CFB锅炉尾部烟道增湿活化脱硫工艺的试验研究

为探索进一步提高循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉脱硫效率,在一台燃用混矸煤(洗中煤 60%和煤矸石 40%)的 300 MW 循环流化床锅炉的尾部烟道上,设计了简易煤灰增湿活化脱硫工艺装置,研究其机理及影响因素。试验结果表明:煤灰增湿脱硫反应很迅速,增湿 Ca/S 摩尔比、水钙摩尔比和出口温距是影响其增湿脱硫效率的主要因素。煤灰增湿活化脱硫工艺提高了脱硫剂的利用率,降低了 SO2 排放浓度和脱硫运行成本;控制了粉煤灰中游离氧化钙的含量,提高了粉煤灰的综合利用率。     

Degradation and Pathway of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate

In the context of water treatment, the ferrate ([FeO(4)](2-)) ion has long been known for its strong oxidizing power and for producing a coagulant from its reduced form [i.e., Fe(III)]. However, it has not been widely applied in water treatment, because of preparation difficulties and high cost. This article describes a low-cost procedure for producing solid potassium ferrate. In this synthetic procedure, NaClO was used in place of chlorine generation; and 10?M KOH was used in place of saturated KOH in the previous procedures. In addition, this study investigated the reactions of potassium ferrate with tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) at different pH and molar ratios. Results showed that the optimal pH range for TC degradation was pH 9-10, and TC could be mostly removed by Fe(VI) in 60?s. However, results showed >70% of TC degraded and <15% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction at molar ratio of 1:20. The main degradation pathway of TC is proposed based on the experimental data.     

Oxidation of Toluene on γ-Al2O3 Supported Copper–Manganese Catalysts

Abstract Catalytic incineration of toluene over γ-Al2O3-supported copper–manganese oxide catalysts in the temperature range of 433?K–553?K was investigated using a fixed-bed flow reactor. Catalysts were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Incineration of toluene was achieved at temperatures up to 553?K and it was found that the weight ratio of reactants (Cu:Mn) was optimized to be 15:10. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area results had no correlation with the activity of the catalysts. Results of temperature-programmed reduction/temperature-programmed oxidation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the redox peak of the 15Cu-10Mn catalyst shifted at lower temperatures and the binding energy shifted toward higher oxidation levels. These results show that high binding energy and high redox capacity are the causes of...     

Simultaneous Removal of Nitrate and Natural Organic Matter from Drinking Water Using a Hybrid Heterotrophic/Autotrophic/Biological Activated Carbon Bioreactor

Simultaneous removal of nitrate ([Formula: see text]) and natural organic matter (NOM) from drinking water using a hybrid heterotrophic/autotrophic/BAC bioreactor (HHABB) was studied in continuous mode. The HHABB consisted of three compartments: ethanol heterotrophic part, sulfur autotrophic part, and biological activated carbon (BAC)-part (including anoxic and aerobic sections). Experiments were performed with [Formula: see text] concentration 30?mg N/L, [Formula: see text] loading rate 0.72?kg N/m(3)/d, C?:?N ratio 0.53, and three concentrations of NOM (0.6, 2.6, and 5.7?mg C/L). Overall denitrification rate and efficiency of the HHABB were not affected by NOM concentration and were in the suitable ranges of 0.69-0.70?kg N/m(3)/d and 96.0%-97.7%, respectively. NOM removal at concentration 0.6?mg C/L was not efficient because of organic carbon replacement as soluble microbial products. At higher NOM concentrations, total NOM removal efficiencies were 55%-65%, 55%-70%, and 55%-65% for dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane formation potential, and UV absorbance at 254?nm (UV(254)), respectively. The more efficient compartments of the HHABB for the removal of NOM were the ethanol heterotrophic phase and aerobic BAC-phase. The efficiency of the HHABB in the removal of NOM was considerable, and the effluent dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane formation potential concentrations were relatively low. This study indicated that the HHABB without the anoxic BAC-phase could be a feasible alternative for simultaneous removal of [Formula: see text] and NOM from drinking water at full scale.     

黄土区薄层浮土道路侵蚀试验研究

为研究降雨强度和坡度对黄土区薄层浮土覆盖的土质道路产流产沙的影响,在野外调查的基础上,通过室内模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm/min)和坡度(2°、4°、8°、16°)条件下0.5 cm厚度浮土道路径流和产沙特征。结果表明:1)相同坡度条件下,平均径流率随雨强增大呈递增趋势,其变化范围在0.80~2.73 L/min,且1.5~2.5 mm/min雨强条件下平均径流率是1.0 mm/min的1.34~3.04倍,各雨强条件下浮土侵蚀阶段产流量占比范围在5.22%~40.38%;2)次降雨平均含沙量随坡度和雨强的增大均呈递增趋势,其变化范围在11.75~194.25 g/L,且与坡度和雨强分别呈显著线性和指数函数关系(P<0.05),1.0~2.5 mm/min雨强下浮土侵蚀阶段产沙量占比为0.05%~71.51%,其占比随雨强和坡度的增大存在波动,且混合侵蚀阶段产沙量与坡度和雨强呈良好的线性关系(P<0.01);3)累计产沙量随累计产流量的增大而增大且满足线性函数关系,决定系数均在0.96以上。研究结果揭示了薄层浮土道路径流侵蚀规律,可为土质道路治理及道路侵蚀模型建立提供参考。     

钢管再生混凝土柱的耐火极限

介绍了考虑再生混凝土粗骨料取代率影响的再生混凝土热工参数模型和热-力本构关系,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对钢管再生混凝土柱进行实体单元建模,模拟火灾作用下该组合柱的力学特性与耐火极限,通过与试验结果的比较验证有限元模型的合理性,并在系统分析各主要参数影响规律的基础上提出钢管再生混凝土柱耐火极限的简化公式。研究结果表明:(1)有限元模拟钢管再生混凝土柱的温度场和耐火极限与实测结果总体符合,验证了提出的再生混凝土热工参数模型和热-力本构关系的正确性;(2)截面尺寸和长细比是影响钢管再生混凝土柱耐火极限的主要因素;(3)简化公式计算钢管再生混凝土柱的耐火极限与试验结果吻合较好。     

碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的高温抗弯承载力——影响因素及衰减关系

通过引入混凝土高温等效抗压强度,提出了碳纤维布加固混凝土梁高温抗弯承载力的一种简化计算方法.利用所提方法,考察了防火涂料设置、碳纤维布加固量、受拉钢筋配筋率、混凝土保护层厚度等参数对加固梁高温抗弯承载力的影响规律.在大量分析结果基础上,建立了加固梁高温抗弯承载力随升温时间的定量衰减关系.研究结果表明:(1)利用该简化方法所得加固梁的耐火极限与试验结果吻合较好;(2)实际工程中梁侧防火涂料高度可以90 mm为限,在此范围内加固梁的高温抗弯承载力随着梁侧防火涂料高度的增加逐渐增大;(3)混凝土保护层厚度越小,加固梁抗弯承载力随升温时间增加而降低的速率越大,但升温2 h以后加固梁的抗弯承载力基本按同一速率下降.     

Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonates as a Function of Temperature, Solution Composition, and Presence of a Silicate Mineral Substrate

Abstract Precipitation of carbonate minerals can play important roles in geological carbon sequestration and engineered processes for mineral carbonation. Influences of temperature, solution composition, and the presence of a solid substrate on the nucleation and precipitation of magnesium carbonate minerals were examined in a set of batch experiments. Conditions studied are relevant to full-scale geological carbon sequestration systems. Aqueous phase analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry quantified the extent of precipitation. X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to identify solids. Temperature significantly affected the identity of the solid obtained. At 25°C and 60°C the solids were magnesium carbonate minerals, and at 100°C the solid phase was identified as brucite [Mg(OH)2]. Although magnesite (MgCO3) was predicted to be the most thermodynamically stable magnesium carbonate phase, no magnesite precipitated and instead metastable magnesium carbonate phases formed. Evolution of d...     

北京市酸雨变化趋势及成因分析

1993-2002年中国气象局酸雨观测站网在北京地区有两个观测站,2003年增至3个。根据北京3个酸雨观测站的有关资料,研究了北京市酸雨变化的特征及成因。研究结果表明:第一,1993-2007年北京地区降水酸度呈现两个阶段,即1993-2002年降水酸度稳定在较弱水平,而2003-2008年呈逐年增强趋势。第二,与2003年以前相比,2003年以后硫酸根和硝酸根离子浓度均呈明显增加趋势,二者比值逐步下降并低于3,这表明北京乃至华北地区的酸雨已由硫酸型转为硫酸与硝酸并重型。第三,北京周边省、市二氧化硫年排放量的增加及钙离子和可吸入颗粒物浓度减少是近年来北京地区酸雨增强的人为原因。第四,气象条件是酸雨发生的主要动力因素。一般情况下,在地面风速较小的季节酸雨频率较高,850hPa高度为弱的偏南风或发生低层逆温时可促进酸雨的发生。此外降水量的大小也与酸雨有密切关系,24 h降水量达暴雨量级时酸雨频率最高。