Mg-Fe-Al复合氧化物的制备及其对刚果红吸附性能的研究

通过共沉淀法制备了Mg-Fe-Al复合氧化物,并将其应用于水中刚果红的吸附研究。考察了Mg∶Fe∶Al(摩尔比)、pH、煅烧温度等因素对刚果红吸附性能的影响,并进行了吸附热力学和动力学研究。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪对Mg-Fe-Al复合氧化物进行表征。结果表明,Mg-Fe-Al复合氧化物的最佳制备条件为Mg∶Fe∶Al=2∶1∶1、pH=10、煅烧温度为500℃,并经结构表征确认,对刚果红的最大吸附量达到768.9mg/g。吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和准二级速率方程。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰添加对沥青铺路烟气苯系物释放的影响

为探究垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)添加对沥青铺路烟气中苯系物的影响,实验室模拟研究了不同的温度区间(50～80、80～145、145～165、165～200、200℃恒温)及飞灰添加量(质量分数分别为0、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%)条件下,沥青烟气中苯系物的释放规律。结果表明:温度对苯系物的释放有显著的影响,苯系物释放浓度随着温度的增加而增加,在50～80、80～145、145～165、165～200℃及200℃恒温5个温度区间内苯系物的平均浓度较上一区间分别增加了1.02、2.22、0.50、1.08倍。实验中飞灰的添加对沥青烟气中苯系物的释放浓度无显著影响,但对各单体影响不同。当飞灰添加量为3.0%时,苯、乙苯、二甲苯(间二甲苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯)、三甲苯(1,3,5-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、1,2,3-三甲苯)释放浓度增加了16.78%、20.65%、37.69%、9.72%,随着飞灰添加量的继续增加其浓度增幅逐渐减少。     

聚丙烯酰胺-谷胱甘肽-聚合硫酸铝铁去除Mn(Ⅱ)和溶解性有机物的研究

为有效去除水体中Mn(Ⅱ)和溶解性有机物(DOM),以聚合硫酸铝铁(PAFS)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)为原料,成功合成复合混凝剂PAM-GSH-PAFS,对产物结构和组成进行了表征,并对其混凝性能进行了研究。结果表明:PAFS与PAM-GSH发生了化学反应;PAM-GSH-PAFS具有复杂紧密的孔隙结构,有助于产生吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,表现出优异的混凝性能。当Mn(Ⅱ)与溶解性有机碳(DOC)均为10.0mg/L,pH为7.0,PAM-GSH-PAFS投加量为5.76mg/L时,Mn(Ⅱ)与DOC去除率分别达到63.5%、82.4%。     

新型硅镁胶(MgO·2SiO_2)对模拟放射性废水中Co~(2+)的吸附性能

以泡花碱和氯化镁为原料合成出了一种新型硅镁胶(MgO·2SiO2)吸附材料,用傅里叶红外光谱仪对其进行了表征,并对模拟放射性废水中的Co2+进行吸附实验。结果表明,控制合成pH在10.50~11.00,可以得到目标硅镁胶(MgO·2SiO2),在460 cm-1处出现了较强的吸收峰,这是由Mg—O伸缩振动和Si—Mg—O弯曲振动引起。在500℃焙烧4h后,可以得到吸附性能良好的硅镁胶,随着溶液pH的升高,去除率增大,在pH为4~8时达到最大。25℃时,最大吸附量可达135.5 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和准二级动力学方程。重复使用4次,对Co2+的吸附量仍然达到130 mg/g,说明硅镁胶是一种可重复利用的吸附剂。     

稻草制取糠醛联产高效复合肥工艺研究

研究了以稻草为原料，用改良硫酸法制取糠醛联产复合肥的工艺条件。结果表明，用20%硫酸（液固质量比为2.5:1），加入复合添加剂（1）（主要成分为磷酸钙、磷酸、重钙、亚硫酸氢钠等）或（Ⅱ）（主要成分为磷酸、重钙等）添加比例为15%～30%(占原料质量分数）、常压、100℃蒸馏2h，出醛率达理论出醛率的70%～80%，废渣全部变为中性复合肥料。     

Fe/Si/TiO2三元复合光催化剂的性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Fe/Si/TiO2三元复合光催化剂,利用X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)对样品进行了分析表征,并以甲基橙为模拟污染物,考察了其光催化活性.结果表明,Fe/Si/TiO2三元复合光催化剂与TiO2相比,光催化活性明显提高;当煅烧温度为900℃、添加Fe的摩尔分数为0.050%时,光催化活性最佳.     

Ti4+复合聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂的制备表征及絮凝性能

以FeSO4·7H2O为原料,NaClO3氧化法制备出聚合硫酸铁,并用Ti4+与其复合得到复合絮凝剂。运用XRD及FTIR对絮凝剂结构进行了表征,并通过处理油田废水含油量和浊度考察了絮凝剂的絮凝性能。结果表明,Ti4+与聚合硫酸铁复合以后,样品分子量增大,结晶性变差,晶粒变小,无定形结构所占比例增大。Ti4+与聚合硫酸铁不是简单的混合,而是发生了一定的相互作用,并且生成了Ti—O—Fe键。通过正交实验优化出的制备条件为:n(Ti4+)/n(Fe3+)=0.05;合成温度为65℃;搅拌时间为1 h。复合后的产物对油田废水的处理效果优于复合前,且在pH值为7,投加量(以铁计)为20 mg/L时絮凝性能最好,其油去除率与浊度去除率分别为89.8%和98.3%。     

生物质碳基固体酸催化剂的制备及其对酯化反应的催化性能

为了寻找一种以生物质为原料,能够温和地合成磁性碳基固体酸催化剂的路径,以生物质柚子果皮为原料合成磁性固体酸催化剂,并将其用于催化油酸和乙醇的酯化反应中。结果表明:MPC-0.4-SO_3H和MPC-0.8-SO_3H在反应温度为80℃、催化剂用量为油酸质量的7%、油醇比为1∶20、反应时间为8 h时,酯化率可达到68.0%和68.8%,高于商用催化剂Amberlyst-15的酯化率;2种催化剂耐水性好,稳定性高,重复使用3次和4次时,酯化率仍高于或接近Amberlyst-15。通过分析可知,2种固体酸活化能较低,与Amberlyst-15相比,其催化反应的速率常数更大,在生物柴油的合成中具有较好的应用前景。     

新型硅镁胶（MgO·2SiO2）对模拟放射性废水中CO2＋的吸附性能

以泡花碱和氯化镁为原料合成出了一种新型硅镁胶（MgO-2SiO2）吸附材料,用傅里叶红外光谱仪对其进行了表征,并对模拟放射性废水中的Co2＋进行吸附实验。结果表明,控制合成pH在10．50～11．00,可以得到目标硅镁胶（MgO·2SiO2）,在460cm-1处出现了较强的吸收峰,这是由Mg-O伸缩振动和si—Mg-O弯曲振动引起。在500℃焙烧4h后,可以得到吸附性能良好的硅镁胶,随着溶液pit的升高,去除率增大,在pH为4～8时达到最大。25％时,最大吸附量可达135．5mg／g,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和准二级动力学方程。重复使用4次,对Co2＋的吸附量仍然达到130mg／g,说明硅镁胶是一种可重复利用的吸附剂。     

不同改性方式对控释碳源材料脱氮性能的影响

以玉米淀粉(S)为碳源,聚乙烯醇(P)为骨架载体,根据是否用硼酸(B)和硫酸钠(N)做改性处理,制备了GSP、GSP-N、GSP-B和GSP-BN 4种控释碳源材料,研究N、B和BN 3种改性方式对碳源材料脱氮性能的影响。在添加4种碳源的静态实验中,硝酸盐氮去除率均在96.1%以上。碳源材料的改性对硝酸盐氮的降解情况影响不明显,但对脱氮过程中TOC、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮和TN浓度的变化有不同程度的影响。以TOC、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮和TN为指标,N、BN和B 3种改性方式综合效益指数分别为5.62、4.6和1.92,硫酸钠(N)改性处理对提高控释碳源材料整体性能具有最佳效果。     

Biodegradability testing of synthetic ester lubricants--effects of additives and usage

The optimised biodegradability test system "O2/CO2 Headspace Test with GC-TCD" is used for the assessment of synthetic ester lubricants. The effects of both additives and usage on biodegradability are examined and discussed. Ester based cutting fluids and hydraulic fluids with and without additives are used under defined conditions at machine tools and hydraulic and plain bearing test benches. The lubricants are characterised additionally with respect to kinematic viscosity, acidity and elemental composition. Furthermore, a formulated mineral oil is characterised before and after usage at an hydraulic test bench. The results clearly show that the mineral oil is far less biodegradable than the ester oils and that their biodegradability is not affected by usage. Biodegradability of the ester oils is mainly depending on the characteristics of the base fluids and not affected by the additives. Antioxidants are influencing stability respectively biodegradability indirectly, since they prevent oxopolymerisation effects. Other effects of usage on biodegradation are not detected. In this context, the antioxidants ensure ready biodegradability and have a positive effect on the environmental fate of synthetic ester lubricants.     

聚合硅酸钛铝复合絮凝剂的结构及性能

为了克服有机絮凝剂的二次投加及有毒性的缺点,以硅酸钠、硫酸钛、硫酸铝为原料,制备了聚合硅酸钛铝(PTAS)无机高分子复合絮凝剂处理模拟江水。结果表明,在n(Ti+Al)∶n(Si)=1∶3,n(Ti)∶n(Al)=1∶5,模拟江水pH值为5～9.3,絮凝剂投加量为0.3 mmol/L(以金属离子计)时,PTAS对模拟江水的混凝效果最好,除浊率达到92.5%以上。此外,通过X-射线衍射说明聚硅酸与硫酸铝、硫酸钛不是单纯的原料复合;红外吸收光谱显示钛、铝离子及其水解聚合产物可与共存的聚硅酸生成Si—O—Al键和Ti—O—Si键;激光粒度分析表明PTAS在聚合过程中粒度并没有明显变化,但均比聚硅酸粒径大。     

巯基酯化壳聚糖的合成及对Cd2＋的去除性能研究

采用化学方法,研究了以巯基甲壳质制备巯基酯化壳聚糖的最佳合成方案。研究表明,巯基甲壳质的脱乙酰条件（包括时间、温度、氢氧化钠浓度）影响其产物巯基酯化壳聚糖对重金属镉离子的吸附效果。当脱乙酰时间为2h,温度为160℃,氢氧化钠浓度为20％时,20mg的合成产物对30mLCd2＋浓度为20mg／L水样的去除率最高,达到85．46％,其对镉离子的吸附量达到28．5mg／g。通过对产物进行红外分析发现,巯基甲壳质中出现脂基特征峰值,脱乙酰后脂基并没有消失,证明最后的产物为巯基酯化壳聚糖。     

Integration of novel hybrid composite discharge electrode with semi-pilot novel cross-flow electrostatic precipitator

ABSTRACT

Wet electrostatic precipitators (WESPs) are modern-era pollution control systems specifically designed to capture ultrafine particles as well as acid mist, highly resistive and sticky particles; however, this requires the use of expensive corrosion-resistant metal alloys. The work presented here is part of a continuing study at Ohio University aimed at reducing the cost of WESPs by using a novel combination of a polymer collector surfaces with a hybrid composite discharge electrode. In this study, a hybrid composite discharge electrode was tested, for the first time, inside a semi-pilot-scale experimental setup, with collection surfaces consists of a vertical array of strands. Particle laden gases were passed through this array of polymer ropes, which were kept wet by a small flow of water. The discharge electrodes were composite laminates of carbon fibers in a polymer matrix enclosing a metal mesh. The preliminary results showed that this new integrated system of composite discharge electrode and polymer collector surfaces can match or exceed the performance of a conventional metal alloy electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with metal discharge electrodes. There are additional advantages due to the system being compact, lightweight, and highly corrosion resistant.

Implications: This study focused on integrating and assessing performance of a novel hybrid composite electrode (HCE) inside semi-pilot novel cross-flow electrostatic precipitator at conditions typically observed in coal-fired power plant exhausts. The results were collected for particulate collection efficiencies and were compared with a rigid metal electrode. The HCE outperformed metal electrode by showing higher particulate collection efficiency. This result showcases substantial potential for these two new technologies (HCE and cross-flow system) as a substitute for conventional metal based wet ESPs.     

超声波光催化协同降解对甲基苯磺酸水溶液的机理研究

采用超声波与光催化联合法对模拟废水中难生物降解的对甲基苯磺酸(4-TSA)进行降解实验研究,借助紫外光谱、红外光谱、质谱、气相色谱、高效液相色谱、化学需氧量和总有机碳的检测结果对反应机理进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明:超声波和光催化之间存在着协同效应;当溶液初始质量浓度30 mg/L,光催化剂TiO2投加量为100 mg...     

Preparation and characterization of surfactant-modified hydroxyapatite/zeolite composite and its adsorption behavior toward humic acid and copper(II)

A novel composite material, i.e., surfactant-modified hydroxyapatite/zeolite composite, was used as an adsorbent to remove humic acid (HA) and copper(II) from aqueous solution. Hydroxyapatite/zeolite composite (HZC) and surfactant-modified HZC (SMHZC) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscope. The adsorption of HA and copper(II) on SMHZC was investigated. For comparison purposes, HA adsorption onto HZC was also investigated. SMHZC exhibited much higher HA adsorption capacity than HZC. The HA adsorption capacity for SMHZC decreased slightly with increasing pH from 3 to 8 but decreased significantly with increasing pH from 8 to 12. The copper(II) adsorption capacity for SMHZC increased with increasing pH from 3 to 6.5. The adsorption kinetic data of HA and copper(II) on SMHZC obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption of HA and copper(II) on SMHZC took place in three different stages: fast external surface adsorption, gradual adsorption controlled by both film and intra-particle diffusions, and final equilibrium stage. The equilibrium adsorption data of HA on SMHZC better fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich isotherm model. The equilibrium adsorption data of copper(II) on SMHZC could be described by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The presence of copper(II) in solution enhanced HA adsorption onto SMHZC. The presence of HA in solution enhanced copper(II) adsorption onto SMHZC. The mechanisms for the adsorption of HA on SMHZC at pH 7 may include electrostatic attraction, organic partitioning, hydrogen bonding, and Lewis acid–base interaction. The mechanisms for the adsorption of copper(II) on SMHZC at pH 6 may include surface complexation, ion exchange, and dissolution–precipitation. The obtained results indicate that SMHZC can be used as an effective adsorbent to simultaneously remove HA and copper(II) from water.     

Versatile superhydrophobic bismuth molybdate cotton fabric for oil/water separation and decompose dyestuff

Water pollution caused by the discharged insolubility petroleum contaminants and organic compound dyes seriously threatens the natural self-purity capacity of the water body and the survival of aquatic species, so it is imperative to restraint the deterioration of the aquatic environment. In this paper, pathways are propounded for the simultaneous removal of insoluble spilling oil and organic dye contaminants. Particularly, hydrophobic ZnSnO₃ after stearic acid modification and Bi₂MoO₆ photocatalysts are introduced into the cotton fabric substrate through solution dip-coating. The durability of the prepared fabric suffers from the acid–base corrosion, thermal treatment and mechanical wear, while still exhibiting remarkable water-repellent (WCA?>?150°) property. Furthermore, the remarkable photocatalytic activity makes it possible for reusable degradation and the primary active species, namely the holes, to be verified by the radicals-capturing experiment. It is worth observing that as-prepared superhydrophobic fabric possesses admirable water-proof property and cycling durability of decomposing toxic water-soluble organic dye, thereby contributing to further realizing the ecological concept of clear waters.

     

Influence of organic acids on the transport of heavy metals in soil

Vegetation historically has been an important part of reclamation of sites contaminated with metals, whether the objective was to stabilize the metals or remove them through phytoremediation. Understanding the impact of organic acids typically found in the rhizosphere would contribute to our knowledge of the impact of plants in contaminated environments. Heavy metal transport in soils in the presence of simple organic acids was assessed in two laboratory studies. In the first study, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to investigate Zn, Cd, and Pb movement in a sandy loam soil as affected by soluble organic acids in the rhizosphere. Many of these organic acids enhanced heavy metal movement. For organic acid concentrations of 10mM, citric acid had the highest R(f) values (frontal distance moved by metal divided by frontal distance moved by the solution) for Zn, followed by malic, tartaric, fumaric, and glutaric acids. Citric acid also has the highest R(f) value for Cd movement followed by fumaric acid. Citric acid and tartaric acid enhanced Pb transport to the greatest degree. For most organic acids studied, R(f) values followed the trend Zn>Cd>Pb. Citric acid (10mM) increased R(f) values of Zn and Cd by approximately three times relative to water. In the second study, small soil columns were used to test the impact of simple organic acids on Zn, Cd, and Pb leaching in soils. Citric acid greatly enhanced Zn and Cd movement in soils but had little influence on Pb movement. The Zn and Cd in the effluents from columns treated with 10mM citric acid attained influent metal concentrations by the end of the experiment, but effluent metal concentrations were much less than influent concentrations for citrate <10mM. Exchangeable Zn in the soil columns was about 40% of total Zn, and approximately 80% total Cd was in exchangeable form. Nearly all of the Pb retained by the soil columns was exchangeable.     

Electrokinetic enhancement removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater sludge

An enhanced electrokinetic process for removal of metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) from an industrial wastewater sludge was performed. The electrokinetic experiments were conducted under a constant potential gradient (1.25 V cm(-1)) with processing fluids of tap water (TW), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and citric acid (CA) for 5 days. Results showed that metal removal efficiency of heavy metals for EK-TW, EK-SDS and EK-CA systems are 11.2-60.0%, 37.2-76.5%, and 43.4-78.0%, respectively. A highest metal removal performance was found in EK-CA system. The removal priority of investigated metals from sludge by EK process was found as: Cu > Pb > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr. The results of sequential extraction analysis revealed that the binding forms of heavy metals with sludge after electrokinetic process were highly depend upon the processing fluid operated. It was found that the binding forms of metals with sludge were changed from the more difficult extraction type (residual and sulfate fractions) to easier extraction types (exchangeable, sorbed, and organic fraction) after treatment by electrokinetic process. Results imply that if a proper treatment technology is followed by this EK process to remove metals more effectively, this treated sludge will be more beneficial for sludge utilization afterwards. Before it was reused, the risk associated with metals of more mobile forms to the environment need to be further investigated. The cost analysis was also evaluated for the investigated electrokinetic systems.     

Ecophysiological responses of Empetrum nigrum to heavy metal pollution

Chlorophyll, organic (citric and malic acids) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents and stem water potential were measured to indicate possible physiological effects of heavy metal deposition on Empetrum nigrum L. (crowberry). The leaves and stems of E. nigrum were collected at distances of 0.5 and 8 km from the Cu-Ni smelter at Harjavalta, south-west Finland. All the investigated parameters were clearly affected by heavy metal emissions. Chlorophyll contents in the leaves and organic acid contents in the leaves and stems were lower close to the emission source. Generally found increase in organic acid contents with increasing Ni concentrations was not found, which might be due to the lower production of organic acids measured by decreased photosynthesis near the smelter. In contrast, ABA contents in stems and leaves in general, were higher in plants growing 0.5 km from the pollution source. Close to the smelter the stem water potential of E. nigrum was less negative during the day but more negative during the night. These results suggest that smelter emissions have a negative effect on the ecophysiology of E. nigrum even though it is considered to be a tolerant species to heavy metals.