磷回收技术的研发现状及发展趋势

磷是地球上一种不可自然再生的有限资源,磷的这一属性近年来已诱使国际磷矿石价格一路飙升,较10年前翻了6番.与此同时,全球范围内普遍存在着陆地磷矿产资源日益匮乏与水环境中磷含量过高而导致水体富营养化这一矛盾.这样的资源与环境现状目前正推动着以"回收"磷代替"去除"磷之理念的快速传播与研发技术的实际应用;从污水以及动物粪尿中发掘"第二磷矿"的设想目前正被国际社会所日益青睐.2009年5月"第4届从污水中回收营养物国际会议"高度浓缩了当今世界有关磷回收技术的研发与应用现状.以此次会议内容为主线,结合其他方面最新研究与应用成果,首先对磷回收偏爱产物——鸟粪石形成的pH等重要反应条件之基础性研究成果进行了概述.其次,详细阐述了磷回收技术的研发进展,除传统的化学沉淀、结晶、吸附/解吸附等方法外,还着重介绍了尿液源分离、MBR、纳米技术、丝状聚磷微生物、生物浸取/生物富集、生物铁工艺等新型磷回收技术,以及动物粪尿磷回收、污泥及肉骨焚烧灰回收磷与生物质磷回收技术.最后,以实例说明磷回收产物在农业和水产养殖业方面的尝试效果,并对磷回收未来技术发展趋势进行了宏观展望.     

以鸟粪石的形式在污水处理厂回收磷的研究

磷既是一种不可再生的资源,也是造成水体富营养化的重要因素。近年来,随着磷资源的匮乏,从污水处理厂回收磷在世界各国逐渐兴起,而我国在这方面的研究还基本处于起始阶段。为此,在某污水处理厂进行了以鸟粪石形式回收磷的小试实验,考察了磷回收的一些控制参数,并将以此作为基础,继续深入研究。     

污水处理中磷回收理论与技术

由于磷矿的开采和磷在自然界中近乎单向循环。磷资源日益枯竭。污水中含有大量的磷。我国污水排放中的磷量相当于磷矿产量的37．5％,经过处理回收可以转变为磷资源。又可以保护环境。当前磷的回收技术有沉积法、结晶法、土地利用等多种形式,除了土地利用外,其他技术都处于试验探索阶段,需要进一步开发研究。磷酸盐是磷回收的主要形式。鸟粪石和磷酸钙分别适合用作肥料和工业原料。     

面向未来污水处理技术应用研究现状及工程实践

目前全球面临巨大能源、水污染及资源危机,传统污水处理技术已无法满足可持续发展需求,实现能源自给、污水再生及资源回收的新型污水处理技术是未来水厂重要实施路径.污水处理厂实现能源自给的关键一是"开源",即高效回收污水中有机物化学能、低品位热能,并利用外源有机物厌氧共消化、太阳能、风能等技术开发能源;二是"节流",即利用高效设备、精细化运行系统及厌氧氨氧化技术等举措节能降耗.基于可饮用用途,MBR+RO法是实现污水再生的主要途径,但膜污染严重、电耗高的问题仍有待解决.通过污泥水解技术获得富含VFA的优质碳源或合成PHAs的主要原料是有机物资源化的重要方向;利用污泥焚烧磷回收,可获得90%以上的磷回收率,并可解决污泥处置的困境.系统总结了国内外面向未来污水处理新技术应用研究现状,介绍了典型国家对未来污水处理技术的实践,提出我国面向未来污水处理厂面临的阻碍及可能的出路,为我国未来污水处理厂的发展提供方向.     

Waste activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification: A comparison between sodium hydroxide and steel slag addition

Alkaline treatment with steel slag and NaOH addition were investigated under different pH conditions for the fermentation of waste activated sludge. Better performance was achieved in steel slag addition scenarios for both sludge hydrolysis and acidification. More solubilization of organic matters and much production of higher VFA (volatile fatty acid) in a shorter time can be achieved at pH 10 when adjusted by steel slag. Higher enzyme activities were also observed in steel slag addition scenarios under the same pH conditions. Phosphorus concentration in the supernatant increased with fermentation time and pH in NaOH addition scenarios, while in contrast most phosphorus was released and captured by steel slag simultaneously in steel slag addition scenarios. These results suggest that steel slag can be used as a substitute for NaOH in sludge alkaline treatment.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

Treatment of phosphorus waste water using crystallization method

Phosphorus is the restrictive factor of water eutrophication and phosphorus removal is the key point to control this phenomenon. It's also important to recover phosphorus resource from wastewater. Crystallization method was used to treat and recycle high concentration phosphorus wastewater, the selection of organic solvent, influence of volume ratio of organic solvent and wastewater, precipitation time and stirring speed on the production of crystal and its structure was investigated. Experimental results indicate that, with ethanol as extractant, under the condition of volume ratio of ethanol to wastewater being 1.5:1 and stirring speed about 200 r/min, crystal precipitated fast with fine crystal shape and purity, phosphorus removal efficiency more than 85% was obtained.     

变废为宝,向治理系统要经济效益的应用实例

用生产废水治理工程中吸附了废醪液的灰渣辅加滤泥(亚法)经预处理后掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做固态茵肥,用循环用于水膜除尘的近50°BX的浓废醪液掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做液态茵肥,使污染环境有肥效的废醪液全部资源化使用,彻底消除了二次污染。     

城镇污泥总磷测定条件的优化选择研究

根据住建部要求对(CJ/T221-2005)《城市污水处理厂污泥检验方法》进行修订和完善.依据水中总磷的测定原理,通过过硫酸钾消解后钼酸铵分光光度法对污泥中的总磷进行测定,并对过硫酸钾消解后钼酸铵分光光度法的实验条件,包括污泥样品取样量、过硫酸钾溶液加入量和消解时间进行了优化选择.结果发现污泥样品取样量为0.1 g左右,过硫酸钾溶液加入量为50 mL,消解时间为30 min的条件下,加标回收率在90%~105%之间.结果提示我们进行优化选择的方法能满足实验室的要求,可作为城镇污泥中总磷的测定方法.     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。     

类水滑石对污泥焚烧飞灰浸出液中磷的纯化

采用Mg-Fe型类水滑石（LDH）吸附剂提纯污泥焚烧飞灰（ISSA）浸出液中的磷,探究了吸附剂煅烧对磷吸附效果的影响及磷吸附和脱附机理.研究发现,在高浓度磷溶液（>1000mg/L）中,未煅烧的类水滑石（LDHu）磷吸附容量高于煅烧后的类水滑石（LDHc）.LDHu具有典型的层状结构,磷的吸附与脱附主要通过磷和金属离子沉淀-溶解、静电吸附-排斥、配位作用和离子交换实现.而LDHc层状结构消失,形成双金属氧化物,不存在明显的阴离子交换作用.经LDHu或LDHc吸附和NaOH溶液脱附后,ISSA浸出液均具有良好的磷纯化效果,磷相对纯度从36%分别上升至77%和69%,磷回收率分别为84%和57%.纯化后的溶液适合制备高值含磷产物.     

Quantification of hookworm ova from wastewater matrices using quantitative PCR

A quantitative PCR(q PCR) assay was used to quantify Ancylostoma caninum ova in wastewater and sludge samples.We estimated the average gene copy numbers for a single ovum using a mixed population of ova.The average gene copy numbers derived from the mixed population were used to estimate numbers of hookworm ova in A.caninum seeded and unseeded wastewater and sludge samples.The newly developed qP CR assay estimated an average of3.7 × 10~3 gene copies per ovum,which was then validated by seeding known numbers of hookworm ova into treated wastewater.The qP CR estimated an average of(1.1 ± 0.1),(8.6 ± 2.9)and(67.3 ± 10.4) ova for treated wastewater that was seeded with(1 ± 0),(10 ± 2) and(100 ± 21)ova,respectively.The further application of the q PCR assay for the quantification of A.caninum ova was determined by seeding a known numbers of ova into the wastewater matrices.The qP CR results indicated that 50%,90% and 67% of treated wastewater(1 L),raw wastewater(1 L)and sludge(~4 g) samples had variable numbers of A.caninum gene copies.After conversion of the q PCR estimated gene copy numbers to ova for treated wastewater,raw wastewater,and sludge samples,had an average of 0.02,1.24 and 67 ova,respectively.The result of this study indicated that qP CR can be used for the quantification of hookworm ova from wastewater and sludge samples;however,caution is advised in interpreting qP CR generated data for health risk assessment.     

剩余污泥焚烧灰分磷回收及其技术进展

焚烧渐渐成为剩余污泥终极处理、处置方式,而焚烧产生的污泥灰分中又包括了污水中绝大部分（>90%）的磷.因此,从焚烧灰分中回收磷也为污水磷回收提供了最佳位点.从污泥灰分中回收磷已存在一些适用技术,但灰分中重金属含量对工艺选择有重要影响,这可能会限制灰分直接用作农作物肥料的可行性与价值.因此,磷提取并纯化是灰分磷回收的重要技术步骤,同时也需兼顾工艺经济成本与环境影响.为此,本文从磷提取与磷纯化角度总结了目前灰分磷回收技术的国际研发进展,涵盖生物法、湿式化学法和热化学法;分析比较了不同方法在技术经济、环境影响及适用灰分方面的差别.生物法行之有效、环境影响小,但完成磷回收时间漫长;湿式化学法研发、应用最为广泛,但对环境影响较大;与污泥焚烧统筹合建可使热化学法更具经济性.然而,3类不同技术工艺并不具有相互替代性,需根据灰分成分进行合理选择.此外,前端污水处理以及中端污泥前处理也应与末端灰分磷回收相结合,尽量避免过多化学药剂投加带来的污泥灰分金属含量增加.污泥单独焚烧亦是决定灰分磷回收效率的关键.欧洲政策已明显支持污泥焚烧并从灰分中回收磷,政策和做法值得我国借鉴、学习.     

以磷酸钙盐的形式从污水处理厂回收磷的研究

磷是一种不可再生、难以替代的有限自然资源.磷的可持续利用问题越来越受到世界各国学者与政府的高度重视.近年来,从污水厂回收磷在世界各国逐渐兴起,而我国在这方面的研究还处于起步阶段,尤其是以磷酸钙盐的形式回收磷的相关研究还未见报道.以磷酸钙盐形式回收废水中的磷,优化磷回收过程相关工艺控制条件.结果表明,pH值和Ca2 浓度是磷酸钙盐回收的关键因素,最优值分别为10和6.68,磷回收率达到90%.     

污泥含磷量与脱氮除磷系统污泥膨胀的关系研究

采用人工废水,将2套接种了优势丝状菌不同的污泥、以A2/O方式运行的SBR反应器进水磷酸盐浓度由10 mg/L逐步提高到30 mg/L,研究了系统脱氮除磷过程中污泥含磷量与污泥沉降性能的变化,探讨了污泥含磷量、丝状菌与污泥膨胀的关系.结果表明,随着进水磷浓度从10 mg/L提高到20 mg/L和30 mg/L,1号反应器污泥含磷量从接种污泥的2.5%提高到8.17%和9.23%,污泥SVI值由接种初期的110 mL/g迅速增加到300 mL/g左右,之后回落并维持在135~150 mL/g.污泥中含磷量增加至8%以上,这在一定程度改善了污泥的沉淀性,对污泥膨胀起到抑制作用.2号反应器污泥含磷量从接种污泥的1.89%提高到6.77%和6.95%,污泥的SVI值由接种初期的138 mL/g上升到190~320 mL/g之间,并维持在280~300 mL/g.污泥中含磷量增加对于2号反应器膨胀污泥的沉淀性能没有改善.这2个反应器污泥沉淀性变化的差异是由于1号反应器污泥中的浮游球衣细菌在环境诱导下进行了生物除磷作用,使得污泥的比重增大,从而改善了污泥的沉降性能,而2号反应器中无浮游球衣菌,因而污泥沉降性没有改善.污泥...     

污泥堆肥农用效应研究

污泥是污水处理厂剩余物,随着社会的发展,污泥处置将成为一个潜在问题。污泥因其含有大量有机质和氮磷钾等营养成分,是非常值得利用的肥源。以西南科技大学污水处理厂污泥为研究对象。开展了污泥堆肥应用效应的研究。采用大田分区试验的方法,研究了西南科技大学污水厂污泥堆肥土地利用中作物的生长状况。结果表明：污泥堆肥用于作物种植,具有非常好的肥效,不仅能提高作物产量。并且在品质各方面均高于对照,使几种作物表现出高于空白对照的生长状况：不同处理施肥量下,作物生长状况为污泥堆肥＋化肥〉污泥堆肥〉化肥〉空白对照。因此,污泥堆肥供肥潜力大,是一种值得合理利用的肥源。     

Simultaneous denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal in a full-scale anoxic–oxic process without internal recycle treating low strength wastewater

Performance of a full-scale anoxic-oxic activated sludge treatment plant(4.0×10~5 m~3/day for the first-stage project) was followed during a year.The plant performed well for the removal of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in the process of treating domestic wastewater within a temperature range of 10.8℃ to 30.5℃.Mass balance calculations indicated that COD utilization mainly occurred in the anoxic phase,accounting for 88.2% of total COD removal.Ammonia nitrogen removal occurred 13.71% in the anoxic zones and 78.77% in the aerobic zones.The contribution of anoxic zones to total nitrogen(TN) removal was 57.41%.Results indicated that nitrogen elimination in the oxic tanks was mainly contributed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND).The reduction of phosphorus mainly took place in the oxic zones,51.45% of the total removal.Denitrifying phosphorus removal was achieved biologically by 11.29%.Practical experience proved that adaptability to gradually changing temperature of the microbial populations was important to maintain the plant overall stability.Sudden changes in temperature did not cause paralysis of the system just lower removal efficiency,which could be explained by functional redundancy of microorganisms that may compensate the adverse effects of temperature changes to a certain degree.Anoxic-oxic process without internal recycling has great potential to treat low strength wastewater(i.e.,TN 35 mg/L) as well as reducing operation costs.     

活性污泥法处理低浓度含磷废水的试验研究

对比研究了厌氧—好氧交替条件下(AAA工艺)活性污泥对三组磷浓度不同的模拟生活废水的除磷效果。试验结果表明,活性污泥对磷浓度为6mg/L左右的废水处理效果最好,磷去除率可达97%;对磷浓度为16.66mg/L和2mg/L左右废水的磷去除率则分别为78.4%和75.3%;并探讨了活性污泥法的除磷机理。     

CAST工艺处理低温低碳氮比市政污水中试研究

我国北方某县城采用CAST工艺处理市政污水,由于工业废水、洗浴及供暖的地热水直接排放到市政管网,导致污水厂实际进水C/N在1.4左右,且水质波动较大,改造前污水厂CAST工艺中污泥浓度过低,出水碳氮磷等指标均不达标。中试研究将原来的CAST池进行了改造,改造后的CAST工艺通过优化填料加入量及位置、控制污泥龄、增加负荷等策略,在不添加化学药剂的情况下,可高效处理低温、低C/N比市政污水,且抗冲击负荷能力强,出水COD及氮、磷等指标可稳定优于一级A标准。     

SUFR系统中活性污泥特性及反硝化除磷稳定性

通过试验考察了螺旋升流式反应器（SUFR）系统中活性污泥的特性及ρ（COD_Cr）和污泥龄（SRT）对反硝化除磷稳定性的影响. 结果表明:SUFR系统的活性污泥指数（SVI）介于50 ～150 mL/g;污泥活性均在0.75以上;污泥颗粒直径多在0.7～0.9 mm,属于小颗粒污泥;污泥沉降性能良好. 污泥的比硝化速率（SNR）约为1.95 mg/（g·h）,前0.5 h的比厌氧释磷速率（SPRR_0.5）为26.82 mg/（g·h）,比好氧吸磷速率（ASPUR）为6.04 mg/（g·h）,比缺氧吸磷速率（NSPUR）为4.27 mg/（g·h）,污泥产率系数约为0.60,对氮磷均有较好的去除能力. SUFR系统反硝化吸磷作用对ρ（COD_Cr）和SRT都有一定的抗冲击能力,系统除磷效果对进水ρ（COD_Cr）的耐冲击负荷能力较高,但长期在较低SRT下运行会使系统内活性污泥量急剧降低,导致处理效果下降.