废旧线路板中贵金属湿法浸出技术研究进展

废旧线路板(WPCB)的数量逐年增长,妥善处理废旧线路板不仅体现其回收利用价值,并且具有可观的环境效益.湿法处理废旧线路板工艺成熟,具有流程短、效率高的优点.本文综述了废旧线路板中贵金属(主要以金为例)浸出方法的研究状况,并从效率、环境影响、成本等方面对不同方法进行了比较.分析表明,硫脲法和碘化法浸出效率高、环境影响小、成本可控,是较优的浸出方法.合理、有效地处置废旧线路板,减少处置过程中的环境污染并高效回收贵金属,需要考虑不同方面的因素,多种浸出与富集回收方法共同使用,以达到最佳贵金属回收效果.     

国内外农用地膜使用政策、执行标准与回收状况

农用地膜覆盖技术具有良好的增温、保墒、除草等作用,已成为中国农业生产上不可或缺的农艺措施,为作物增产增收和保障中国粮食安全做出了巨大贡献。由于长期重使用、轻回收,随着农用地膜的用量和覆膜年限增加,废旧地膜在土壤中的残留量逐年增多,残膜污染已严重影响农业生产和自然环境,成为影响中国农业可持续发展的突出问题。中国的农用地膜污染防治工作总体起步较晚,虽然取得了一定成效,但还面临着政策不健全,监管有难度,执行不到位,回收、替代技术不成熟等困难和问题,防治任务依然艰巨。文章通过深入分析欧美与日本发达国家农用地膜推广使用方面的相关政策及标准,总结归纳了国内外农用地膜管理和回收经验,为今后制定出台适应中国国情的农用地膜管理政策提供参考。建议:(1)推进全程监管,出台相关法律规章,明确生产、流通、使用等各环节的监管责任,建立全程监管体系,从源头上杜绝脱标地膜进入市场、铺进农田;(2)推进源头减量,开展地膜覆盖技术适宜性评价,强化地膜使用控制,对水热资源条件较好的地区,减少地膜覆盖或不再使用地膜,对资源禀赋较差的地区,提高地膜使用效率,降低使用强度;(3)推进回收利用,推动完善政府扶持、市场主导的农膜回收利用体系,探索农膜回收利用长效机制,推动建立区域性绿色补贴政策;(4)推进技术创新,依托科技平台,加大新产品、新设备的研发力度,加强可降解地膜产品和技术跟踪,制定完善评价标准体系。     

促进自然资源的可持续利用

饮料盒工业做出承诺改进其资源利用和环境性能，他们已经确定了工业链的某个或多个环节的具体的部门优先考虑事宜：森林资源的可持续管理，保护生物多样性，在整个过程中减少能源的利用以支持削减二氧化碳排放，减少工厂和运输方面的大气排放，减少水的利用和排放，减少化学品和有害物质，回收和再利用废旧森林资源，该产业采取生命周期手段来解决从森林到回收再利用的业务管理问题，该产品的代表协会饮料盒与环境联盟（ACE）参与了联合国环境署的生命周期举措，ACE认为这一举措对于生命周期全球思想的发展和传播是必不可少的。     

促进自然资源的可持续利用

饮料盒工业做出承诺改进其资源利用和环境性能.他们已经确定了工业链的某个或多个环节的其体的部门优先考虑事宜:森林资源的可持续管理、保护生物多样性、在整个过程中减少能源利用以支持削减二氧化碳排放、减少工厂和运输方面的大气排放、减少水的利用和排放、减少化学品和有害物质、回收和再利用废旧森林资源.该产业采取生命周期手段来解决从森林到回收再利用的业务管理问题.该产业的代表协会饮料盒与环境联盟(ACE)参与了联合国环境署的生命周期举措.ACE认为这一举措对于生命周期全球思想的发展和传播是必不可少的.     

回收废旧镍氢电池中有价金属实验研究及成本估算

对采用全部氧化分步还原方法从废旧镍氢电池中回收氯化镍和氯化钴产品进行较系统的研究，确定了该方法的工艺参数，并根据实验数据进行投入产出估算。     

甘肃省农田地膜污染及防控措施调查

根据甘肃省第一、二次污染源普查结果和78个监测点数据,采用问卷调查与实地调研相结合的方法,分析了甘肃省农田残膜污染现状和防控措施.结果表明,2013年全省地膜使用总量152 025 t,年残留总量44 574 t,地膜污染地区差异明显,从大到小依次为中部黄土高原区、陇东黄土高原区、河西走廊、陇南山区、天水地区和甘南牧区.不同覆膜作物的污染量不同,污染最严重的是玉米.残膜碎片面积越大,残存在田间的数量越小.种植年限1～＜10、10～ ＜20、20～ 30 a的0～30 cm田间地膜残留量分别为27.62、30.78和42.26 kg· hm-2.耕地利用类型不同,残膜量大小则不同,从大到小依次为粮食作物、花卉、蔬菜和经济作物.不同年限、不同种植作物及不同覆膜方式的田间地膜残留系数不同,综合残留系数为4.64 kg·hm-2·a-1.影响地膜残留量的因素主要有残膜碎片大小、地膜厚度、种植模式、农田距村庄距离、土壤质地、地膜重复利用和捡拾方式.2013年甘肃省已建立起了完整的废旧地膜回收体系,有回收企业231家,回收网点2 130个,残膜回收率为70.7％.同时采取了增加地膜厚度、调整种植模式、增施有机肥改变土壤质地、减少地膜重复利用、采用人工加机械捡拾、建立废旧地膜回收体系等农艺农机技术,大幅度减少了地膜残留量,有效防治了农田残膜污染.     

循环经济与PCB行业废弃物循环利用

从不同角度阐述了循环经济的内涵，认为循环经济是一种“三赢”经济，是工业可持续发展的必然选择。并针对我国印制电路板(PCB)行业快速发展过程中产生大量有回收利用价值的PCB废弃物的现状，将循环经济发展模式运用于PCB行业废弃物的回收处理，探讨了PCB废弃物处理模式从“单向非闭合型”向“循环闭合型”转变的途径，进而实现PCB行业的可持续发展。     

利用废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取涂料的研究

文章阐述了利用废旧泡沫塑料研制和开发各种不同用途的涂料的进展，研究了利用废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取涂料的方法，讨论了该涂料的配方选择及性能指标等。     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一,对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度,概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术,并结合国内实际,从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。     

炼钢转炉高热值炼钢煤气的干法回收与利用

转炉煤气的回收利用是从日本首先开始的,这同日本能源贫乏有很大关系。日本1962年就在八幡钢厂安装了一套小型的转炉煤气回收装置,这实际上就是OG法(湿法)回收的最初阶段。二十多年来,由于保护环境与回收利用能源的双重要求,转炉煤气的回收工作已在世界范围内普遍展开,大多数大     

天津市地表水水质变化趋势及对策

水资源短缺和水体严重污染,是天津市的主要水环境问题。通过对天津市主要水体水质变化趋势及产生原因分析,揭示天津地区水污染的发生规律,并提出了改善水环境质量的相应对策。     

北京市地表水污染原因分析与防治对策

分析了北京市地表水污染的主要原因,提出了解决措施,对合理利用紧缺的水资源问题,有一定的指导意义。北京地区严重缺水,且地表水污染严重。主要原因有以下4方面:水资源量逐年减少,生活污染源影响严重,城市中心区污水截流河道地表雨水径流污染逐年凸显,农业面源污染增加。提出如下控制措施:保证地表水生态流量,建设双水源(清水和再生水)供水系统;科学核算地表水环境容量,把污染物排放总量控制与改善水环境质量紧密结合起来,是改善地表水环境质量的重要措施;加强城市地表径流污染研究与控制,尤其是初期雨水污染控制;引入循环经济,建设生态农业,改善养殖方式,控制农村面源污染。     

Optimal energy use in a polluted environment

Some of the basic issues involved in the optimal intertemporal use of energy resources when there are environmental spillovers are examined at a macroeconomic level and in a world of certainty. Several scenarios are considered with varying assumptions concerning the depletability of the energy resource stock and the nature of pollution production. In particular, with an accumulating form of pollution it is shown that initially the energy resource should be used more slowly to reduce environmental damage and over the plan the rate of use should be increased—a counter-Hotellian result.     

An economic analysis of air pollution from coal-fired power plants

The benefits of air pollution control techniques on a coal-fired power plant are Simulated with a scientifically based environmental model. Air pollution abatement techniques are assessed in terms of their resource cost (measured in dollars) and their effectiveness in reducing environmental damage (measured in dollars and healthy days lost). Which air pollution techniques are most efficient depend upon how much a day of health should be valued. Other factors of potential interest such as uncertainty and equity are also simulated through the model. The paper demonstrates that scientific evidence can be organized around economic principles in order to develop more rational and effective environmental policies.     

High genotoxicity of shipyard contaminants on Allium cepa and calf thymus DNA

Water pollution is a major environmental problem worldwide. In particular, shipyards are contaminating waters with iron, lead and copper filings, paints, petrochemical products and solvents. There are only a few reports on the genotoxicity of shipyard contaminants. Here, we study genotoxic effects of surface water from five sites of Hooghly River in West Bengal, India, along the banks of which many shipbuilding and scrap industries are located. Genotoxicity was measured by the detection of micronuclei in Allium cepa and other chromosomal aberrations, as well as damage to genomic DNA of calf thymus. Results show that A. cepa roots treated with contaminated water induced morphological distortions, formation of micronuclei and various types of chromosomal aberrations. The mitotic index was lower than 50 % in the treated samples. The breakage of calf thymus DNA was time-dependent with acute damage of 100 % for overnight incubation as evidenced by agarose gel electrophoresis. We conclude that the workers of local shipbuilding and scrap industries, the residents of nearby areas and the aquatic biodiversity are vulnerable to contaminated waters.     

浅议郴州市废弃矿山生态恢复途径

郴州市矿产资源丰富,采矿业发达,矿山资源开发导致了环境污染、生态破坏等一系列问题,矿山废弃地的生态恢复及景观重建已成为郴州市经济和社会发展需要迫切解决的问题之一.概括地介绍了郴州市的基本状况,分析了郴州市采矿业的无序发展对生态环境的影响,并针对矿山废弃地环境的污染问题,探索性地提出了郴州市废弃矿山生态恢复的途径.     

Exotic Organisms: A Dilemma for Conservation Biology

Abstract: Human-induced problems in resource conservation fall into three categories: (1) inappropriate resource use, (2) pollution, and (3) exotic organisms. Problems of resource use and pollution are correctable; exotic organisms are frequently permanent and may be the most pervasive influence affecting biodiversity in many systems, particularly on oceanic islands. Invasive exotic organisms often have effects far in excess of what might be predicted by equilibrium island biogeographic theory; a single exotic species may cause numerous extinctions in addition to altering the physical environment. Exotic organisms frequently cause environmental crises. In such crises, calls for more research are commonplace, but research results may be an unaffordable luxury, providing information only for the eulogy. Programs to eradicate exotic organisms provide an opportunity to combine good science and good conservation into functioning conservation biology.     

Development and the environment in the next two decades

This paper considers the environmental problems which might face the state of Western Australia in the next two decades, against the background of a development scenario, current concern over the environment, and the Doomsday Syndrome which seems to be conditioning much of current thinking. Two important aspects of the State's future are considered: resource depletion and pollution. A positive view of the resource depletion problem is taken in that it is impossible to assess reserves of natural resources without considering the impact of science and technology upon resource development and discovering new resources. There is also considerable evidence of success in combating pollution within the present system.It is a difficult task, particularly for the layman, to decide just what to believe in the face of the great and growing volume of errors of fact which find their way into the media on environmental matters. The result of this seems to be that an adversary approach has been adopted in environmental stances, and development tends to be halted whilst debates are carried on.The current status of environmental science is reviewed and leads to the proposition that growth and environmental quality can be compatible if new philosophies of growth and resource management are developed based on conservation and progress. The major difficulties are not seen as the predictions of doom but Western society's growing incapacity for action and an unwillingness toassume control of its own destiny.Based on a paper presented to Prospect 2000-A Conference on the Future, Australia and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Perth, Western Australia, 14–18 May, 1979.     

High copper recovery from scrap printed circuit boards using poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium hydroxide treatment

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Recycling scrap printed circuit boards for recovery of valuable metal resources is a major environmental issue. Most available disposal technologies are not...     

Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries. Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances, complete adoption of developed countries’ experience is unrealistic. At present, China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem. Among them, efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply. Unlike developed countries, it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking; therefore, it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water. As a beneficial supplement, an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.