波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性与构象的影响

为初步探讨波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶的作用机理及变化规律,采用人工模拟和荧光光谱法研究了波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性特征及构象的影响.结果表明:1)不同浓度波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体呈现低浓度激活、高浓度抑制作用.不同配制方式波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性抑制效应顺序为多倍量式>倍量式>半量式>等量式.浓度为200mg·kg-1左右的等量式波尔多液处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响最小.2)24h培养时间下,随波尔多液浓度的增加,酶促反应米氏常数Km和最大反应速率Vmax均呈先减小后增大趋势.统计分析表明,Km和Vmax均与波尔多液浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.01),土壤过氧化氢酶Km值可表征波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度,其作用机理为反竞争性抑制类型.3)波尔多液对离体过氧化氢酶的内源荧光有较强的猝灭作用,Cu(Ⅱ)和离体过氧化氢酶的结合常数K及结合位点数n分别为69.1831mol·L-1和0.6878.     

Fungicidal elements accumulated in Cryptothecia punctulata (Ascomycetes lichen) of an arecanut orchard in South India

Different nutrient elements were analyzed in the lichen Cryptothecia punctulata collected from the arecanut trees which were exposed to several sprays of a fungicide Bordeaux mixture. The study revealed the accumulation of fungicidal elements such as Cu, Ca and S in higher concentration of 575.4, 10,000 and 21,000 microg g(-1), respectively.     

Toxicity of zinc,cadmium and copper to the shrimp Callianassa australiensis. III. Accumulation of metals

Callianassa australiensis (Dana) that survived 14 d acute lethality studies were analysed to determine the concentrations of zinc, cadmium and copper in the whole shrimp and in various parts of the body. Using regression analysis, the influence of each metal upon the uptake of the others was studied. Zinc and cadmium appeared to enhance the uptake of each other. In a mixture of zinc and copper, the uptake of zinc was enhanced and that of copper was inhibited. In a mixture of cadmium and copper, the uptake of copper was inhibited by the presence of cadmium, but cadmium uptake was unaffected in the presence of copper. In a mixture of all three metals, similar effects were observed except that zinc and copper, occurring together, appeared to have no effect upon cadmium uptake. Additional 14 d experiments with cadmium suggested that accumulation of this metal was a function of metal concentration in the water and of duration of exposure. The whole shrimp cadmium concentration also appeared to be a function of the size of the shrimp. The variation in concentration factors is described and the need for further research on the effects of combinations of metals on various organisms is emphasized.     

Comparison of phytotoxic effects of bio-synthesised copper oxide nanoparticle and ionic copper on Elodea canadensis

This study aims to investigate the phytotoxic effects of both Punica granatum peel extract directed copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and copper nitrate on Elodea canadensis. The CuONPs were characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. The ratio of photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and copper accumulation in the E. canadensis was determined to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the CuONPs and copper nitrate on E. canadensis. The significant improvements were observed in the growth rate of E. canadensis, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid contents, and total soluble protein in the E. canadensis when it was exposed to the CuONPs. Additionally, CAT and APX activities and MDA contents were enhanced by accumulation of the CuONPs into the E. canadensis. These results suggested that oxidative stress was alleviated, owing to the result of an increase in the antioxidants such as CAT and APX, with an increase in the concentration of the CuONPs. Finally, the findings of this study show that copper nitrate has many negative effects on E. canadensis compared bio-synthesised CuONPs.     

常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性潜在增效作用研究

啶虫脒对蜜蜂急性毒性较低,且允许在作物花期施用,而杀菌剂也是蜜源植物花期常用药剂。本文采用点滴法和摄入法测定了10种常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性的潜在增效作用。结果表明,点滴田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂使啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性不同程度的增加。点滴杀菌剂和啶虫脒24 h、48 h后,咪鲜胺、丙环唑、腈菌唑、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、己唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、三唑酮、氟硅唑使啶虫脒毒性分别增加14.02、10.74、8.50、7.92、4.77、4.28、4.19、4.07、2.74、2.67倍和8.01、10.14、4.80、7.09、2.66、2.56、3.62、2.69、2.24、1.49倍。摄入田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂和啶虫脒混剂24 h、48 h后,啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性增加。其中,丙环唑、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、咪鲜胺使啶虫脒的毒性分别增加3.62、2.46、2.10、1.98、1.56倍和2.07、2.81、2.20、2.58、2.23倍。因此蜜源植物花期应避免丙环唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、腈菌唑与啶虫脒先后喷施或混合喷施,慎用己唑醇等其他6种杀菌剂,以防啶虫脒残留导致中华蜜蜂采集蜂中毒。     

水生生物水质基准研究中轮虫、水螅、涡虫类受试生物的筛选

轮虫、水螅、涡虫是水生生态系统的重要生物类群。因其对水体污染较敏感,所以对水生生物基准研究有重要意义。依据我国生物区系资料及毒性数据丰度,筛选出8种代表性本土轮虫、水螅、涡虫类生物。参照美国水生生物基准技术指南,搜集、筛选了这8种代表性生物的急性毒性数据,通过数据分析,筛选出对各物种毒性最大的污染物,主要包括重金属、农药、有机锡化物、表面活性剂、吡啶胺类杀菌剂。分析污染物的物种敏感度分布,依据累积概率对代表性生物的物种敏感性进行分类,结果为:萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、绿水螅(Hydra viridissima)、普通水螅(Hydra vulgaris)对重金属铜的累积概率为6.5%、8.5%和10.4%,普通水螅(Hydra vulgaris)对重金属汞的累积概率为6.3%;龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和四齿腔轮虫(Lecane quadridentata)对五氯酚钠的累积概率为5.1%和7.6%;褐水螅(Hydra oligactis)和绿水螅(Hydra viridissima)对三丁基氧化锡的累积概率为6.9%和13.8%,萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)对氟啶胺的累积概率为6.7%,日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)对四氯化碳、十二烷基苯磺酸钠的累积概率分别为6.7%和7.1%。上述结果表明:萼花臂尾轮虫、绿水螅对重金属铜敏感;普通水螅对重金属铜和汞敏感;龟甲轮虫和四齿腔轮虫对农药敏感;褐水螅和绿水螅对有机锡化物敏感;萼花臂尾轮虫对吡啶胺类杀菌剂敏感;日本三角涡虫对四氯化碳、表面活性剂敏感。这7种代表性生物可作为相关污染物的水生生物基准受试物种。     

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu and Pb) in Ruditapes philippinarum

The effect of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on copper and lead bioaccumulation in Ruditapes philippinarum was studied. The in vitro and in vivo effect of LAS on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities was also examined. For lead, significant differences (P<0.01) were observed between organisms exposed to lead and to the mixture of LAS and lead. In the case of copper, these differences were only significant in the digestive gland (P<0.05). In vitro acid phosphatase was inhibited by LAS and the mixture of LAS with copper showed the effect of decreasing the enzymatic activity. Nevertheless, in vivo no significant differences in the digestive gland and gills (P < 0.05) were observed.     

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of pesticides in soluble phase and suspended phase in river water

A high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed to determine pesticides in river water as both dissolved phase and suspended phase. The target pesticides were eight herbicides, asulam, diuron, flazasulfuron, linuron, MCPB, mecoprop, pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl and siduron, and two fungicides, oxine‐copper and thiram. The pesticides in filtered river water were extracted with styrene‐divinylbenzene copolymer and were eluted with acetonitrile. The pesticides on suspended solids were extracted ultrasonically with acetonitrile. Each eluate was concentrated and analyzed by HPLC with multiwavelength detector. Recoveries of the pesticides in the overall procedure of this method were 78–114% for filtered river water and 75–107% for suspended solids. The limits of detection in water and suspended solids ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 μg/L and 1 to 7 μg/g, respectively. Pesticide distribution between soluble phase and suspended phase in river water was measured by this method.     

Na_2CO_3/H_2O_2“稳定”的CO_2的型体研究(Ⅰ)——“稳定性二氧化氯”溶液中氯氧化物的类型及性能分析

本文对以稳定剂H_2O_2和Na_2CO_3与ClO_2制备的所谓“稳定性二氧化氯” 溶液中ClO_2存在型体及碳酸盐存在型体进行了分析,同时对“稳定性二氧化氯”的热稳定性、酸活化影响因素以及杀菌效果等方面进行了研究,并与纯NaClO_2和ClO_2进行了对比.结果表明:“稳定性二氧化氯”溶液中ClO_2是以亚氯酸盐ClO_2~-型体存在,碳酸盐是以碳酸氢盐型体存在.又通过理论分析证明“稳定性二氧化氯”溶液制备过程中ClO_2与H_2O_2和Na_2CO_3发生了氧化还原和质子传递反应,生成了亚氯酸盐ClO_2~-和碳酸氢盐HCO_3~-,并有O_2放出.因此,认为“稳定性二氧比氯”溶液是ClO_2与H_2O_2和Na_2CO_3反应生成的ClO_2~-和HCO_3~-的混合溶液.     

Influence of manufacturing process on the residues of certain fungicides used on tea

Green tea shoots which were sprayed with fungicides such as hexaconazole, propiconazole, carbendazim, and tridemorph were collected from tea bushes after 24 h of fungicide application to study the effect of manufacturing process on the residues. Significant loss of residues was noted at each stage of the manufacturing process. The total loss in residues upon manufacturing of these fungicides ranged from 12.20% to 57.14%. Among the various influential factors that determine the loss of residues, vapor pressure of the fungicides was most prominent in the contribution to residue loss. A high vapor pressure of the fungicide tridemorph amounted to a residue loss of 57.14%, while the low vapor pressure of the other three fungicides caused a loss of less than 22.22%.     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^-1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^-1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^-1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^-1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^-1 and 0.22 ppm hr^-1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Abstract

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^?1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^?1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^?1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^?1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^?1 and 0.22 ppm hr^?1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

Reclamation of phytotoxic tailing

The reclamation of tailing that is toxic to vegetation (phytotoxic) was the subject of laboratory and field research. Using trona tailing as an example of phytotoxic waste, research identified three areas that may be critical to reclamation:

establishment and maintenance of a capillary barrier to prevent upward migration of plant toxicants into the plant-rooting zone;

water drainage or evaporation to prevent or control water accumulation within the tailing;

soil requirements for revegetation.

A pilot reclamation program was developed in which a 20-cm layer of coarse gravel formed a capillary barrier between phytotoxic tailing and overlying material. To maintain the integrity of the capillary barrier, a 20-cm layer of fine gravel was applied to the coarse gravel surface; soil was then applied to the fine gravel surface. A zone of shallow soil was used to allow water, which collected during the late winter, to evaporate from the tailing during the dry summer. Soil depth requirements were assessed by measuring the response of shrubs and grasses to increasing soil depth.     

7种农药对管氏肿腿蜂的毒性及初级风险评价

为评估农药对寄生类自然天敌昆虫的安全性,选择管氏肿腿蜂(Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu)作为受试生物,采用管测药膜法测定了3种杀虫剂、2种除草剂、2种杀菌剂对其致死效应,并根据田间推荐剂量计算暴露量,采用风险商值HQ对杀虫剂进行风险评估。结果显示,与空白对照比较,3种杀虫剂均具明显毒性作用,其中丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和呋虫胺对管氏肿腿蜂的24 h半致死量(24 h-LR50)分别为5.11、2.92和0.06 g a.i.·ha-1,农田内风险商值分别为60.23、16.64和3 105。除草剂和杀菌剂在3倍最大田间推荐剂量作用下,24 h管氏肿腿蜂死亡率均小于50%。上述结果表明,在田间推荐用量下,3种杀虫剂对管氏肿腿蜂的初级风险评价为存在高风险,建议进一步开展高级阶段风险评估或者采取合理的风险管理措施来降低风险;除草剂和杀菌剂对管氏肿腿蜂的风险可接受。     

Assessment of cadmium,chromium, and copper levels in market fruit samples in Meerut,North India

The levels of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) were assessed in 24 fruit species in Meerut, North India using atomic absorption spectrometry. Data showed that Cd concentrations in fruits except banana, pomegranate, papaya, orange, and cherry were above the recommended maximum allowable limit of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) (0.2 µg/g). Average Cr concentrations in all analyzed fruit samples were also found higher than the safe limit of FAO/WHO (2.3 µg/g). In contrast, fruits viz. banana, lychees, papaya, Indian apple, Asian apple, and tiger nut showed concentration of Cu below the recommended safe limit (40 µg/g). Our study demonstrated that concentration of studied heavy metals in all tested samples varied according to fruit species and respective contaminants. Data suggest that more strict rules/standards need to be applied by National/International regulatory agencies in order to make these important fruit items free from heavy metals contamination and protect the consumer.     

农药内分泌干扰效应研究进展

农药作为农业生产过程中的一类重要生产资料,主要用作杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂等。由于农药的大量使用,目前在各类农产品及各种环境介质中都能被检测到,对饮食健康和环境安全带来潜在危害。研究发现,许多农药为内分泌干扰物,其能够干扰人类和其他生物体的内分泌系统正常功能。本文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,对农药内分泌干扰效应的作用机理及筛选模型进行总结,对有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯等各类农药的内分泌干扰效应研究进展进行综述,并提出深入探究农药致毒作用机制和低剂量下多种农药联合毒性是本领域的重要研究方向。     

香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病防治药剂的筛选

杀菌剂对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的毒力测定筛选结果表明，绿亨一号 多菌灵、五氯硝基苯 多菌灵、多菌灵 普克、敌克松 普克等混配药剂对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的抑制效果最佳，持效期长，可作为防治香蕉枯萎病的土壤消毒剂使用。     

土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应的影响,并探讨了有效态铜、镉的提取剂。结果表明,2.5％醋酸可作为酸性水稻土有效态铜、镉的提取剂,土壤含镉5mg/kg对铜的水稻产量效应未有影响,但糙米含镉量超标。     

21种杀菌剂对家蚕的急性毒性与风险评价

旨在为桑园及周围农田合理选择和使用农药提供科学依据,采用食下毒叶法测定了农业生产上常用的21种杀菌剂对家蚕的急性毒性,并进行了风险评价.急性毒性测定结果表明:20％苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、10％氟硅唑水乳剂、12.5％腈菌唑水乳剂、12.5％烯唑醇可湿性粉剂和70％嗯霉灵可湿性粉剂对家蚕的96 h-LC50值为46.5(41...     

Toxic effects of copper and zinc mixtures on some haematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn)

The effect of heavy metals and mixture were studied on some haematological and biochemical parameters in fish, Cyprinus carpio at sublethal level over the period of 30 days. Heavy metal significantly decreased total RBC count, haemogoblin, heamatocrit (Hct) (except copper after 10 days exposure). The WBC count was increased significantly in all the treated fish. The MCH, MCHC, MVC were increased depending upon the exposure period; declined PVC was noticed at 1% level of significance after 30 days on all the treated fish. Serum level of chloride and calcium content were increased where as serum glucose, cholesterol and total serum protein were decreased significantly. The alteration in haematological and biochemical parameters shows more toxic in mixture after 30 days, showed more than 'addition action' of the individual toxicant.