９６１~２０１０年中国大陆地面气候要素变化特征分析

利用1961~2010年全国大陆地面468个气象台站的气温、降水和日照时数等资料，采用Jones等提出的计算区域平均气候时间序列的方法对全国数据进行加权平均处理，采用线性趋势、反距离加权插值、Morlet小波分析、Mann Kendall法，分析了我国大陆地面近50 a来各气候要素的变化特征。研究表明：年平均气温、年平均最低气温、年平均最高气温、年极端最低气温、年极端最高气温均呈显著上升趋势，年平均温度差、年极端温度差、年平均日照时数均呈显著减少趋势；年平均气温、年平均降水、年平均最低气温、年平均最高气温、年极端最低气温、年极端最高气温、年平均温度差、年极端温度差、年平均日照时数分别存在14、26、14、14、25、16、26、25和25 a左右的变化主周期；在005的置信度水平下，年平均最高气温、年极端最低气温、年极端最高气温、年极端温度差、年平均降水和年平均日照时数均发生突变，其分别在1996、1981、1997、1975、1983和1982年发生突变，其余要素均未发生突变。分析还发现，各气候要素的变化主周期分别存在一定的相似性，突变时间也存在一定联系     

气候工程对中国不同等级降雨结构的可能影响

气候工程作为人类快速有效给地球降温的手段，在应对气候变化的国际谈判中越来成为各界讨论的焦点话题之一。为诊断当前GeoMIP设定的当量下，气候工程不同实施阶段是否对中国降雨结构产生影响。依据中国气象局中央气象台的日降雨强度划分标准，基于BNU~ESM模式的太阳辐射管理气候工程G4实验和RCP4.5情景下非气候工程的0.5°×0.5°空间分辨率日值降水数据，对比分析气候工程实施的3个不同时段，即2010~2099、2020~2069和2070~2099年，中国不同等级降雨雨量和雨日贡献率空间差异特征。结果表明：(1)在气候态上，3个时段两种情景下的中国不同等级降雨结构的气候态高低分异特征具有较好的一致性。气候工程并未改变中国降雨结构的空间高低分异特征。(2)在气候工程与非气候工程差异上，气候工程实施的不同阶段确实可以对中国不同区域的降雨结构产生影响，且不同时段差异性有所不同。(3)在气候工程实施前后差异上，气候工程实施中相比实施后促进了中雨、大雨和总暴雨事件，而抑制了小雨事件。在当前GeoMIP模式设定的当量下，气候工程实施会对中国降雨结构会产生不同层面的影响。     

近60年中国持续极端降水时空变化特征及其环流因素分析

极端降水具有较强的持续时间不确定性，持续多天的极端降水事件往往具有较大的致灾性，但目前从极端降水持续性角度进行极端降水变化及其环流因素的研究还非常缺乏。利用1961~2018年中国逐日降水格点数据集以及大气环流指数数据，定义持续了2天及以上的极端降水为持续极端降水事件，研究其在中国不同区域发生频次、持续日数以及持续极端降水总量、持续极端降水最大降水量的时空变化和影响因素。结果表明：（1）近60年来，中国持续极端降水事件在较为干旱的地区(蒙新地区、青藏地区)高发且持续时间长，但在较湿润的地区（东部地区）持续极端降水事件强度更高。（2）中国持续极端降水事件的频率和强度均呈现出增加的趋势，但在区域尺度上，东部地区没有明显的变化趋势，越干旱的地区增加趋势越大。各个指数变化趋势的空间分布格局相似。（3）持续极端降水事件对总降水的贡献率呈现出缓慢的增长趋势，东部地区增长趋势不明显。（4）西太平洋副高、南海副高、西太平洋暖池、亚洲区极涡、北半球极涡和中国持续极端降水事件有着显著的相关关系。区域尺度上，西太平洋副高对蒙新地区和青藏地区的影响最大，东部地区则受到西太平洋副高和西太平洋暖池的较大影响。总体上西太平洋副高对于中国持续极端降水事件影响最大，西太平洋副高强度的加强往往会引起中国持续极端降水增多。     

中国外来入侵动物的分布格局及其与环境因子和人类活动的关系

外来入侵动物给中国生物多样性、生态环境和国民经济带来严重影响。正确认识区域尺度上外来入侵动物的分布格局及影响因素对外来入侵动物的预测、管理和防治具有重要意义。通过资料搜集、采用聚类分析和排序等研究方法，分析了外来入侵动物的空间分布格局及自然环境因子和人类活动强度对外来入侵动物分布格局的影响。结果表明，中国报道现有外来入侵动物136种，其中昆虫最多，占整个外来入侵数量的56.6％。从入侵方式上看，外来入侵动物主要以无意引进方式引入，占整个外来入侵数量的53.6％。外来入侵动物物种在各省的数量和密度都呈现出由东南沿海向西北内陆减少的趋势，数据分析表明在较大尺度上纬度是决定中国外来入侵动物分布格局的主导因子，而在局部尺度上人为因素对其分布格局影响较大。     

Evaluation of ecotourism development in rural regions of China

The current status of ecotourism in rural China was analyzed in this paper.Empirical surveys covering the whole country indicate that ecotourism in rural China has attracted a large number of tourists who,however,didn’t generate revenues that can match the number.Although the environmental quality of those rural ecotourism destinations is high with little negative impacts,several problems have already appeared,suggesting a need to monitor those areas.The current practice of interpretation in most rural ecotourism destinations did not provide environmental education opportunities to the tourists.And local communities need more effective ways to decide on the prospects of local ecotourism development by themselves.Finally,a few recommendations for improving the sustainability of ecotourism destinations were provided.     

中国东部夏季暴雨事件空间形态变化规律初步分析

基于1961~2010年逐日0.25°经纬度网格分辨率的降水再分析资料，将中国东部分为南部、中部和北部3个区域，以暴雨斑块表征空间上相对独立的暴雨事件，利用景观格局分析方法研究了各区域夏季暴雨事件空间形态变化规律。主要结论如下：(1）各区域空间上相对独立的暴雨事件出现频率与其个数呈反向变化，随日暴雨事件面积指数平均值和合计值增加，其出现频率呈幂指数形态下降；(2）中部区域（北部区域）在6月下旬至7月上旬（7月下旬）暴雨事件最多，在夏季前期（夏季后期）中部区域（北部区域）暴雨事件面积指数最大；(3）南部和中部区域从1990s开始进入暴雨覆盖面积偏大时期，其主导因素是暴雨事件频数增多，北部区域在2000s进入暴雨覆盖范围偏小期的主要影响因素是相对独立的暴雨事件覆盖面积变小。所得结论进一步深化了对我国东部暴雨事件演变规律的认识，在洪涝灾害防御和水资源管理工作中具有较好的应用前景，分析方法可供类似研究工作借鉴。 关键词： 暴雨；中国东部； 形态变化； 夏季     

近56 a来中国东部地区雨涝事件时空演变特征

采用1961~2016年1 638站的雨涝次数和雨涝日数年值数据，利用多种数理统计方法，诊断中国东部地区雨涝事件时空演变规律。结果表明：（1）在时间上，1961~2016年中国东部地区的年总雨涝次数和雨涝日数均在波动中呈现出增加趋势。在年代际变化上，1990s的雨涝次数和雨涝日数最多，而1960s~1980s，中国东部地区的雨涝次数和雨涝日数均呈减少趋势。中国东部地区年雨涝次数和雨涝日数存在6 a和30 a的周期振荡特征，并在1991年发生突变。（2）在空间上，1961~2016年中国东部地区气候态和各年代的雨涝次数和雨涝日数主要集中分布在华南、云南西部和南部、江西北部、浙江南部、福建北部、湖南和重庆交界地区、四川北部和辽宁东部地区。（3）在变化趋势和波动特征空间分布上，1961~2016年中国东部地区雨涝次数和雨涝日数在东南沿海地区呈明显增加趋势，而1961~2016年中国东部雨涝次数和雨涝日数波动特征则呈东南低-西北高的空间分异格局。     

1961～2017年中国不同长历时暴雨与总降雨事件的空间分异特征对比研究

长历时强降雨事件所导致的城市内涝已经成为当前中国城市安全建设和发展的严峻问题，因此，研究不同长历时强降雨事件空间演变特征具有重要的意义。采用1961~2017年中国545个日值气象站点降水数据，从雨量和雨日2个属性，分析不同长历时暴雨和总降雨事件的总量特征、变化趋势和年际变率空间分异格局。结果表明：(1)中国不同长历时暴雨和总降雨事件均呈东南高-西北低的空间分异格局，且随着降雨历时的增加，量级较高的不同长历时暴雨和总降雨事件在空间分布上逐渐向东南沿海地区集聚，且空间高低分异特征逐渐趋于减小。在华西秋雨的影响下，华西地区总降雨雨日相比同纬度其它地区较高。(2)中国不同长历时暴雨雨量和雨日主要在东南地区呈增加趋势，西北地区增减不明显。总降雨雨量变化趋势在东南和西北呈增加趋势，而在两者中间过渡带呈减少趋势，且随着降雨历时增加，减少趋势地带向东南和西北地区扩张。不同长历时总降雨雨日变化趋势则呈南方减少北方增加态势。(3)中国历时2 d的暴雨雨量和雨日年际变率在农牧交错带及其毗邻地区最大，而历时3 d以上的暴雨雨量和雨日年际变率则呈东南大-西北的分异格局。中国不同长历时总降雨雨量和雨日年际变率整体上呈南高-方低的分异格局，且随着降雨历时的增加，年际变率较大的地区向中国南部地区扩张。     

中国人口老龄化:健康不安全及应对政策

中国不仅是世界上老龄人口增加最快的国家,也是老龄人口数量最多的国家,面临的老年健康不安全的挑战已成为社会发展最突出的挑战之一。如何构建一个老年健康友好型的社会,已不仅仅是为老年人群谋福求利的问题,更成为攸关当代社会全体人群未来切身利益、进而如何营造一个和谐、公平、可持续发展的重大社会问题和国家发展战略问题。本文提出通过制定和实施旨在投资于老年健康的基本公共卫生服务政策,发展服务于老年健康的产业体系,开发老年医学科学与研究系统,建立公平有效的社会保障与支持系统,建设和谐发展的社会支持系统等一系列政策及体系目标,构建老年健康友好型社会政策体系,以促进老年人口乃至全社会的健康发展,保障人类安全,缩小健康差距,消除健康贫困。     

两类ENSO事件对中国东部地区极端降水的影响

利用1979~2010年中国地区降水数据和IRESST全球海温数据，对比研究了东部型和中部型El Nio/La Nia事件成熟期至衰退期(冬季至次年夏季)对中国东部地区极端降水和一般降水的影响，进而揭示在两类ENSO事件影响中国东部地区降水时，极端降水和一般降水各自所占的比重。结果表明:极端降水在冬、春和夏季均占总降水量的1/2以上，其中冬季所占比重最高，夏季最低，而且长江以北比长江以南高。当两类ENSO事件发生时，中国东部地区极端降水异常空间分布特征与该地区总降水基本一致，而该地区一般降水异常分布特征则与总降水和极端降水显示出较大差别，表明两类ENSO事件均是主要通过影响极端降水异常来影响到我国东部地区的总降水异常分布。从两类ENSO事件对比来看，东部型ENSO对中国东部地区极端降水的影响要显著强于中部型ENSO，而且在各季节，两类ENSO事件影响下极端降水的空间分布特征也有所不同。在此基础上，分析了1979~2010年4次最强ENSO事件对于中国东部地区极端降水的影响，结果发现，最强ENSO事件对极端降水的影响也是远强于一般降水，而且极端降水异常分布特征与总降水异常基本一致，但是当最强ENSO事件发生时，中国东部地区极端降水和总降水的异常变化较一般ENSO事件更剧烈。     

mSpray: A mobile phone technology to improve malaria control efforts and monitor human exposure to malaria control pesticides in Limpopo,South Africa

Recent estimates indicate that malaria has led to over half a million deaths worldwide, mostly to African children. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides is one of the primary vector control interventions. However, current reporting systems do not obtain precise location of IRS events in relation to malaria cases, which poses challenges for effective and efficient malaria control. This information is also critical to avoid unnecessary human exposure to IRS insecticides. We developed and piloted a mobile-based application (mSpray) to collect comprehensive information on IRS spray events. We assessed the utility, acceptability and feasibility of using mSpray to gather improved homestead- and chemical-level IRS coverage data. We installed mSpray on 10 cell phones with data bundles, and pilot tested it with 13 users in Limpopo, South Africa. Users completed basic information (number of rooms/shelters sprayed; chemical used, etc.) on spray events. Upon submission, this information as well as geographic positioning system coordinates and time/date stamp were uploaded to a Google Drive Spreadsheet to be viewed in real time. We administered questionnaires, conducted focus groups, and interviewed key informants to evaluate the utility of the app. The low-cost, cell phone-based “mSpray” app was learned quickly by users, well accepted and preferred to the current paper-based method. We recorded 2865 entries (99.1% had a GPS accuracy of 20 m or less) and identified areas of improvement including increased battery life. We also identified a number of logistic and user problems (e.g., cost of cell phones and cellular bundles, battery life, obtaining accurate GPS measures, user errors, etc.) that would need to be overcome before full deployment. Use of cell phone technology could increase the efficiency of IRS malaria control efforts by mapping spray events in relation to malaria cases, resulting in more judicious use of chemicals that are potentially harmful to humans and the environment.     

安庆大气颗粒物污染外来输送轨迹及源区研究

在对安庆2015~2016年大气颗粒物变化特征分析的基础上,利用HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模式,采用气团轨迹聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子法(PSFC)和浓度权重轨迹法(CWT),研究了不同季节安庆地区外源污染物传输的路径及潜在源区。结果表明:(1)安庆市大气颗粒物质量浓度存在显著的季节变化,表现为冬季春季秋季夏季,12月份污染最重,7月份污染最轻。(2)影响安庆地区气流轨迹具有显著性季节性变化特征,夏季主要受来自南方和东南方向海洋气流影响,PM10和PM2.5的平均值较低;冬、春和秋季安庆地区受到海洋性气团和大陆性气团共同影响,且以偏西和西北路径的大陆性气团影响最为明显,受沙尘或人为排放因素的影响,对应PM10和PM2.5的平均值相对较高,颗粒物高污染时段与该2类大陆性气流轨迹输送关系密切。(3)安庆颗粒物冬季PSFC值和CWT值最大,夏季最小。PSFC和CWT值2处高值区主要分布在湖北东部、江西北部和湖南南部等带状地区,以及山西、河南中部、山东南部及安徽北部等带状区域。     

西南地区不同地形降水稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源

为阐明西南地区不同地形对于降水稳定同位素的影响以及各个水汽团在地理上的分界线，选取四川盆地、云贵高原、青藏高原东部及横断山脉3个地区共10个研究点作为本次研究的对象，分析了西南地区大气降水中δD、δ18O的时空变化特征，并初步建立了3个地区大气降水线，探讨了降水稳定同位素与温度、降水量及水汽来源之间的关系，并利用HYSPLIT4.9模型分析追踪冬夏半年降水事件的水汽来源及运移路径。结果表明：西南地区降水稳定同位素存在显著的高程效应；δ18O=-0.0028H-3.93,R=0.89，降水中δ18Ｏ和δＤ值表现出由四川盆地-云贵高原-青藏高原东部与横断山脉地区逐渐贫化的趋势，季节变化规律特征为冬半年整体偏重，而夏半年整体偏轻。同时西南地区除昆明与成都地区外，d值整体上表现出夏低冬高的特征，符合我国季风降水影响区域的特点。3处地区大气降水线（LMWL）与全球大气降水线（GMWL）相比，四川盆地、青藏高原东部及横断山脉地区斜率与截距明显偏小，而云贵高原斜率与截距偏大，其主要与水汽凝结时温度、蒸发条件、水汽来源以及输送方式有关。温度效应和降水量效应在不同地区主导性存在差异，四川盆地地区、云贵高原地区、青藏高原东部以及横断山脉地区整体上不存在温度效应，存在显著降水量效应。西南各地区主导型水汽团也存在差异性，通过对不同地区冬夏季风期间主导型水汽团初步分析，受单一性水汽团影响的区域主要分布于西南部与东北部，而受多种水汽团影响的区域主要分布于西北部与东南部；贵阳-安顺一线处于西太平洋水汽团与孟加拉湾水汽团交界处，成都-卧龙-黄龙一线处于西太平洋水汽团与西风带水汽团的交界处。 关键词： 大气降水；稳定同位素；水汽来源；不同地形；西南地区     

近49年中国夏季制冷度日数的变化

利用全国531个气象站1960~2008年逐日平均气温资料，分析了近49 a来我国夏季制冷度日数的变化趋势，并以浙江省为例分析了制冷度日数与夏季空调降温电力负荷的关系。主要结论如下：我国日平均温度等于或高于26℃的日数（1971~2000年平均）大于10 d，夏季有制冷需求的站点主要分布在新疆、四川盆地和太行山 巫山 雪峰山一线以东地区，以及云南干热河谷地区。1960~2008年我国黄河以北地区夏季有制冷需求的站点6~9月平均气温从20世纪90年代中期开始呈现出较明显的上升趋势，使得制冷日数和度日数都相应增加；黄河以南、南岭以北地区近49 a来6~9月平均气温线性趋势不明显，制冷度日数变化不大；南岭以南地区6~9月气温持续上升，夏季制冷度日数的增加最为显著。以浙江省为例的分析显示，制冷度日数与夏季空调降温电力负荷有很好的线性相关关系，可以用来预测降温耗电量。
     

Vulnerability of water discharge of large Chinese rivers to environmental changes: an overview

In an era of rapid environmental change, China is facing increasing problems in the management of its large rivers and water resources. The disastrous 1998 Yangtze floods and the emerging water shortages in north China raised further concerns about the potential impact of environmental change on extreme hydrological events such as floods and droughts. Over the past few decades, increasing water consumption by the domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors, as well as a number of human activities such as deforestation, agricultural land expansion, wetland reclamation, construction of reservoirs and roads, water diversion, and sand/stone excavation significantly affect hydro-geomorphic processes such as water discharge and sediment flux throughout China. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent research on the water discharge changes occurring in major Chinese rivers and their vulnerability to environmental change. Most of the rivers, notably in north China, have experienced significant changes in water discharge over the last few decades, indicating that they are vulnerable to climatic variations and human activities. In contrast to north China, the rivers in south China have experienced less change, but some of the detected changes displayed similar trends to those in north China, though at a slower pace. These profound changes, in addition to the on-going projects such as the Three Gorges Dam Project and the South-North Water Transfer Project, will completely alter Chinas waterscape.     

1.5℃温控目标下气候工程对中国极端高温强度影响的空间差异研究

全球变暖背景下极端高温热浪频发,已成为严重影响人类健康和社会可持续发展的气象灾害之一。基于BNU-ESM模式的气候工程(G4试验)和非气候工程(RCP4.5)情景下的2020～2099年日值最高气温数据和平均气温数据,采用韦伯分布理论,对比分析了气候工程实施中(2020～2069年)和实施结束后(2070～2099年)的中国极端高温强度区域差异特征。结果表明:(1)两种情景下的对比表明,气候工程并未从根本上改变中国不同重现期的极端高温强度空间高低分异特征。两种情景下的极端高温强度在两个时段均呈青藏高原低,东部和西北高的空间分异特征。(2)两种情景下的对比表明,气候工程在两个研究时段均有助于中国不同重现期极端高温强度的缓解,且实施期间的缓解作用明显高于结束后。(3)气候工程情景下2020～2069年与2070～2099年的对比结果表明,气候工程实施结束后并未引起极端高温的强烈反弹,且气候工程实施期间对极端高温强度的缓解作用明显高于结束后。(4)对比气候工程实施前后中国平均气温变化,结果表明气候工程使得中国平均气温至少降低了1.25℃,有效缓解了全球气候变暖,有利于《巴黎协定》1.5℃温控目标的实现。在当前1.5℃温控目标下,平均气温的降低有助于减少和缓解更多极端高温事件的频次与强度,深化气候工程对极端高温事件影响的认识。     

The impact analysis of policy events on China’s carbon market

ABSTRACT

This paper interrogates the impact of policy events on the efficiency of carbon market in China. The analysis covers five piloting emission trading schemes (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shenzhen and Hubei), particularly focusing on Guangdong pilot for its weak form efficiency and the richness of policy events. Twenty-five policy events between 2014 and 2016 are categorized into seven groups. The efficiency test indicates that only Guangdong ETS has reached weak form efficiency. After exploring the policy events occurred in Guangdong ETS, it finds that although a clear long-term climate policy has been set up over the country, China’s carbon market still has a conservative risk appetite and its governing institutions still needs further development. The policy makers need to be aware of and avoid the negative impacts of policy events to the market evolvement, by introducing effective consultancy process with the stakeholders and nurturing market expectations in the long run. We also find that events like allowance auctions have considerably less impacts than previously expected and argue that auction approach should be considered a preferable option over a free allocation system in the future policy design.     

Environmental management of pesticidal POPs in China: past, present and future

China, the largest developing country in the world, has been undergoing rapid economic growth in the past two decades. Synchronously, large quantities of persistent organic chlorinated pesticides have been used in agriculture and non-agriculture areas. Accompanying with incomplete management framework, the improper use and disposal of pesticides have caused serious pollution problems. In this study, we discussed: (1) ten persistent organochlorine pesticides in terms of historical production, consumption and number of manufacturers, import and export; (2) the current management framework of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with respect to legal system and government administrative system; (3) the existing problems in the management of pesticidal POPs; and proposed recommendations for countermeasures. Based on the available information, it can be concluded that records on the historical production and consumption quantities of pesticidal POPs are incomplete which makes a difficulty in the management. Although China has come a long way in developing a modern legal system, the current system is still considered weak and inefficient; and many challenges are ahead. The government administrative system has also been reformed and improved, but over-lapping jurisdictions still exist and are ineffective in managing pesticidal POPs program. To address these existing problems in pesticidal POPs management, it was suggested that more investigations should be conducted to collect information on pollution sources of pesticidal POPs, to evaluate their environmental risks, to identify new alternative chemicals and to complete management framework of pesticidal POPs in China. Furthermore, the public should be encouraged to participate in managing hazardous pesticidal POPs in China, and international cooperation and communication should be established and strengthened imperatively as well.     

Mediterranean cyclones and windstorms in a changing climate

Changes in the frequency and intensity of cyclones and associated windstorms affecting the Mediterranean region simulated under enhanced Greenhouse Gas forcing conditions are investigated. The analysis is based on 7 climate model integrations performed with two coupled global models (ECHAM5 MPIOM and INGV CMCC), comparing the end of the twentieth century and at least the first half of the twenty-first century. As one of the models has a considerably enhanced resolution of the atmosphere and the ocean, it is also investigated whether the climate change signals are influenced by the model resolution. While the higher resolved simulation is closer to reanalysis climatology, both in terms of cyclones and windstorm distributions, there is no evidence for an influence of the resolution on the sign of the climate change signal. All model simulations show a reduction in the total number of cyclones crossing the Mediterranean region under climate change conditions. Exceptions are Morocco and the Levant region, where the models predict an increase in the number of cyclones. The reduction is especially strong for intense cyclones in terms of their Laplacian of pressure. The influence of the simulated positive shift in the NAO Index on the cyclone decrease is restricted to the Western Mediterranean region, where it explains 10–50 % of the simulated trend, depending on the individual simulation. With respect to windstorms, decreases are simulated over most of the Mediterranean basin. This overall reduction is due to a decrease in the number of events associated with local cyclones, while the number of events associated with cyclones outside of the Mediterranean region slightly increases. These systems are, however, less intense in terms of their integrated severity over the Mediterranean area, as they mostly affect the fringes of the region. In spite of the general reduction in total numbers, several cyclones and windstorms of intensity unknown under current climate conditions are identified for the scenario simulations. For these events, no common trend exists in the individual simulations. Thus, they may rather be attributed to long-term (e.g. decadal) variability than to the Greenhouse Gas forcing. Nevertheless, the result indicates that high-impact weather systems will remain an important risk in the Mediterranean Basin.     

Are ecological differences of irruptive bird species from typical migrants real? (The example of the long-tailed tit <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegithalos c. caudatus</Emphasis>)

Using the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos c. caudatus) as an example of the so-called irruptive species, the ecophysiological characteristics (body mass, fat reserves) and migration speed during autumn period were analyzed. The mean body mass and the median fat score did not depend on the number of migrating individuals. There was no evidence of the so-called stress in birds, participating in migration: migrants had even higher fat reserves than residents, while no significant difference in the body mass was recorded. The increase in fat reserves in the long-tailed tit during migration period was similar to the seasonal changes in energy reserves known for typical migrants. This makes it possible for late-migrating individuals to maintain higher total speed of migration compared to early-migrating ones. Basing on the obtained data, we conclude that the ecophysiological characteristics of the long-tailed tits migrating in autumn are similar to those of regular migrants.