崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区的建立及其功能区划

从鸟类资源及其珍稀种类,国际候鸟保护协定,鸟类环志,鸟类生态地理环境等方面,阐述了在崇明东滩建立候鸟自然保护区的依据。并从候鸟群落分布规律及其制约因素出发,划分若干生境小区,从而确定候鸟自然保护区的范围及其功能区划。     

崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区的滩涂植被

本文报道了崇明东滩候鸟保护区内的滩涂植被类型及其分布,并研究了植被的生态环境特征和群落演替与滩涂生境之间的联系。     

上海崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区列入国际重要湿地

日前,国家林业局商请上海市人民政府将崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区作为指定新地点列入国际重要湿地之一。上海市人民政府办公厅已发函同意将崇明东滩鸟类自然保护     

上海崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区规划探讨

从自然保护区规划的要素、范围划分、功能分区、综合布局等若干方面,阐述了上海市崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区规划的依据,并通过实践,对有关理论作出一定的探讨。     

漕泾—柘林滩涂及近岸海域的生态调查及其评价

对杭州湾北岸漕泾－柘林滩涂及近岸海域的藻类，浮游动物，底栖动物，植被和鸟类进行生态综合调查，结果表明，中国绿螂是潜在可开发的生物资源；植被结构简单，是上海滩涂典型的芦苇，海三棱鹿草群落；鸟类主要为候鸟，大部分是长途越境迁徒的国际保护鸟类。     

上海崇明东滩湿地：处于“亚健康状态”？

每年的2月2日是“世界湿地日”。今年，分布于我国8个省市区、总面积196万公顷的14块湿地，经中国政府申请、世界自然基金会评估确定，被宣布为国际重要湿地。至此，中国的国际重要湿地增加到21块，总面积增加到303万公顷。在这批新的国际重要湿地里，上海崇明的东滩鸟类自然保护区名列其中。早春3月，走在崇明岛最东端的长堤上，走在东滩鸟类自然保护区，远处是浓雾笼罩的大海，堤内外是一望无际的滩涂，芦苇在风中轻轻摇曳，鸟儿在空中掠过。“你来得早了，4月，成千上万的鸟儿会在这里停留，那才好看呢！”保护区管理处主任朱继达笑着说…     

上海自然保护区建设与发展问题的讨论

作为特大城市的上海,不仅工商业发达,由于还有独特的自然条件,也有建立和发展自然保护区的良好环境.本文对建设金山三岛海洋生态保护区和崇明东滩鸟类保护区中所存在的问题进行了分析和讨论,并就今后建设和发展自然保护区问题,提出了理顺管理体制、健全管理法规和筹措管理经费等方面的建议.     

基于RS的崇明东滩空间动态变化研究

崇明岛东滩因其特殊的自然条件及频繁的人类活动影响，土地利用空间格局变化速度较快。通过对1988—2002年6幅不同时相TM遥感影像解译，对崇明东滩土地利用进行分类，得到东滩15年间的土地利用空间变化图；再利用GIS技术，从数量和空间分布上对其土地利用动态变化过程进行定量计算，结果显示东滩土地总面积不断增加，土地利用方式逐年变化。东部岸线明显向东扩展。同时结合考虑自然因素和人为因素影响，探讨了崇明东滩空间动态变化的原因。为更加合理的开发利用东滩提供了有力的参考，也表明了RS与GIS技术相结合对于研究东滩空间格局演变有一定的应用价值。     

影像融合技术在滩涂湿地植被分类中的应用

选择上海崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区的盐沼植被为对象,利用该地区2004年TM多光谱影像与同期SPOT5全色影像进行多种规则的融合,通过计算信息熵、均值、标准差、平均梯度、偏差指数、相关系数和均方根差7项指标,评价选取光谱信息较丰富、空间信息更清晰的融合影像.在此基础上,利用该融合影像进行植被分类,得到滩涂地区典型植被、光滩和水体等专题分类影像及其信息,并利用实地观测的134个样区进行比较验证.研究结果表明:相对于融合前的TM影像,利用Wavelet +IHS方法融合后的图像数据能很好地保留TM影像的多光谱信息,同时增加了其空间分辨率.融合技术可以充分利用各类遥感影像的空间和光谱信息,有效提高海岸带资源调查与监测的精度.     

长江三角洲国际重要湿地人为胁迫遥感解析

以长江三角洲上海崇明东滩鸟类国家级自然保护区、江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区、西溪国家湿地公园和江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区4处国际重要湿地为研究对象,以Landsat MSS/TM/OLI遥感影像为基础信息源,采用面向对象的遥感分类方法获取了1980~2015年4个国际重要湿地（Ramsar）的5期土地覆被数据.通过分析湿地面积、景观格局动态及景观指数变化等,定量解析人类活动对湿地景观变化的影响,研究发现：（1）35a间,研究区内湿地面积持续减少,其中上海崇明东滩鸟类国家级自然保护区的湿地损失比例最高,为27.2%;（2）4个国际重要湿地的斑块数量和斑块密度都在增加,湿地趋于破碎化,景观间连通度降低.（3）耕地和人工表面增加是造成湿地损失的主要因素,耕地、人工表面、外来物种入侵和养殖池扩张等人为胁迫呈现上升趋势.（4）总体而言,入选国际重要湿地对人为活动有一定抑制作用,尤其是江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效最为显著;但湿地保护有效性仍有待提升.     

Potential effects of climate change on birds of the Northeast

We used three approaches to assess potential effects of climate change on birds of the Northeast. First, we created distribution and abundance models for common bird species using climate, elevation, and tree species variables and modeled how bird distributions might change as habitats shift. Second, we assessed potential effects on high-elevation birds, especially Bicknell’s thrush (Catharus bicknelli), that may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, by using statistical associations between climate, spruce-fir forest vegetation and bird survey data. Last, we complemented these projections with an assessment of how habitat quality of a migratory songbird, the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) might be affected by climate change. Large changes in bird communities of the Northeast are likely to result from climate change, and these changes will be most dramatic under a scenario of continued high emissions. Indeed, high-elevation bird species may currently be at the threshold of critical change with as little as 1°C warming reducing suitable habitat by more than half. Species at mid elevations are likely to experience declines in habitat quality that could affect demography. Although not all species will be affected adversely, some of the Northeast’s iconic species, such as common loon and black-capped chickadee, and some of its most abundant species, including several neotropical migrants, are projected to decline significantly in abundance under all climate change scenarios. No clear mitigation strategies are apparent, as shifts in species’ abundances and ranges will occur across all habitat types and for species with widely differing ecologies.     

安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区鸟类资源的消长变化

1988-1989年安西极旱荒漠自然保护区进行了首次全面的综合考察,为了解1988年以来保护区鸟类资源的变化及其原因,2002-2004年又4次调查了该地区鸟类的种类及数量。15年来安西自然保护区的鸟类资源变化明显。鸟类种类新增加31种(其中甘肃新记录3种),但同时减少了36种。国家重点保护鸟类由原来的18种下降到16种。与1988-1989年相比,2002-2004年春季和夏季鸟类数量下降,秋季数量增加;各个季节的优势种的种类和数量都发生明显变化。影响安西自然保护区鸟类资源变化的主要原因是鸟类迁徙和人类活动。     

Diverse migration strategies in hoopoes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Upupa epops</Emphasis>) lead to weak spatial but strong temporal connectivity

The annual cycle of migrating birds is shaped by their seasonal movements between breeding and non-breeding sites. Studying how migratory populations are linked throughout the annual cycle—migratory connectivity, is crucial to understanding the population dynamics of migrating bird species. This requires the consideration not only of spatial scales as has been the main focus to date but also of temporal scales: only when both aspects are taken into account, the degree of migratory connectivity can be properly defined. We investigated the migration behaviour of hoopoes (Upupa epops) from four breeding populations across Europe and characterised migration routes to and from the breeding grounds, location of non-breeding sites and the timing of key migration events. Migration behaviour was found to vary both within and amongst populations, and even though the spatial migratory connectivity amongst the populations was weak, temporal connectivity was strong with differences in timing amongst populations, but consistent timing within populations. The combination of diverse migration routes within populations and co-occurrence on the non-breeding grounds between populations might promote exchange between breeding populations. As a result, it might make hoopoes and other migrating bird species with similar strategies more resilient to future habitat or climatic changes and stabilise population trends.     

The evolution of bird migration—a synthesis

We approach the problem of the evolution of bird migration by asking whether migration evolves towards new breeding areas or towards survival areas in the non-breeding season. Thus, we avoid the ambiguity of the usually discussed “southern-home-theory” or “northern-home-theory”. We argue that migration evolved in birds that spread to seasonal habitats through gradual dispersal to enhance survival during the non-breeding season; this in contrast to the alternative idea suggesting that migration evolved towards new breeding areas to increase reproductive success. Our synthesis is based on the threshold model explaining how migratory traits can change rapidly through microevolutionary processes. Our model brings former theories together and explains how bird migration, with the appropriate direction and time program, evolves through selection after genetically non-directed events such as dispersal and colonization. The model does not need the former untested assumptions such as competition as a reason for migration and for the disappearance of sedentary populations or higher reproductive success in temperate breeding areas. Our theory offers answers to questions such as how birds with a southern origin may gradually reach northern latitudes, why migration routes may follow historical expansion routes and why birds leave an area for the non-breeding season and move back instead of breeding on their wintering grounds. The theory proposes gradual change through selection and not sudden changes such as long distance dispersal or mutations and can be applied to migration at all latitudes and in all directions. The scenario provides a reasonable concept to understand most of the existing migratory phenomena on the basis of the ecology and genetics of migratory behaviour.     

Physical,Chemical and Microbiological Water Quality of the Manyas Lake,Turkey

Manyas, also known as the Bird Paradise Lake, is situated near the south-eastern coasts of the Marmara Sea in Turkey. This shallow lake, is a unique natural reserve providing habitat for migratory birds with its rich fauna and plankton species. The objective of this work is to study the ecological and water quality changes resulting from increasing anthropogenic pollution and human intervention on the natural variations of the water level. For this purpose, physical, chemical and microbiological aspects of the aquatic ecosystem in the lake of Manyas are being measured semimonthly since more than a year. After the completion of field measurements associations between different parameters will be searched by means of a water quality model. Results obtained will be used in the sustainable restoration of the lake. In this paper, firstly the nutrient and trophic dynamics of the planktonic ecosystem are associated with the bio-geochemical water cycle in the lake. Secondly, space and time distributions of all physical, chemical and microbiological data are presented and interactions between the nutrient availability and some microscopic communities are discussed.