest. We recorded fruit removal from 33 plant species in different forest strata (canopy, midstory, understory) and habitats (primary and secondary forest) with a standardized sampling design (3447 interactions in 924 observation hours). We classified the 88 frugivore species into guilds according to dietary specialization (14 obligate, 28 partial, 46 opportunistic frugivores) and forest dependence (50 forest species, 38 visitors). Overall, complementary specialization was similar to that in other plant-frugivore networks. However, the plant-frugivore interactions in the canopy stratum were less specialized than in the mid- and understory, whereas primary and secondary forest did not differ. Plant specialization on frugivores decreased with plant height, and obligate and partial frugivores were less specialized than opportunistic frugivores. The overall impact of a frugivore increased with the number of visits and the specialization on specific plants. Moreover, interaction strength of frugivores differed among forest strata. Obligate frugivores foraged in the canopy where fruit resources were abundant, whereas partial and opportunistic frugivores were more common on mid- and understory plants, respectively. We conclude that the vertical stratification of the frugivore community into obligate and opportunistic feeding guilds structures this plant-frugivore network. The canopy stratum comprises stronger links and generalized associations, whereas the lower strata are composed of weaker links and more specialized interactions. Our results suggest that seed-dispersal relationships of plants in lower forest strata are more prone to disruption than those of canopy trees.     

Lake to land subsidies: experimental addition of aquatic insects increases terrestrial arthropod densities

Aquatic insects are a common and important subsidy to terrestrial systems, yet little is known about how these inputs affect terrestrial food webs, especially around lakes. Myvatn, a lake in northern Iceland, has extraordinary midge (Chironomidae) emergences that result in large inputs of biomass and nutrients to terrestrial arthropod communities. We simulated this lake-to-land resource pulse by collecting midges from Myvatn and spreading their dried carcasses on 1-m2 plots at a nearby site that receives very little midge deposition. We hypothesized a positive bottom-up response of detritivores that would be transmitted to their predators and would persist into the following year. We sampled the arthropod community once per month for two consecutive summers. Midge addition resulted in significantly different arthropod communities and increased densities of some taxa in both years. Detritivores, specifically Diptera larvae, Collembola, and Acari increased in midge-addition plots, and so did some predators and parasitoids. Arthropod densities were still elevated a year after midge addition, and two years of midge addition further increased the density of higher-order consumers (e.g., Coleoptera and Hymenoptera). Midge addition increased arthropod biomass by 68% after one year and 108% after two years. By manipulating the nutrient pulse delivered by midges we were able to elucidate food web consequences of midge deposition and spatial and temporal dynamics that are difficult to determine based on comparative approaches alone. Resources cross ecosystem boundaries and are assimilated over time because of life-history strategies that connect aquatic and terrestrial food webs and these systems cannot be fully understood in isolation from each other.     

The patchiness of epifoliar fungi in tropical forests: host range, host abundance, and environment

Fungal symbioses affect the diversity, dynamics, and spatial patterns of trees in tropical forests. Their ecological importance is partly driven by their inherent patchiness. We used epifoliar fungi, a guild of common, benign, obligate, fungal symbionts of plants, as a model system to evaluate the relative importance of host phylogeny, host relative abundance, and microclimate on the three-dimensional distribution of plant-fungus symbioses. In parallel studies in rainforests in Panama and Australia, most epifoliar fungi were able to colonize several plant lineages but showed significant host preferences within the local plant community. More closely related plant species were not more likely to share fungal symbionts. Instead, fungal species were more likely to be shared by more abundant hosts, which supported a greater number and diversity of fungi. Environmental conditions strongly affected spatial distributions, with sites in the dark understory 2.5- to fourfold more likely to have epifoliar fungi than in the exposed forest canopy. In the understory, fungal incidence increased with canopy openness. Canopy trees supported only a subset of the fungal symbionts found in the understory, suggesting that adult trees are not reservoirs of these fungal symbionts for understory juveniles.     

Shifts in southern Wisconsin forest canopy and understory richness, composition, and heterogeneity

We resurveyed the under- and overstory species composition of 94 upland forest stands in southern Wisconsin in 2002-2004 to assess shifts in canopy and understory richness, composition, and heterogeneity relative to the original surveys in 1949-1950. The canopy has shifted from mostly oaks (Quercus spp.) toward more mesic and shade-tolerant trees (primarily Acer spp.). Oak-dominated early-successional stands and those on coarse, nutrient-poor soils changed the most in canopy composition. Understories at most sites (80%) lost native species, with mean species density declining 25% at the 1-m2 scale and 23.1% at the 20-m2 scale. Woody species have increased 15% relative to herbaceous species in the understory despite declining in absolute abundance. Initial canopy composition, particularly the abundance of red oaks (Quercus rubra and Q. velutina), predicted understory changes better than the changes observed in the overstory. Overall rates of native species loss were greater in later-successional stands, a pattern driven by differential immigration rather than differential extirpation. However, understory species initially found in early-successional habitats declined the most, particularly remnant savanna taxa with narrow or thick leaves. These losses have yet to be offset by compensating increases in native shade-adapted species. Exotic species have proliferated in prevalence (from 13 to 76 stands) and relative abundance (from 1.2% to 8.4%), but these increases appear unrelated to the declines in native species richness and heterogeneity observed. Although canopy succession has clearly influenced shifts in understory composition and diversity, the magnitude of native species declines and failure to recruit more shade-adapted species suggest that other factors now act to limit the richness, heterogeneity, and composition of these communities.     

川西高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其随林窗的变化特征

作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,林下植被及其残体的分布受到林冠层的影响,但迄今有关林窗对林下植被和残体生物量的影响尚无研究报道.于2013 年8 月2 日至20 日,以海拔3 600 m 的川西岷江冷杉原始林林下植被为研究对象,根据区域内的坡向和林分组成等因素设置3 个100 m×100 m 的典型样地,调查其生物量及其随林窗的变化特征.在每个样地内选择3 个大林窗,在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个20 m×20 m 的样方,调查粗木质残体长度或高度、大小头直径、枯立木记录胸径、腐烂等级等;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个5 m×5 m 的样方,采用“收获法”收集样方内直径在2.5-10 cm之间的细木质残体和灌木生物量;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个1 m×1 m 的样方来调查凋落物储量和草本生物量;在1m×1 m 的样方内随机选择1 个20 cm×20 cm 的小样方来调查地被植物生物量.结果表明,（1）川西高山森林生态系统总生物量为72.75 t·hm^-2,其中林下生物量为67.92 t·hm^-2,占生态系统生物量的95.17%.活体植被以灌木为主,其生物量为9.81t·hm^-2;残体部分以粗木质残体为主,其储量为53.00 t·hm^-2;（2）林窗对灌木、草本、地被植物的影响各不相同,且不同物种的灌木生物量表现出不同的分布规律;草本生物量表现出明显的“边缘效应”,在林缘显著高于林下;林窗和林缘的地被植物生物量相对较低;（3）粗木质残体储量从林下到林窗呈现减小的趋势,但总体储量仍然较大,林窗和林缘的细木质残体储量高于林下.这些结果为认识高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其格局,以及林窗在森林生态系统的重要作用提供了基础理论依据.