微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定植物中汞和砷

采用微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定植物中汞和砷，优化了试验条件。汞在0μg／L-1．00μg／L、砷在0μg／L～20．0μg/L范围内线性良好，方法检出限汞为0．005mg／kg（以取0．1g样品消解定容至10mL计），砷为0．010mg／kg（以取0．1g样品消解定容至25mL计），植物样品测定的RSD≤4．5％，加标回收率为90．0％～107％。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中汞、砷、硒

建立了微波消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中汞、砷、硒的方法.汞在0.00 μg/L～1.00 μg/L、砷在0.00 μg/L～10.0 μg/L、硒在0.00 μg/L～2.00 μg/L之间线性关系良好,以称样0.200 0 g计,检出限汞为0.005 mg/kg,砷为0.009 mg/kg,硒为0.025 mg/kg.经国家有证标准物质验证,方法精密度与准确度均能满足土壤环境样品的测试要求.     

水浴消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中的砷汞

建立了王水水浴消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中砷汞的方法,确定还原剂为硼氢化钾,测砷和汞时硼氢化钾的最优质量分数分别为2%和0.05%,载流为5%盐酸。该法砷和汞分别在质量浓度0.0~40.0μg/L和0.00~4.00μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.999 5,砷和汞的检出限分别为0.009和0.001 mg/kg,相对标准偏差分别为3.90%和2.67%,加标回收率分别为94.1%~107.6%和92.0%~104.0%。采用本法对国家标准土壤样品和东海县部分农田土壤样品进行测定分析,结果良好,表明该法操作简单、灵敏度高、实用性好,适用于土壤中砷和汞的测定。     

全自动石墨消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中砷和汞

采用全自动石墨消解仪代替水浴锅加热王水消解法处理土壤样品,用原子荧光法测定消解液中的砷和汞。该方法在0μg/L~20.0μg/L范围内线性良好,测定有证标准土壤样品的结果均在标准值允许范围内,砷、汞测定结果的RSD分别为2.5%~4.8%、2.9%~5.4%,比王水消解法的测定结果更靠近标准值,实际土壤样品的加标回收率分别为94.6%~104%、92.6%~105%。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定大气PM2.5中的砷

采用微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定大气细颗粒物中的砷，确定了最佳样品处理方法与测定条件。方法在0μg/L～40．0μg/L范围内线性良好，标准曲线相关系数达0．999以上，检出限为0．01μg/L。土壤标准品的测定值在标准值范围内，大气PM2．5滤膜样品加标回收率为96．0％～102％，5次平行测定的RSD为1．5％～3．6％。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定海洋沉积物中镉和铬

以硝酸作为消解液,采用微波消解仪对海洋沉积物进行消解,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定消解液中的Cd和Cr。该方法在0μg/L~10.0μg/L范围内线性良好,Cd和Cr的方法检出限分别为0.04 mg/kg和2.0 mg/kg,实际样品的加标回收率在96.0%~100%之间,RSD为0.3%~5.2%。用该方法与国标法同时测定北部湾海域海洋沉积物实际样品,结果无明显差异,而该方法处理样品更为省时省力。     

全自动石墨消解-原子荧光法测定土壤总汞

采用全自动石墨消解-原子荧光光度法对土壤总汞进行测定,确定最佳消解时间为1 h,消解液最佳用量为8.0 m L。方法在总汞质量浓度为0.2~2.0μg/L范围内具有良好的线性,相关系数为0.999 9,当取样量为0.500 0 g时,检出限为0.002 mg/kg;测定不同标准土壤样品总汞的结果均在保证值范围内,精密度为4.0%~7.0%,加标回收率为95.0%~108.5%;对甘肃省实际土壤及沉积物样品测定进一步验证了方法的适用性。该法适合大批量样品分析,对于提高工作效率有重要意义。     

微波消解-ICP/MS法测定水系沉积物中多种元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水系沉积物中12种元素,通过优化试验相关条件消除质谱干扰和非质谱干扰对测定的影响,使方法在0μg/L~200μg/L范围内线性良好,当取样质量为0.25 g,定容体积为50 m L时,各元素的方法检出限为0.002 mg/kg~0.05 mg/kg。用该方法测定沉积物标准物质,6次测定结果均在标准值范围内,RSD为1.3%~6.1%,实际样品的加标回收率为83.0%~97.0%。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定畜禽粪便中铜和锌

采用冻干法-全量酸消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定畜禽粪便中铜和锌,优化了试验条件.铜和锌分别在0 mg/L～3.00 mg/L和0 mg/L～1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限分别为6 mg/kg和2 mg/kg(按取0.5 g试样消解定容至50 mL计算),粪便试样测定的RSD分别为1.3%和3.7%,加标回收率分别为104%和107%.     

利用微波消解和原子荧光光度法同时测定水样中的砷、汞

建立了一种梯度升压微波消解样品、氢化物原子荧光光度法同时测定水样中砷、汞的方法。在优化实验条件下，水样中砷的检出限为0.07μg/L，回收率为95.9%-102%；汞的检出限为0.01μg/L，回收率为95％－105％，具有操作简便、快速、干扰少、灵敏度高的特点。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Study of urban atmospheric pollution in Navarre (Northern Spain)

An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels of ozone, NO_x, and SO₂ were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM₁₀ measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM₁₀ levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM₁₀ concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m⁻³, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM₁₀ limit as well as the PM₁₀ temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM₁₀ levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O₃ concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and NO₂ levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m⁻³, respectively). Mean SO₂ levels were 8 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and 5 μg m⁻³ in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM₁₀, NO and NO₂ showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic origin of PM₁₀, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.