外源葡萄糖对麦秸厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

为进一步阐释混合厌氧发酵的内在机制,在中温(35±1)℃条件下,以麦秸为原料,以葡萄糖为外源易分解有机碳,采用批式发酵方式,进行了葡萄糖不同添加量和不同添加方式对秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气影响试验。结果表明,在试验初始添加葡萄糖可提高日产气量,但葡萄糖添加量太少对提高秸秆总固体(TS)产气量无促进作用,当葡萄糖添加量为秸秆TS质量的6%时获得最大秸秆TS产气量,为303.13 m L·g-1,继续增加葡萄糖添加量,秸秆TS产气量反而降低;在秸秆厌氧发酵日产气量下降阶段一次性或者分次添加葡萄糖对促进秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气均无效果,仅在试验初始一次性添加秸秆TS质量6%的葡萄糖时对秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气有促进作用,秸秆TS产气量较对照提高9.24%;添加葡萄糖对秸秆厌氧发酵过程产气中甲烷含量无明显影响,但提高累积产气中甲烷平均含量,且在日产气量下降后添加葡萄糖的效果更好,但这种促进效果与对照间差异并不显著。综合以上结果,在试验初始一次性添加秸秆TS质量6%的葡萄糖可以获得最佳的产气效果。     

添加蚓粪对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气特性的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,总固体(TS)含量为50g.kg-1,采用中温35℃批式发酵,考察了添加蚓粪对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆单独发酵时,单位TS产气量为333.3mL.g-1,甲烷产量为202.0mL.g-1,并在反应初期出现酸化现象;蚓粪与玉米秸秆TS质量比为1:1进行发酵时,单位TS产气量为400.0mL.g-1,甲烷产量为269.6mL.g-1,相对于玉米秸秆单独厌氧发酵分别提高了20.0%和35.5%,且反应过程中未出现酸化现象。说明蚓粪适合作为玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气的添加剂。     

互花米草不同部位厌氧发酵特性

在中温条件下(35±1)℃,对互花米草茎、叶和整株分别进行批式中温厌氧消化实验,分析发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、pH值、VFA、TS、VS及固形物的元素变化.结果表明:在TS负荷为6%的条件下,互花米草茎、叶、整株厌氧发酵均具有很好的产气特性.产气率为:叶(399ml.g-1TS)整珠(374m.lg-1TS)茎(366ml.g-1TS),甲烷含量为:茎(69.11%)整珠(68.87%)叶(66.21%).pH值、VFA、TS、VS及固形物的元素的变化特征差异不大.叶中可能含有更多被微生物利用的物质,成分的差异是造成这种结果的重要原因.     

pH值调控对秸秆两阶段厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

两阶段厌氧发酵产沼气是秸秆沼气化利用的重要方式之一。秸秆厌氧发酵过程包括水解产酸和产甲烷两个阶段,水解产酸是秸秆沼气化的限速步骤,也是目前的研究重点。pH值是影响物料水解产酸的重要因素,目前的研究多集中于酸性环境对物料水解产酸的影响,碱性环境对物料水解产酸的影响还未见研究报道。在实验室条件下,每天调节水解产酸反应器发酵液pH值至8.0(T1)、9.5(T2)和11.0(T3),CK在实验过程中不调节水解产酸反应器发酵液pH值,水解产酸反应器排出的水解酸化液直接用蠕动泵泵入产甲烷反应器内产甲烷,分析了发酵过程中水解产酸反应器日产气量、甲烷含量、水解酸化液pH值、COD浓度以及产甲烷反应器产气特性的变化。结果表明:在不调节水解产酸反应器水解酸化液pH值条件下,秸秆两阶段厌氧发酵可以正常进行,秸秆干物质(TS)产气量为281.28mL·g-1,平均甲烷含量为47.36%;T1水解产酸反应器内水解酸化液pH值稳定在7左右,系统累积产气量、总产甲烷量和平均甲烷含量分别较CK大幅增加了24.51%、29.39%和2.5个百分点;T2和T3水解产酸反应器产气明显受到抑制,水解酸化液后续产甲烷亦受到明显抑制,产甲烷反应器累积产气量分别仅为CK的89.97%和17.48%,总产气量仅为T1的67.67%和10.20%;维持水解产酸反应器至碱性条件促进了秸秆中半纤维素的溶出和木质素的破坏,但不利于纤维素的溶出,TS损失率的结果与产气的结果一致。综合以上结果,调节水解产酸反应器水解酸化液pH值至8.0对提高秸秆两阶段厌氧发酵产沼气有明显的促进作用。     

压滤处理对水葫芦不同部位厌氧发酵的影响

为提高水葫芦的厌氧产气性能,将水葫芦整株、茎和根压滤,分别将压滤前后的水葫芦根、茎和整株以及压滤液接种进行中温批式厌氧消化实验,考察了发酵过程中产气量、pH值和挥发性脂肪酸的变化情况.结果表明,压滤处理明显提高了水葫芦各部位的厌氧产气能力,压滤后的水葫芦整株、根和茎的TS产气量分别为271.93、87.29和330.83 ml·g-1TS,较压滤前分别提高了75.33%、92.04%和72.95%;压滤处理对水葫芦各部位发酵过程中pH和挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响不大;水葫芦各部位压滤液的厌氧产气能力均较差,不适合进行厌氧发酵产气.因此,将水葫芦压滤后厌氧发酵是一种提高水葫芦厌氧生物转化率的可行的方法.     

水葫芦不同部位的厌氧消化特性

对水葫芦整株、茎和根分别进行批式中温厌氧消化实验,分析发酵过程中pH值,VFA,TOC,TS,VS和固形物的元素及其红外光谱特征.结果表明:在TS负荷为2.0%的条件下,水葫芦整株具有很好的产气特性,TS产气量和VS产气量分别为173.80 ml·g~(-1)和262.40 ml·g~(-1)VS,茎和根的TS产气量仅为整株的84.23%和36.03%,VS产气量仅为整株的79.13%和42.05%;整株的甲烷含量、生物转化率和固形物中H的分解率均较茎和根高;TS和VS分解率均以茎最高,整株次之,根最低;发酵过程中各处理的pH值,VFA,TOC以及固形物中的C,N的分解率差异不大.固形物的红外光谱表明,水葫芦整株直接厌氧发酵更有利于碳水化合物的分解,发酵后根产生最多的碳酸盐类物质,这与根的物质组成有关.因此,将水葫芦整株直接厌氧发酵是完全可行的,且较茎和根具有更好的发酵效果.     

光照对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响

在中温(35℃)条件下,应用批式单相厌氧消化技术,考察了光照对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,光照对互花米草厌氧发酵有一定的促进作用,产气量提高了10.87%.这种促进作用主要发生在发酵前期,对pH值、丙酸的影响不大,可延长有机酸高峰持续时间,提高系统中某些喜光微生物的活性,促进微生物对纤维素结晶区的破坏以及互花米草中木质素碎片的溶出.     

厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器处理发酵废水的研究

采用新型厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器对发酵废水进行了中试处理研究.试验结果表明,系统总有机负荷最高可达到8.88kg(COD)m-3d-1,系统去除率稳定在88.10%~96.88%,说明反应器处理效率高,抗冲击能力强.反应器结构合理,利于保持丰富、高活性的微生物,反应器厌氧区颗粒污泥TS高达83.9gL-1,VS/TS为56.9%~57.4%,比产甲烷活性为280~350mL(CH4)gvss-1d-1;好氧区固定化微生物TS高达64.03gL-1载体,VS/TS为94.02%~94.30%.反应器各功能区对废水的降解过程分析,说明反应器厌氧区和好氧区一体化结构合理,可将废水逐级降解,从而保证整个系统的处理效果.图8表4参11     

牛粪和厨余垃圾联合厌氧消化试验

在37℃条件下对不同比例的牛粪和厨余垃圾进行为期50d的联合厌氧消化试验.结果表明:(1)牛粪与厨余垃圾质量比2/1和1/2联合厌氧消化的实际产气潜能为0.66和0.71L·g-1(以挥发性固体VS质量计),比加权计算值分别提高50%和29%;(2)4种比例物料的甲烷平均浓度约为50%～55%,其生物能范围为18.92～20.81MJ·m-3;(3)在联合厌氧消化过程中,牛粪和厨余垃圾质量比1/2物料的产气效率最高,反应前10d的产气量占总产气量的55.4%,前20d产气量占总产气量的92.2%;(4)纯牛粪、牛粪和厨余垃圾质量比2/1、牛粪和厨余垃圾质量比1/2及纯厨余垃圾4种比例物料厌氧消化的最终生物降解率分别为46.99%、53.31%、70.12%和66.25%.     

沼液全量连续回流对稻秸厌氧发酵特性的影响

秸秆厌氧发酵沼气工程中合理的沼液回流可减少沼液排放量,降低后续沼液处置利用成本。以稻秸为底物,采用完全混合搅拌反应器(CSTR)半连续发酵方式,研究沼液全量连续回流对稻秸厌氧发酵特性的影响,旨在为明确沼液全量回流对秸秆厌氧发酵的影响机制、改进沼液全量回流技术提供科学依据。结果表明:在100%沼液回流条件下连续回流50 d时系统运行稳定,总固体(TS)产气率、挥发性固体(VS)产气率及容积产气率分别稳定在245 m L·g-1、300 m L·g-1及0.74 L·L-1·d-1。但随着运行时间延长,回流天数达85 d时,虽然发酵液pH值和沼气中φ(CH4)无明显变化,但系统产气效率明显受到抑制。产气受抑制阶段与产气稳定阶段相比,TS产气率、VS产气率及容积产气率分别下降到186 m L·g-1、226 m L·g-1及0.56 L·L-1·d-1,下降幅度达24%。进一步分析表明,沼液中ρ(NH4+-N)下降到185 mg·L-1,下降幅度为71%;主要金属离子总质量浓度增加到4.13 g·L-1,增加幅度为342%。初步判断沼液全量连续回用会因氮含量严重下降和盐分积累致系统产气量下降,但真实原因还有待进一步研究。     

Impact of Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) on biogassification of potato waste

A study was conducted on anaerobic digestion of potato waste and cattle manure mixture, inoculated with 12% inoculum and diluted to 1:1 substrate water ratio at 37 +/- 1 degrees C. Initially pH of substrate was found to be 4.5 to 5.0. Lime and sodium bicarbonate solutions were employed to adjust the pH to 7.5. Biogas production continued up to 10 and 7 days, when lime and sodium bicarbonate solutions were used to adjust the pH, respectively. Biogassification potential was studied in response to different ratio of waste and cattle manure. Biogas production rate was higher when potato waste and cattle manure were used in 50:50 ratio. Effect of two different concentrations (2.5 and 5.0 ppm) of three heavy metals viz. (Ni (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II)) on anaerobic digestion of substrate (potato waste--cattle manure, 50:50) was studied. At 2.5 ppm, all the three heavy metals increased biogas production rate over the control value. The percentage increase in biogas production over the control was highest by Cd, followed by Ni and Zn. In all the treatments, methane content of biogas increased with increase in time after feeding. Various physico-chemical parameters viz. total solids, total volatile solids, total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand considerably declined after 7 days of digestion and decline was greater in presence of heavy metals as compared to control. The physico-chemical parameters revealed maximum decrease in the presence of 2.5-ppm concentrations of heavy metals with the substrate. Among all the three heavy metals employed in the study, Cd++ at 2.5 ppm was found to produce maximum biogas production rate. The use of three heavy metals to enhance biogas production from potato and other horticultural waste is discussed.     

油脂去除对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化的影响

采用常温（25℃）厌氧消化工艺,通过设计两种不同的进料浓度和4个处理方式,研究了油脂的去除对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化产沼气的影响,并考察了消化过程中典型工艺参数pH值、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、CODCr、总磷等的变化规律.试验结果表明油脂对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化的产气前期有一定的抑制作用,但是整体抑制不明显.处理T1（未隔油餐厨垃圾滤液800 mL）、T2（隔油餐厨垃圾滤液800 mL）、T3（未隔油餐厨垃圾滤液500 mL）、T4（隔油餐厨垃圾滤液500 mL）的产气总量分别为：84357、55539、45031和31033 mL,其中T1的产气总量是T2的1.52倍;T3的产气总量是T4的1.45倍,结果表明餐厨垃圾滤液不需要经过隔油处理而直接可以用于厌氧消化产沼气.同时,当压滤液低浓度（T3、T4）时,产气差异小;高浓度（T1、T2）时,产气差异大.此外,在整个厌氧消化过程中,处理T1、T2、T3和T4的CODCr总去除率分别为80.44%、78.53%、79.67%和80.7%.     

猪场废水厌氧消化过程中的除磷效果

采用序批式半连续厌氧消化试验方法,研究猪场废水厌氧消化过程中磷的去除情况。结果表明,水力停留时间（HRT）为1、3、6和9 d的厌氧反应器平均除磷率分别为65.0%、81.1%、82.7%和83.0%,而COD平均去除率分别为54.5%、82.3%、87.0%和85.9%。厌氧反应器除磷能力随沼气产量的增加而增加,说明厌氧反应器中磷的去除与产甲烷过程密切相关。对厌氧消化前后的污泥进行浸提后发现,厌氧消化过程中,化学反应生成磷酸盐沉淀的除磷作用十分显著,污泥中正磷酸盐,与铁结合的磷化合物（Fe-RP）,还原可溶性磷,与钙、镁离子结合的磷化合物（Ca-RP、Mg-RP）以及无机或有机聚合磷增加量分别为0.027 8～0.101 5、0.013 5～0.081 0、0.2165～0.430 5、23.4～54.8和7.2～21.5 mg.g-1;且总体而言,HRT越长,污泥中与不同金属结合的磷增加量就越大。从HRT、磷和有机物的去除效果以及沼气产气速率3个方面综合考虑,猪场废水厌氧消化反应器的HRT控制在3 d为宜。     

麦秸还田与土壤耕作对稻季CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

2008年在大田试验条件下,设置麦秸还田旋耕、麦秸不还田旋耕、麦秸还田翻耕、麦秸不还田翻耕4个处理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间原位观测稻麦两熟制农田水稻生长季CH_4和N_2O排放通量,研究小麦秸秆全量还田与土壤耕作两项技术措施对稻季CH_4和N_2O排放的影响及其温室效应,以期为稻麦两熟制农田温室气体减排提供对策.结果表明:麦秸还田对稻季CH_4排放总量的影响达极显著水平,麦秸还田与耕作方式的互作效应对CH_4排放总量有显著影响,麦秸还田和耕作方式对N_2O排放总量的影响均达极显著水平;不同麦秸还田与土壤耕作处理稻季OH4排放总量为:麦秸还田旋耕>麦秸还田翻耕>麦秸不还田翻耕>麦秸不还田旋耕,N_2O的排放总量为:麦秸不还田翻耕>麦秸不还田旋耕>麦秸还田翻耕>麦秸还田旋耕;与麦秸不还田相比,相同耕作措施下麦秸还用排放CH_44和N_2O所产生的全球增温潜势(GWP)明显提高.麦秸还田条件下旋耕处理的GWP高于翻耕处理,而"单位产量的GWP"无明显差异,麦秸不还田条件下采用旋耕措施较翻耕可减轻温室效应.     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process.     

甲醛对厌氧降解糖蜜酒精废水的抑制及消除

在10 L的厌氧折流板(ABR)反应器中,研究甲醛浓度对糖蜜酒精废水的厌氧降解处理的影响,研究结果表明,甲醛浓度在0~200 mg/L内时,厌氧发酵降解相对稳定,产生抑制作用较小,当甲醛浓度大于200mg/L时,厌氧发酵降解抑制作用明显,当达到250 mg/L左右时,厌氧反应几乎停止进行,在糖蜜酒精废水溶液中添加0.75倍甲醛浓度的NS能过消除甲醛的抑制作用,维持厌氧反应的正常进行.     

两相厌氧发酵互花米草的特性

利用两相(固态水解酸化相+湿式发酵产甲烷相)发酵互花米草,通过尿素的添加来调整厌氧发酵互花米草的碳氮比,考察两相厌氧发酵互花米草的特性;并利用FTIR考察水解发酵前后互花米草结构的变化.研究结果表明,由于固态水解渗滤液对尿素的淋滤,产生高浓度的氨氮溶液,抑制了湿式发酵产甲烷反应器中的甲烷菌;通过53 d的两相发酵互花米草,单位挥发性固体(VS)累积产气量仅为98.6 mL.g-1(0℃),转化率是理论产气量的17.5%;游离性氨(FA)浓度超过55 mg.L-1,就会严重抑制高温甲烷菌;红外光谱分析表明,石灰堆沤预处理对互花米草结构改变较小;只有大幅度的强化预处理,才能显著提高互花米草发酵的产气量.     

Feasibility assessment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater

The UASB system successfully treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater. High concentration sulfate of this wastewater was the main refractory factor. UASB recovery performance after a few days of inflow arrest was studied. The optimal UASB operating conditions for practical application were determined. Treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater is a big challenge. In this study, a series of anaerobic evaluation tests on pharmaceutical wastewater from different operating units was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using anaerobic digestion, and the results indicated that the key refractory factor for anaerobic treatment of this wastewater was the high sulfate concentration. A laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated for 195 days to investigate the effects of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic loading rate (OLR), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio on the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical wastewater and the process performance. The electron flow indicated that methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction although sulfidogenesis was enhanced with a stepwise decrease in the influent COD/SO₄^2? ratio. For the treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater, a COD of 4983 mg/L (diluted by 50%), OLR of 2.5 kg COD/(m³·d), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio of more than 5 were suitable for practical applications. The recovery performance indicated that the system could resume operation quickly even if production was halted for a few days.     

Treatment of spent wash in anaerobic mesophilic suspended growth reactor (AMSGR)

Approximately 400 KL of spent wash or vinasse per annum is generated at an average COD concentration of 100,000 mg/l, by over 250 distilleries in India. There is an urgent need to develop, assess and use ecofriendly methods for the disposal of this high strength wastewater. Therefore, an attempt was made to investigate a few aspects of anaerobic digestion of spent wash collected from a distillery. The study was carried out in a 4 L laboratory scale anaerobic mesophilic suspended growth reactor. After the successful startup, the organic loading was increased stepwise to assess the performance of the reactor. During the study period, biogas generated was recorded and the maximum gas generated was found to be 16.9 L at an Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 38 g COD/L. A 500% increase in the Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) concentration (2150 mg/L) was observed, when the OLR was increased from 38 to 39 g COD/L. During the souring phase the removal of COD, Total Solids (TS) and Volatile Solids (VS) were in the order of 52%, 40% and 46% respectively. The methane content in the biogas varied from 65% to 75%.