张家口冬季温度特征分析

利用张家口 1981-2018年14个站点的温度数据,通过数理统计获得月、季数据并进行分析,选用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法进行突变检测,同时运用小波分析(wavelet analysis)方法,揭示了隐藏在时间序列中的变化周期,分析了冬季张家口地区的温度时空分布特征.结果显示,张家口地区温度呈上升趋势.坝上地...     

贵阳市中心城区混合层高度变化特征与环境空气质量关系研究

根据2017年至2021年贵阳市中心城区的10个国控站点环境空气质量变化趋势,运用L波段雷达探空秒级数据,计算得出贵阳近5年混合层高度随时间序列变化特征,分析表明：(1)贵阳市四季混合层高度具有明显的季节变化,夏高冬低,日变化特征为07时至18时高,19时至06时低;(2)贵阳市混合层高度与污染天气的环境容量有直接相关性;(3)冬季大气以中性层结主导,低风速,混合层厚度低于200m是造成贵阳市主城区冬季轻度污染的主要因素。     

山东省太阳总辐射的时空变化特征分析

基于山东境内17 个气象站1961—2012 年逐日日照时数资料,利用Angstrom 公式估算各站点太阳总辐射,并利用空间插值法、线性倾向估计和Pettitt 突变检验方法对全年和四季太阳总辐射的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:1961—2012 年山东地区多年平均年太阳总辐射的变化范围为4 814.3~5 338.8 MJ/m²,地区间差异大,全年太阳总辐射的空间分布特征为北部多、南部少;全年和夏季太阳总辐射时间序列在全部17 个站点趋于减小趋势,且除威海外,均达到至少0.05 显著性水平;除春季和秋季各有3 个和1 个站点太阳总辐射呈增大趋势外,其余站点春季、秋季和冬季太阳总辐射均呈减小趋势;全年和各季节太阳辐射减小速率较大的站点主要分布在山东中部和西南部地区;近52 a 间,1997 年以前为平均年太阳总辐射值的偏大时期,而其后则为偏小时期。     

大气污染物多时间分辨率的小波分析

利用Modet小波函数进行小波变换,利用Daubechies小波函数进行分解及滤波,以乌鲁木齐市的大气污染物时间序列为例,分析了当地单个大气监测站点NO2的多分辨率的演变特性,并对NO2的时间序列进行了滤波消噪.研究结果显示,NO2年际变化和季节性变化的时间尺度在尺度空间中分布不均匀,具有较明显的局部化特征;除了季节性变化的时间尺度和变化趋势之外,还存在大气污染物中、长期变化趋势.基于滤波消噪后的时间序列建立的预测模型可用于有效地提高大气污染物的预测预报精度.     

滇池水质时间序列变化趋势识别及特征分析

应用STL(Seasonal-Trend Decomposition using LOESS)方法对1998—2010年滇池外海8个监测站点、10个水质指标的时间序列数据进行递归迭代,分解出低频率的趋势项、高频率的周期项及随机残差项.在此基础上计算稳态变化指数(RSI),对水质趋势的时、空变化特征进行识别和判定.结果表明,在分析的13年间,滇池外海8个监测站点各指标变化趋势总体一致;BOD5总体呈下降趋势,高锰酸盐指数(COD Mn)总体趋势显著上升,说明有机物可生化性下降;富营养化状态加剧,总氮(TN)总体趋势上升,并逐渐成为藻类的限制性营养盐,总磷(TP)浓度为劣V类,氨氮在氮元素形态中的主导地位正逐渐降低.研究结果表明,"十二五"期间滇池应重点控制氮磷、兼顾有机物污染.     

基于注意力机制优化的LSTM河流溶解氧预测模型研究

溶解氧(DO)是水体中的重要水质指标,构建数据驱动模型,实现对溶解氧的准确预测,将为水环境管理提供科学有效的技术手段. 考虑到溶解氧序列数据非线性强、非平稳性突出的特点,提出一种基于双阶段注意力权重优化机制的长短时记忆网络(long short-term memory, LSTM)的河流溶解氧预测模型(DAIW-LSTM模型),该模型的编码器包含双阶段权重优化的空间注意力机制,而解码器包含双阶段权重优化的时间注意力机制. 将该模型应用于流溪河流域白云李溪坝、流溪河山庄、从化街口等水质监测站溶解氧日均值预测的研究,开展了该模型与DA-LSTM、LSTM、Bi-LSTM等基线模型的预测效果对比分析,探讨了特征权重优化机制及上游站点水质数据输入对模型预测性能的影响. 结果表明:①通过与基线模型的预测效果对比,验证了DAIW-LSTM模型的精准性,其对白云李溪坝站溶解氧预测的对称平均绝对百分比误差(SMAPE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)分别为0.075、0.611、0.712,在所有模型中最优. ②对于新的注意力权重优化机制,第二阶段会对第一阶段的初步权重进行优化修正;针对pH、电导率、水温、气温等影响溶解氧预测的重要特征,DAIW-LSTM模型会自适应调整其权重在时间序列上的分布,从而提高该模型的预测精度. ③加入上游水质特征的输入影响,通过9个组合试验对比可知,DAIW-LSTM模型仍然为表现最佳的模型,该系列组合试验也证明上游站点及其特征变量选取的重要性. 研究显示,注意力权重优化机制的引入使得该模型相较其他基线模型展现出更好的适用性和精准性,可为地表水水质预测研究提供新思路.      

珠江三角洲秋季生物质燃烧对有机气溶胶的贡献

本研究基于2018年和2019年秋季在珠江三角洲地区的两次外场观测,应用热脱附-化学电离飞行时间质谱(FIGAERO-ToF-CIMS)获取了高时间分辨率(每小时)的生物质燃烧示踪物左旋葡聚糖的浓度数据,并估算出生物质燃烧对有机气溶胶(OA)的贡献值.结果表明,秋季珠江三角洲地区城市站点和区域站点的左旋葡聚糖平均浓度分别为(0.07±0.08)和(0.14±0.12)μg/m³,呈现区域站点高于城市站点的空间分布特征以及早晨和夜间出现峰值的日变化特征.观察到两个站点的左旋葡聚糖与CO和乙腈之间相关性较低,但与OA之间呈现显著正相关关系.进一步基于受体示踪物法估算出生物质燃烧对OA的平均贡献分别为7.4%(城市站点)和11.4%(区域站点),且两个站点均显示出生物质燃烧对OA的贡献在夜间明显高于白天.     

特征雷达图的设计及其在大气污染成因分析中的应用

为了更好地利用环境监测数据进行污染成因分析,提出数学算法,对多种污染物进行百分比成分谱化,并除以一定时期（或一定区域）的平均值,从而得到标准化特征谱,以消除污染物浓度变化的影响以及不同污染物间浓度值差异的影响;通过设计特征雷达图的方式,直观和快速地展现大气污染特征在时间序列和空间上发生的变化特征,为环境管理部门利用空气质量常规监测数据开展动态决策提供便利.该方法既可利用单点历史数据开展历史特征雷达图分析,也可基于区域多站点数据开展区域特征雷达图分析.该方法在时间序列上可以判断出偏沙尘污染型、偏燃煤污染型、偏二次颗粒物污染型、偏机动车污染型、偏烟花污染型等多个污染类型;在区域分布中可以判断出偏燃煤污染区、偏机动车污染区、偏钢铁污染区等多个区域类型.该方法除可应用于空气质量常规监测数据外,也可应用于其他组分数据如碳质组分、水溶性离子组分及元素组分等数据的分析.      

1961—2007年黄土高原极端降水事件的时空变化分析

极端降水事件会引起严重的灾害事件,其变化趋势需要进行详尽的评估。基于50个站点1961—2007年日降水数据,定义极端降水事件及衡量指标后,使用M ann-Kendall法评估了黄土高原极端降水事件的空间分布和时间变化特征。结果表明,极端降水事件的空间分布具有东南—西北方向的梯度变化特征,降水量、强度和年最大日降水量均从东南向西北递减,而严重干旱事件从东南向西北递增。多数站点极端降水事件的各指标都具有单一趋势,但各指标具显著性趋势的站点数差异很大。约40%的站点极端降水频率具有显著降低趋势;约30%的站点极端降水量的减少趋势和严重干旱频率的增加趋势具有显著性;约10%的站点极端降水强度的上升趋势和年最大日降水量的下降趋势显著。     

皖南前南华纪岩石地层

在地层构造区划分的基础上，系统论述了前南华纪岩石地层层序、宏观特征、沉积环境、原始构造环境。综合垂向序列的时间特征、原始构造环境、构造界面、将前南华系划分为两个构造层。第一构造层为蓟县纪－青白口纪早期弧后边缘盆地沉积。第二构造层为青白口纪晚期大陆裂谷火山－沉积岩。并以此为框架，对相邻地区的地进行了对比。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.