降雨型泥石流（水石流）预报模型研究

根据泥石流暴发具有某种周期性的特点，在获取了大量野外调查资料和历史资料的基础上，对降雨型泥石流进行了预报模型研究，并以北京市北部山区密云县为例作了泥石流预报尝试。以层次分析法和多元回归方法所得出的泥石流空间预报和时间预报模型对于泥石流的预报具有重要意义。     

1999年委内瑞拉阿维拉山北坡入海型泥石流

委内瑞拉阿维拉山呈东一西走向，北坡濒临加勒比海．１９９９年１２月１６日，阿维拉山北坡２０多条沟谷暴发泥石流，使沿海的城镇、村庄、港口、公路及各种设施遭到毁灭性破坏，造成数万人死亡，直接经济损失超过刀亿美元．泥石流发生在森林植被良好的山区，具低频率和群发性特征，规模大，直接入海．分析这次泥石流灾害，对我国的防灾减灾工作具有启示意义．     

泥石流暴发的应力自组织临界特性

泥石流是一种严重的自然灾害。从广延能量耗散的角度看，泥石流暴发的应力演化过程是一种自组织临界过程。斜坡松散碎屑土触变液化系统在暴雨激发下，内部不同因子间的相互非线性作用，导致斜坡碎屑土自然地朝临界极限应力状态发展，最终暴发泥石流。本文以应力的自组织观点，分析了泥石流暴发的特性。蒋家沟泥石流的资料显示，泥石流规模与频率间存在着幂律关系，这说明泥石流活动具有自组织临界的特性。     

川藏铁路沟谷型泥石流形成运动特征与工程危害研究∗

拟建川藏铁路拉林铁路段山地灾害活跃,沿线分布有大量的沟谷型泥石流沟,由于其规模大、侵蚀强烈、具有重复性等特点,时常对铁路和公路造成破坏,并直接或间接的影响着拟建川藏铁路的建设,甚至对铁路后期的安全运营造成威胁。考虑到拟建川藏铁路和G318的特殊性和重要性以及其时刻面临着泥石流灾害的威胁,故采用野外考察、室内试验、遥感解译等相结合的方法,对拟建川藏铁路沿线存在泥石流暴发痕迹的4条沟谷型泥石流沟的形成运动特征进行了研究,分析了4条泥石流沟的危害特点,结合泥石流运动参数和不同的危害特点提出了相应的防治方案。研究结果表明:(1)江中浦曲、帮改娘沟、色比单嘎沟、协拉浦曲在形成条件上有利于泥石流灾害的形成和暴发。(2)4条沟道的泥石流容重为1.7 g/cm3左右,均属稀性泥石流沟;色比单嘎沟泥石流在规模上属大型,其余3条沟泥石流在规模上均属特大型;泥石流一次过流总量为8.61万～1 901.97万m3;固体冲出物质为3.91万～829.95万m3;泥石流流速为5.2～6.6 m/s。(3)通过过流能力分析发现,协拉浦曲沟口G318断面存在明显的过流能力不足。(4)基于泥石流特征参数及危害的分析,对泥石流沟提出了相应的防治方案,可为该段拟建铁路和公路的建设和后期安全运营等的防灾减灾提供借鉴。     

基于遥感解译的典型低频泥石流形成机制研究——以四川省宁南县矮子沟泥石流为例

2012年6月28日四川省宁南县矮子沟暴发泥石流,造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失。通过对比事件前后流域的高精度遥感影像,并结合泥石流发生后野外调查情况进行综合分析。研究结果表明:矮子沟泥石流具有典型水力类泥石流的启动机制,其形成过程可分为四个阶段:①强降雨使得地表径流快速汇集,使得坡体表层土产生破坏并启动,形成坡面泥石流并汇入主沟;②具有极强侵蚀能力的坡面泥石流开始对沟床内的固体物质产生强烈的揭底侵蚀和侧蚀,使得沟床堆积体的稳定性产生破坏并启动;③沟床堆积物在受到揭底侵蚀后,从上游依次往下,形成连续性的破坏并为泥石流的形成持续提供固体物质,以维持泥石流的运动并放大其规模;④在达到海拔800 m沟口转弯处之后,由于受到地形的限制及泥石流自身的动能衰减并产生堆积,泥石流过程结束。通过对该次泥石流的物源补给过程进一步研究认为,其物源补给可分为形成泥石流流体所需的启动型物源和维持泥石流持续运动的维持型物源两类。通过对比发现,低频泥石流在启动过程中的物源补给过程具有明显的启动型物源和维持型物源两个相对微观物源补给类型及过程,可为这类泥石流防治工程的类型选择及设计提供重要的理论依据。     

四川色达县切都柯沟"7·8"泥石流灾害风险评价

2004年7月8日,四川甘孜州色达县歌乐沱乡切都柯沟暴发泥石流.由于前期断断续续一个多月的降雨,使得切都柯沟多处发生崩塌,大量松散固体物质含水量趋于饱和,致使在7月8日一场不大降雨的情况下触发了泥石流.这次泥石流灾害造成的损失虽不十分严重,但泥石流过程比较典型.我们将考察结果整理成文,并用已有的泥石流风险评价模型对其危险度、易损度和风险度作了分类评价,以期为今后的深入研究和防灾减灾实践提供基础.     

冻融条件下冰碛补给型泥石流物源汇集过程与灾变初探

冻融作用在高寒山区以冰碛作为物源补给的泥石流形成及演化过程中起着重要的作用。针对冻融条件下冰碛补给型泥石流物源的汇集特征,结合泥石流物源区沟道岸坡的微地貌特征,通过分析冻融条件下松散物源汇集的影响因素、汇集阶段及汇集过程与暴发频率的关系,认为冻融条件下冰碛补给型泥石流的物源汇集过程可分为三种汇集方式(循环式冻融汇集、季节性冻融汇集及坡向式冻融汇集)和三个连续阶段(物源空旷阶段、物源丰富阶段及物源充足阶段)。在冰碛补给型泥石流物源汇集阶段划分的基础上,对在不同阶段泥石流发生灾变的可能性进行了分析和预测,并根据不同灾变阶段提出了相应的防灾减灾对策。     

四川德昌县凹米罗沟泥石流成灾过程与危险性评价

论述了四川德昌县凹米罗沟泥石流孕育环境、形成条件和发生过程.泥石流的暴发是由短历时、强暴雨激发的.分析了泥石流危险度和活动趋势,并提出了相应的防治建议.     

对泥石流形成演变的一种认识：自然条件组合论

泥石流是一定自然条件组合作用下的产物。水、地形坡降和松散固体物质是泥石流形成的三个基本条件,但必须在激发、触发或诱发因素作用下才能发生。对于泥石流的形成,自然条件组合对直接参与因子本身有选择性;组合因子中强度较弱因子的变化对泥石流发生有着决定性作用;影响泥石流活动的间接因子通过对直接参于因子的作用而对泥石流形成发挥效力,影响到泥石流活动的增强和减弱,暴发和停止;某一因子在历史上的演变,将影响到一系列因子的变化,泥石流活动将发生明显变化。自然条件组合论的这些基本观点将在泥石流预测预报、发展趋势、分类防治等方面的研究工作中,起到应有的作用。     

四川青衣江上游若壁小沟泥石流及其防治对策

若壁小沟为四川青衣江上游左岸的一级支沟,该沟处于深切割高山峡谷区,地形坡度陡,构造发育,岩石破碎,加之较为丰富的降雨,使该沟具备泥石流暴发的条件。该沟如果暴发泥石流,将对某电站拟建厂房产生威胁。该沟泥石流具有成灾快、危害严重、松散固体物质以坡面崩塌补给为主、活动频率中等等特征。通过野外考察和取样分析,该沟泥石流的性质和类型为中频率—中~大规模—低~高粘度泥石质泥石流。分析预测了该沟泥石流在强烈地震条件下、近期出现不同频率暴雨情况下及人类活动影响下的发展趋势。在此基础上,提出了该沟泥石流减灾工程规划方案。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.