土法炼锌区生态退化与重金属污染

土法炼锌致使冶炼区大量重金属的累积以及生态环境的严重破坏.研究以土法炼锌的集中点妈姑为例,探索了土法炼锌区的土壤和植被退化现状,以及重金属的分布规律,为废弃地的生态重建与污染修复提供科学依据.冶炼造成大面积的植被破坏,成为裸地,停止冶炼后,植被自然恢复极为缓慢,特别是废渣堆放处.冶炼残渣具有较高的pH值和EC值、低CEC,有机质极为缺乏,含N量低.冶炼区污染土壤明显酸化,导致P有效性降低.冶炼废渣具有高的孔隙度和良好的通气性,但持水保水能力差.冶炼废渣的Pb、Zn、Cd含量分别为4 632 mg/kg、8 968 mg/kg、58 mg/kg.污染土壤的Pb、Zn、Cd含量分别为234 mg/kg、400 mg/kg、9.6 mg/kg.污染土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd的DTPA提取态百分比分别为6.8%、19.97%、29.72%.废渣中Pb、Zn、Cd的DTPA提取态百分比分别为0.44%、1.36%、4.80%,但其绝对含量接近于污染土壤,具有较大环境风险性.     

桂北锰矿废弃地主要植物种类调查及土壤重金属污染评价

采用样方法和实地勘查法调查了桂北荔浦锰矿区废弃地自然定居和人工种植的植物,并且对8个区的主要植物及其土壤重金属含量进行了分类、测试。并采用污染指数评价法对矿区废弃地土壤重金属的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、飞蓬(Erigeron acer)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、耳草(Hedyotisauricularia)对重金属有较强的耐性,而且能适应废弃地的不良环境,可作为锰矿废弃地生态恢复的先锋植物;用3种不同的背景值对废弃地土壤重金属污染程度的评价结果是一致的,除Pb外,5种重金属元素单项污染指数均大于2,表示被污染,其中以Mn、Zn、Cd污染最为严重。锰矿废弃地人工复垦采用典型的农业恢复模式,以种植果树和经济作物为主,果实中Cr、Cd的含量均超过食品卫生限量标准,因此矿山恢复的早期不宜直接种植果树和食用经济作物。以上研究结果可为锰矿废弃地的生态恢复和植被重建提供科学依据。     

改良剂对极端酸性矿山土壤再酸化和重金属固定的效果研究

极端酸性重金属矿山废弃地的生态恢复是一个世界性难题．前人研究表明添加土壤改良剂能有效抑制矿山土壤的酸化和重金属的有效性．然而，在极端酸性重金属矿业废弃地上建立一个安全、稳定、自维持的植被是一个巨大的挑战．植被恢复后，土壤的再酸化往往会导致重建植被完全退化．因此，准确预测和有效控制极端酸性矿山土壤的酸化和再酸化，发展一套...     

上饶市某铜矿废弃地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

以上饶某铜矿废弃地土壤为研究对象,共采集50份采场边坡废弃地土壤样品,对该铜矿区废弃地土壤重金属污染特征、来源及其对人体的健康风险进行探析,为矿山开采及废弃地重金属污染防治提供理论依据。使用原子吸收分光光度计测定Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn含量并对其理化性质进行测定,分析该铜矿废弃地重金属含量及其与理化性质之间的相关性。采用单因子指数法结合内梅罗综合指数法和健康风险评价模型对该矿区废弃地土壤重金属污染状况及人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,该矿区土壤重金属中Cu和Cd均远超过国家土壤环境二级标准和江西省土壤背景值,Zn、Pb和Cr含量都超过江西省土壤背景值;Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的变异系数分别为95%、98%、71%、60%和18%。聚类分析结果表明,Cd受理化性质的影响较为显著。主成分分析表明,土壤样品中的Cd受TN的影响较大,各重金属均受到理化性质的不同程度影响,且在不同的主成分上的比重各异,表明它们具有同源性。污染指数评价结果表明,5种重金属中Cu和Cd的污染最为严重,Cr的污染相对较轻。健康风险评价结果表明,5种重金属对成人和儿童产生的非致癌暴露风险值均为CrCdPbCuZn,其中Cr对周围居民所产生的健康风险不容忽视。     

大冶矿区土壤-蔬菜重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

对大冶铜绿山、铜山口矿区和非矿区的土壤、蔬菜重金属污染特征进行了分析,利用单因子污染指数及内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了土壤环境质量,并进一步分析了蔬菜重金属暴露接触对当地居民的健康风险.结果表明,矿区附近蔬菜地土壤均受到不同程度上的重金属污染,尤其是Cu和Cd的污染.非矿区蔬菜地土壤受到重金属的中度污染,主要是Cd污染.矿区蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量均超过中国食品安全卫生标准,非矿区部分蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量超标.矿区居民食用各种蔬菜均会产生Pb和Cd的健康风险.青少年儿童食用蔬菜比成年人更易受到重金属的危害.     

不同土地利用方式土壤肥力调查与评价：以浙江省建德市葛塘村为例

以浙江省建德市葛塘村水田、旱地、茶园和果园土壤为研究对象,分析不同土地利用方式土壤养分指标及重金属含量,评估其土壤综合肥力指数和重金属污染风险,为当地有机农业生产与农村生态环境保护示范村建设提供参考依据。结果表明：研究区土壤pH呈微酸性,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和有效磷含量处于中等或较丰富水平,而速效钾含量则处于缺乏水平。土地利用方式对土壤肥力产生显著影响。茶园土壤pH显著低于其他土地利用方式土壤;旱地土壤有机质和全氮含量处于较缺乏水平,显著低于其他土地利用方式土壤;果园土壤有效磷和速效钾含量显著高于其他土地利用方式土壤。研究区果园土壤综合肥力指数为0.55,显著高于其他3种土地利用方式,水田次之,处于中等水平,茶园和旱地则均处于差水平。不同土地利用方式土壤速效钾含量均是土壤肥力的主要限制因子。研究区土壤重金属含量均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,处于未污染状态。     

苏打盐碱胁迫下水稻体内的Na＋、K＋响应

土地盐碱化是限制农业发展的主要因素之一.实践证明,盐碱地种植水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是土壤盐碱化治理、改良、利用的有效途径.土壤盐碱对水稻的影响表现为生长抑制、产量降低和生理异常等.深刻认识盐碱胁迫下水稻生理响应机制对耐盐碱水稻种质资源筛选、耐盐碱性鉴定和培育耐盐碱水稻品种具有重要意义.以不同比例的苏打盐碱土和非盐碱旱田土充分混合配制不同盐碱梯度的实验土壤.根据苏打盐碱土的特殊性,采用土壤ESP作为胁迫指标因子,观察不同生育期水稻植株对Na 、K 的吸收、运输和分配,分析植株体内的离子响应及植物与盐碱作用关系.结果表明:在分蘖期,Na 在根、叶和叶鞘中浓度的次序从高到低依次为根>叶鞘>叶.随着盐碱胁迫的增强,叶和叶鞘的Na /K 升高更加显著.水稻分蘖期叶片Na /K 与土壤ESP相关性更好,可以采用分蘖期叶片Na /K 来指示水稻对盐碱胁迫的离子响应.水稻生殖生长阶段,Na 的累积以根为主.Na 、K 在穗部、籽粒和颖壳中的浓度,在不同盐碱胁迫强度间差异不明显.     

粤北大宝山矿区尾矿场周围土壤重金属含量对土壤酶活性影响

粤北大宝山铁多金属矿床的开发给环境带来了严重的危害.采选冶产生的废液及同体废弃物堆积的淋滤酸水,携带浸滤出的大量重金属离子随着酸水排入下游河道,严重影响矿区及酸水流域的生态环境.对该铅锌尾矿污染区土壤酶活性进行了测定.结果表明,污染区土壤酶活性随着重金属污染程度的加剧而显著降低,其中脱氢酶和脲酶活性下降最明显.多元回归模型显著性检验表明,蔗糖酶活性与矿区土壤重金属复合元素含量之间呈极显著相关,而单一脱氢酶、蛋白酶以及酸性磷酸酶活性与重金属复合元素含量呈显著相关.研究表现出矿区土壤重金属复合污染对土壤酶活性的抑制效应.     

氮形态转化对豆科植物物料改良茶园土壤酸度的影响

采用室内培养试验方法研究了添加紫云英、刺槐叶和豌豆秸秆对酸性茶园红壤酸度的改良作用,探讨了培养期间豆科植物中氮形态转化对土壤酸度改良效果的影响.结果表明,3种豆科植物可不同程度提高酸性茶园红壤的pH,培养试验结束时土壤pH的增幅与植物物料灰化碱的含量相一致.豆科植物物料中氮的形态转化影响其对土壤酸化的改良效果,有机氮的矿化导致土壤pH增加,而矿化形成的铵态氮通过硝化反应释放质子,抵消了植物物料对土壤酸度的部分改良效果.添加植物物料使土壤交换性盐基阳离子含量明显增加,土壤交换性铝含量明显减少.     

大邑铅锌矿区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染现状及评价

研究了四川省大邑县铅锌矿区附近土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd含量,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价铅锌矿区附近土壤重金属污染状况。结果表明,铅锌矿矿口以及选矿厂周边土壤重金属富集因子均超过1,距选矿厂距离≤20 m的3个土壤样点Pb、Zn和Cd的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数较高,土壤污染程度为重污染,选矿厂周边土壤重金属污染在水平层次的空间分布上表现出异质性。选矿厂周边蔬菜地下部分重金属含量普遍高于地上部分,不同重金属在蔬菜可食用部分的转移因子总体由大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Pb和Cr。选矿厂周边蔬菜地土壤与蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量之间无显著相关性,但土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd含量3者之间在α=0.01水平上显著相关。     

Purification of contaminated paddy fields by clean water irrigation over two decades

Paddy fields near a mining site in north part of Guangdong Province, PR China, were severely contaminated by heavy metals as a result of wastewater irrigation from the tailing pond. The following clean water irrigation for 2 decades produced marked rinsing effect, especially on Pb and Zn. Paddy fields continuously irrigated with wastewater ever since mining started (50 years) had 1,050.0 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 810.3 mg kg^?1 of Zn for upper 20 cm soil, in comparison with 215.9 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 525.4 mg kg^?1 of Zn, respectively, with clean water irrigation for 20 years. Rinsing effect mainly occurred to a depth of upper 40 cm, of which the soil contained highest metals. Copper and Cd in the farmlands were also reduced due to clean water irrigation. Higher availability of Pb might partly account for more Pb transferred from the tailing pond to the farmland and also more Pb removal from the farmland as a result of clean water irrigation. Neither rice in the paddy field nor dense weeds in the uncultivated field largely took up the metals. However, they might contribute to activate metals differently, leading to a different purification extent. Rotation of rice and weed reduced metal retention in the farmland soil, in comparison with sole rice growth. Harvesting of rice grain (and partially rice stalk) only contributed small fraction of total amount of removed metal. In summary, heavy metal in paddy field resulted from irrigation of mining wastewater could be largely removed by clean water irrigation for sufficient time.     

稀土尾矿区土壤重金属污染与优势植物累积特征

矿山废弃地不仅占用大量土地,而且还是严重的污染源,因此,矿山废弃地的生态恢复己成为一项紧迫而重要的研究课题。对广东省河源市和平县下车镇内的稀土矿区土壤的重金属污染情况进行调查,并对该区优势植物对重金属的富集特征进行分析,以期对稀土尾矿区的生态系统的恢复和重建提供理论依据。主要研究的3种植物分别是：马唐草（Digitaria sanguinalis）,香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）,望江南（Cassia occidentalis）。采用原子吸收分光光度法测定稀土矿区废弃地土壤和植被中Mn、Pb、Zn的含量,并计算优势植物对重金属的生物富集系数BAC（Biological Accumulating Coefficient）和生物转移系数BTC（Biological Transfer Coefficient）。结果表明：研究区域的土壤中重金属含量Mn、Pb、Zn的平均含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和中国土壤背景值,土壤受Mn污染最严重,其次是Pb、Zn的污染。3种草本植物对于Pb的BAC和BTC均小于1,说明这3种植物对Pb的富集和运输能力都很弱。香根草对于Mn和Zn的BAC分别为0.9和0.4,小于1,BTC分别为3.7和1.1,大于1,说明香根草对Mn和Zn的富集能力不强,但吸收后的运输能力很强。马唐草和望江南2种植物对于Mn和Zn的BAC和BTC均大于1,说明它们对重金属Mn和Zn具有较强的吸收和转移能力,是Mn和Zn的超富集植物。马唐草覆盖率高,抗病虫能力强,可作为该矿区生态恢复的先锋植物,望江南可以间作种植。     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

Environmental risk assessment of metals contaminated soils at silvermines abandoned mine site,Co Tipperary,Ireland

A centuries long history of mining and mineral processing has resulted in elevated Cd, Pb and Zn soil concentrations in the vicinity of the Silvermines abandoned mine site (AMS), Co. Tipperary, Ireland. A process for preliminary evaluation of environmental risk was developed and implemented. Potential pathways of metal compound transport and deposition were mapped and used to optimise the subsequent site investigation. Elevated soil metals are shown to be predominantly in areas where metal deposition in soil is associated with water related pathways (surface runoff, seasonal groundwater seepage and floodplains). Extensive areas of soil in the surrounding district are classified as contaminated on the basis of Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations, both total and potential bioavailable (EDTA-extractable). The most affected areas, with metal concentrations in soil comparable with that within the AMS, were floodplains located 2–3 km downstream from the site. Assessment of the sequential effects on grass and grazing animals indicates that Pb poses the greatest risk due to its high toxicity and high concentrations in soil (more than 10 000 mg kg^–1). Within floodplain areas grazing cattle may intake a lethal dose of Pb. On the basis of the investigation an approach to risk assessment was developed which allowed quantified assessment of the risks related to individual metals, areas of contamination and contamination targets.     

铅锌矿区周边耕地土壤团聚体重金属污染状况及风险评估

为了解铅锌矿区耕地土壤团聚体污染状况,以贵州省都匀范家河铅锌矿区周围耕地土壤为研究对象,研究土壤团聚体中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)3种重金属垂直分布特征和赋存形态。采用三步连续提取法(BCR)对污染土壤团聚体中3种重金属进行赋存形态分析,利用分布因子法(DFx)和地质累积指数法(Igeo)评估其环境风险。结果表明:土壤样品中重金属Cd、Pb和Zn的平均质量分数分别为23.25、518.40、3471.83 mg·kg^-1,已分别达到贵州土壤背景值的35.23、36.35、14.73倍,且3种重金属在土壤团聚体中的含量与其主要赋存形态特征均存在明显差异。研究区域剖面土壤中各粒径Cd主要以残渣态和可还原提取态的形式存在,各粒径Pb主要以残渣态和可氧化提取态的形式存在,80%及以上各粒径Zn为残渣态,综合得出研究区域土壤中重金属潜在影响程度为Cd>Pb>Zn。分布因子法结果表明:在0-100 cm剖面深度,Cd主要富集在0.25-1 mm的颗粒中,Pb主要富集在1-2 mm的颗粒中,Zn主要富集在0.053-2 mm的颗粒中;地质积累指数法结果显示,各粒径颗粒中Cd、Zn的污染水平主要为重污染,Pb主要为偏重污染。研究矿区周围耕地土壤已受到严重的重金属污染,应采取有效措施进行修复治理。该文为范家河铅锌矿区环境风险评价提供基础,旨在为矿区环境管理提供数据支撑。     

大冶矿区土壤重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响

大冶矿区位于湖北省的东南部,是我国的青铜之乡,长期的采矿和冶炼活动已使该矿区土地生产力和农产品品质严重下降。为了探明相关重金属的污染状况,应用野外调查与采样分析相结合的方法,研究了大冶矿区土壤酶活性和土壤中重金属的累积特性。结果表明:矿区土壤Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As全量的平均值分别是该区土壤背景值的35.1倍、16.0倍、3.0倍、29.8倍、1.1倍。不同样点土壤酶活性存在一定程度的差异。土壤重金属胁迫对土壤酶活性主要表现为抑制作用,其中对土壤重金属响应较敏感的酶为脲酶和过氧化氢酶,这两种酶与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As的全量分别呈显著或极显著的负相关。这些研究结果对于大冶矿区土壤环境质量评价及生态修复有一定的指导意义。     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.     

Metal-contaminated potato crops and potential human health risk in Bolivian mining highlands

This study assessed metals in irrigation water, soil and potato crops impacted by mining discharges, as well as potential human health risk in the high desert near the historic mining center of Potosí, Bolivia. Metal concentrations were compared with international concentration limit guidelines. In addition, an ingested average daily dose and minimum risk level were used to determine the hazard quotient from potato consumption for adults and children. Irrigation water maximum concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in mining-impacted sites were elevated 20- to 1100-fold above international concentration limit guidelines. Agricultural soils contained total metal concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn that exceeded concentration limits in agricultural soil guidelines by 22-, 9-, 3- and 12-fold, respectively. Potato tubers in mining-impacted sites had maximum concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn that exceeded concentration limits in commercially sold vegetables by 9-, 10-, 16- and fourfold, respectively. Using conservative assumptions, hazard quotients (HQ) for potatoes alone were elevated for As, Cd and Pb among children (range 1.1–71.8), in nearly all of the mining-impacted areas; and for As and Cd among adults (range 1.2–34.2) in nearly all of the mining-impacted areas. Only one mining-impacted area had a Pb adult HQ for potatoes above 1 for adults. Toxic trace elements in a major regional dietary staple may be a greater concern than previously appreciated. Considering the multitude of other metal exposure routes in this region, it is likely that total HQ values for these metals may be substantially higher than our estimates.     

Heavy metal concentration in soil and woody plants in a quarry

This study determined the concentration of three heavy metals zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in soil and in a woody plant species, Milicia excelsa, at Ishiagu quarry, Nigeria. The highest soil concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd in soil were obtained at 1?m from the quarry site. In M. excelsa, the highest concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd were 3.12–9.1, 3.9–6.01, and 0.51–1.12?mg?kg^?1, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between Cd and Zn (r?=?0.963) and Cd and Pb (r?=?0.974) in plants as well as between Cd and Pb (r?=?9.84) in soil. The level of Cd in soil reflected significant pollution compared to average global concentrations in soils.     

Phytoremediation potential of indigenous plants from Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam

This study was focused on determining Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) in 33 indigenous plants and 12 soil in-situ plant samples in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam. The results showed that the soils of surveyed mining areas contained 181.2- 6754.3 mg kg(-1) As, 235.5-4337.2 mg kg(-1) Pb, 0.8- 419 mg kg(-1) Cd and 361.8-17565.1 mg kg(-1) Zn depending on the characteristics of each mining site. These values are much higher than those typical for normal soil. The heavy metal uptake into shoots and roots of 33 indigenous plant species was also determined. Two species of the plants investigated, Pteris vittata L. and Pityrogramma calomelanos L. were As hyperaccumulators, containing more than 0.1% heavy metals in their shoots. Eleusine indica L., Cynodon dactylon L., Cyperus rotundus L. and Equisetum ramosissimum (Vauch) accumulate very high Pb (0.15-0.65%) and Zn (0.22-1.56%) concentration in their roots. Additional experiments to clarify the potential of six these plants as good candidates for phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution soil are being carried out in our laboratory.