典型锌冶金区蔬菜重金属的生物可给性及健康风险评价

为了探究冶金区蔬菜重金属污染状况及对人体的危害,以葫芦岛锌冶炼厂周围为研究区域,对8种典型蔬菜中重金属含量进行分析,采用体外胃肠模拟实验,测算出蔬菜中重金属的生物可给性,并以此修正健康风险评价计算方法.结果表明,蔬菜中各重金属的生物可给性在模拟胃阶段表现为:Cd(67.67%)Pb(50.70%)Cu(44.69%)Hg(3.09%);在模拟肠阶段表现为:Pb(48.90%)Cd(40.66%)Cu(32.88%)Hg(13.12%).由生物可给性校正后,人群通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属的目标危险系数(THQ)顺序依次为:CdPbCuHg.基于胃肠阶段生物可给性计算的重金属单元素的目标危险系数(THQ)及多种重金属复合的目标危险系数(TTHQ)均小于1,但基于胃阶段生物可给性的Cd目标危险系数(THQ)仍然超过1,表明锌厂周围人群通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属存在健康风险.成人的4种单元素THQ值和TTHQ值均高于儿童,说明成人通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属的健康风险高于儿童.     

上海市郊工业区附近蔬菜中重金属分布及其健康风险

分析比较上海市郊工业区附近露天蔬菜样品清洗前后Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As含量,并利用目标危害商数对蔬菜可食部分进行健康风险评价.结果表明,清洗蔬菜样品中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As的平均含量(以鲜重计)分别为0.023、4.444、0.112、0.826、0.004、0.094 mg·kg~(-1).苋菜对于重金属Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的富集能力最大,而杭白菜对重金属Hg和As的富集能力最强.不同重金属在空间分布特征上没有表现出显著性差异.食用蔬菜前进行清洗可一定程度上降低摄食蔬菜导致的重金属危害风险.健康风险评价结果表明,As元素对TTHQ的贡献率均达到了55%以上,其余元素THQ均小于1,长期食用可能造成As健康风险.食用相同的蔬菜,儿童的健康风险高于成人.     

大宝山矿区重金属污染对人体健康风险的研究

以广东省大宝山重金属污染矿区癌症高发村上坝为研究区域,测定了上坝村31户饮用井水,13种58个蔬菜样品,26户大米样品中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu的含量以及人体尿样、血样中Cd的含量.系统地评价了通过饮食途径(井水、蔬菜和大米)重金属暴露接触对人体的健康风险.研究结果表明,上坝污染区31户井水中分别有12口井水的Zn和14口井水的Cd含量超过生活饮用水水质标准; Pb、Zn、Cd在蔬菜中的含量分别为国家蔬菜卫生标准限值的4.0、1.1、5.6倍,在大米中的含量为国家粮食卫生标准限值的7.0、3.4、2.9倍.重金属暴露接触对人体健康风险评价结果表明,通过大米摄入的Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu的THQ(Target hazard quotients)靶标危害系数均大于1,饮食摄入重金属途径中大米对人体健康已构成巨大的潜在风险,蔬菜中Cd和Pb也具有潜在风险;饮用井水中几种重金属的THQ值均小于1,说明井水中重金属对污染区居民健康风险很低,因而Pb、Cd和Zn通过大米的摄入是造成当地居民健康风险的主要原因.重金属暴露接触对儿童的健康风险高于成年人.上坝村居民血Pb负荷水平远低于国家卫生部Pb接触限值,但尿Cd和血Cd含量平均值分别为3.41 μg·g-1(肌酐Creatine,Cr)和4.69 μg·L-1,略高于国内外其它非污染地区的平均水平.     

锌冶炼厂周围重金属在土壤-蔬菜系统中的迁移特征

采用对应采样方法研究了葫芦岛锌冶炼厂周围土壤、蔬菜中Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的含量及其在土壤-蔬菜中的传递,分析了土壤、蔬菜中重金属的来源.结果发现锌厂周围土壤、蔬菜受到重金属的严重污染.蔬菜可食用部分Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的含量(以鲜重计)最高可分别达到0.013、5.476、2.852、41.16和1.515 mg/kg.通过转移因子的比较分析,锌厂周围重金属在土壤-蔬菜中的转移能力为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Hg,重金属从土壤向蔬菜叶片中的转移能力高于蔬菜的其它器官.土壤中重金属主要来源于锌厂周围的大气.蔬菜叶片中的Pb可能部分来源于大气,而汞则主要来源于大气.     

南京市郊设施蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了南京市郊2个设施蔬菜栽培基地蔬菜中的重金属含量,并与国内蔬菜标准进行比较;运用目标危害系数(the target hazard quotient,THQ)方法评价了当地居民摄食蔬菜导致的健康风险,并比较了成人和儿童居民THQ值大小.结果表明,蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的平均含量分别是0.1...     

某废渣填埋场周边土壤-蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了掌握广西某废渣填埋场对周边环境产生的不利影响,该研究以其周边主要村庄作为研究区域,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计、原子荧光光度计测定所有样品(2份废渣、1份填埋土、9份土壤、36份蔬菜、34份大米)中的Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni含量。结果表明,土壤中Cd污染严重;蔬菜中Cr污染严重;大米中Pb污染严重。相关性分析表明,土壤中Pb与Cd、Zn,Cd与Cu、Mn之间存在显著相关关系(p≤0.05);Pb与Cu,Zn与Cd、Cu,Cr与Mn之间存在极显著相关关系(p≤0.01);蔬菜中Pb和As有协同效应,具有一定的同源性(p≤0.05);土壤-蔬菜中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的相关性均未达到统计上的显著水平。废渣填埋场周边的居民(成人和青少年儿童)重金属健康风险(THQ、TTHQ)1,说明通过蔬菜、大米等食物摄入途径导致的重金属健康风险不明显,但是儿童通过食物(蔬菜、大米)摄入重金属的健康风险高于成年人,说明研究区域内儿童健康更易受到重金属的影响。     

锌冶炼区菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况及风险评价

对黔西北地区某典型锌冶炼区菜地土壤和主要蔬菜进行取样调查,测定了土壤和蔬菜可食用部分Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、As、Ni 6种重金属的含量,采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法评价了土壤和蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,并分别采用潜在生态风险指数（RI）和目标危险系数法（THQ）评价了菜地土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险和蔬菜中重金属对成人和青少年儿童的健康风险.结果表明,该区域菜地土壤已受到重金属的重度污染,且以Cd对综合指数的贡献最大,土壤Cd存在极强生态风险,研究区处于轻微、中等、强和很强的生态风险程度的采样点比例分别为2.0%、14.3%、35.7%和48.0%;在所采集的蔬菜样本中,土豆处于重度污染水平,芸豆处于中度污染水平;复合重金属健康风险指数评价结果表明,食用研究区域蔬菜对成人和青少年儿童健康产生负面影响的可能性很大.     

广州市蔬菜中重金属污染特征研究与评价

蔬菜是人们日常生活中必不可少的食物,但蔬菜受重金属污染会对人体健康造成直接的威胁.于广州市12个区(市)采集116个蔬菜样品,检测分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr这6种元素,通过单因子评估、内梅罗综合指数分析广州市蔬菜中重金属的超标因子与污染特征,采用暴露风险分析评价食用当地种植蔬菜引起重金属对人体的健康风险.结果表明,8种蔬菜中Cu与Zn的含量未超标;Cr的超标率高达91.67%;Pb超标蔬菜为莴苣、丝瓜、番茄和胡萝卜,超标率高达35.71%,以胡萝卜超标最为严重;Cd超标的蔬菜为番茄,超标率达31.25%;Ni超标的蔬菜包括油麦菜、空心菜与菜心,超标率最高为8.33%.8种蔬菜污染程度表现为:空心菜、油麦菜、菜心、白萝卜和胡萝卜均处于警戒级,而莴苣、丝瓜和番茄则处于安全级别;4类蔬菜的重金属综合污染程度呈现叶菜类肉质根类茎类菜茄果类的趋势.健康风险评估表明,广州市居民中日常多食用空心菜、菜心和油麦菜的人群重金属累积的健康风险较高,且经膳食摄入重金属Cr对人体健康可能会造成危害,摄入Cd对人体具有潜在的健康风险.经口摄入蔬菜重金属对儿童可能造成的暴露风险要高于成年人.     

典型有色金属矿业城市零星菜地蔬菜重金属污染及健康风险评估

在铜陵惠溪河流域及铜陵有色金属冶炼厂周边零星菜地,选择35个点位采集8种蔬菜(226颗)及相应的土样,在对重金属As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cd和Zn含量分析测试的基础上,开展蔬菜重金属污染评价、富集能力分析及健康风险评估.结果表明:①研究区土壤重金属污染严重,As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cd和Zn平均含量分别达96.96、56.64、1 247.82、313.59、6.743和600.96 mg·kg-1,均显著高于铜陵市土壤元素背景值;②8种蔬菜重金属综合污染指数平均值,均超过重污染等级阈值3.0,达重污染水平;③蔬菜对Zn富集能力最强,其次是Ni和Cu,对As、Pb、Cd等的富集系数相对较小,蔬菜中6种重金属污染程度排序为Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd;④蔬菜重金属As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cd和Zn相应的THQ值分别为17.92、1.01、10.14、0.73、0.21和1.93,其中As和Cu的非致癌风险贡献率最大,分别为56.10%和31.75%,是研究区蔬菜重金属危害的最重要元素;⑤成人经蔬菜途径进入人体的As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cd和Zn,分别为324.38、1 211.25、24 326.25、176.25、12.75和34 800μg·d-1;⑥蔬菜中As的目标致癌风险TR达8.06×10-3,远超过美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的可接受风险10-6～10-4和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险值5.0×10-5,表明长期食用这些蔬菜可能带来较高的健康风险.     

昆明市蔬菜及其土壤中铅、镉、铜和锌含量水平及污染评价

对昆明市蔬菜及其土壤中铅、镉、铜和锌含量水平进行了初步的调查并对其土壤污染进行了评价,结果表明蔬菜土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn均存在一定程度的污染,其中Pb、Zn为轻污染,Cd、Cu为中污染,土壤重金属综合评价为中污染.蔬菜可食部分Pb、Cd、Zn的含量均超过国家食品卫生标准和绿色蔬菜标准,依次为Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn.蔬菜中Pb含量过高与汽车尾气Pb污染有很大的关系.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.