固相萃取-气质联用法测定水中有机氯农药和氯苯类化合物

采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPE-GC-MS)同时测定水中26种有机氯农药和8种氯苯类化合物,通过选择合适的SPE小柱、优化固相萃取和仪器检测的条件,使该方法在0.050 0 mg/L~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好。各目标物的方法检出限为0.021μg/L~0.069μg/L,空白水样的加标回收率为36.6%~133%,RSD为0.5%~12.4%。     

固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法测定地表水中藻致嗅味物质

选用HLB固相萃取小柱进行富集,用二氯甲烷进行洗脱,优化了固相萃取过程,建立了固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定地表水中7种藻致嗅味物质的方法,浓度在0.004~0.1 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,具有较高的灵敏度和精密度,方法检出限为1×10-6~2×10-6mg/L,加标回收率为85.9%~108.6%,适用于地表水中嗅味物质的检测。     

液液萃取/固相萃取净化/气相色谱法测定工业废水中硝基苯类化合物

采用液液萃取/固相萃取净化/气相色谱法测定废水中9种硝基苯类化合物,通过萃取条件优化试验,选择乙酸乙酯:正己烷=(2:1)为萃取剂,佛罗里硅土柱为净化小柱,目标物在0~1000μg/L之间线性良好,检出限为0.0085~0.156μg/L。实际水样的加标回收率为71%~92%。用该方法测定4批废水,结果其中有硝基苯类化合物虽有检出,但检出值均低于相关标准规定的限值。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测地表水中11种酚类化合物

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定地表水中11种酚类化合物的方法。水样经过全自动固相萃取仪富集,以HLB柱为萃取柱,乙腈(含1%乙酸)为洗脱剂,用高效液相色谱仪分析定量。该方法在0.5~5.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 6~0.999 9,11种酚类化合物的纯水加标回收率为82.0%~111%,地表水加标回收率为98.5%~116%,精密度为3.58%~4.67%,检出限为1×10-4~5×10-4mg/L,该方法简单实用、准确可靠,可用于地表水中酚类化合物的同时测定。     

气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中12种有机磷农药

建立了索氏提取-固相萃取（SPE）小柱净化-GC-NPD测定土壤和沉积物中的12种有机磷农药的方法。用正己烷-丙酮（9：1）进行索氏提取，SPE硅胶小柱净化，15 mL乙酸乙酯洗脱。适用于土壤和沉积物的干样和湿样中12种有机磷农药的测定，取样量为10 g时，方法检出限为0.304~1.469 μg/kg，样品加标平均回收率为67.10%~109.8%，相对标准偏差为3.39%~14.7%。     

地表水中SVOCs和氨基甲酸酯类农药同步萃取技术的探讨

采用大体积固相萃取富集地表水中SVOCs和氨基甲酸酯类农药,再以气相色谱-质谱和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用对目标物定性定量。通过优化固相萃取条件,使SVOCs在0.500 mg/L~10.0 mg/L之间,氨基甲酸酯类农药在1.00μg/L~100μg/L之间线性良好,方法检出限为0.002μg/L~0.009μg/L,加标回收率分别为70.5%~105%和78.5%~124%。用该方法测定某流域地表水,结果邻苯二甲酸酯类物质、多环芳烃类、酚类、硝基苯环类化合物等SVOCs,以及克百威、仲丁威等氨基甲酸酯类农药检出。     

全自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定地表水中18种头孢菌素

建立了超高效液相色谱串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS） 法测定地表水中18种头孢菌素的方法。采用全自动固相萃取技术进行前处理,地表水样经HLB固相萃取小柱富集后,用10%（V/V）的甲酸溶液（溶剂为甲醇）洗脱。优选BEH Shield RP18（1.7μm,2.1mm×100mm） 色谱柱进行分离,在电喷雾正离子（ESI+）模式下电离,多反应模式（MRM）下检测,外标法定量。结果表明：18种头孢菌素在5.0～100 μg/L 范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r）均＞0.999,方法检出限为0.5～1.8 ng/L,测定下限为2.0～7.2 ng/L。对地表水样品进行加标回收实验,18种头孢菌素的相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.5%～14.5%,加标回收率为64.3%～92.8%。该方法自动化程度高,结果稳定可靠,适用于地表水中头孢菌素的测定。     

固相萃取-液相色谱/质谱法测定水中硝基苯酚类化合物

建立了固相萃取-液相色谱/质谱测定水中硝基苯酚类化合物的方法。在最优条件下,7种硝基苯酚类化合物的分离度较好,目标物在0.02~3.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.998,检出限为0.007~0.026μg/L,加标回收率为71.1%~95.9%,精密度为7.36%~18.6%。该方法操作简便、准确,具有较好的实用性。     

气相色谱法测定水中酞酸酯类化合物

建立了水中15种酞酸酯的液液萃取/固相萃取—气相色谱测定方法。就液液萃取探讨了萃取溶剂、萃取溶剂用量和水样pH值的影响,就固相萃取探讨了固相萃取柱、水样pH值和洗脱溶剂的影响。根据研究结果,确定液液萃取条件为调节pH至7,以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂,萃取5 min;固相萃取条件为水样调节pH至7,经C18柱萃取后,以正己烷/丙酮混合溶剂(V∶V=5∶1)洗脱。测定15种酞酸酯类化合物的实际水样,液液萃取加标回收率为68%~128%,固相萃取加标回收率为65%~135%;液液萃取方法检出限为0.36~0.47μg/L,固相萃取方法检出限为0.20~0.39μg/L。     

在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱快速测定地表水中磺胺类抗生素

建立了在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用技术测定地表水中痕量磺胺类抗生素的方法。样品经滤膜过滤,HLB在线固相萃取小柱富集纯化,以Acquity BEH 130为分析柱,三重四极杆质谱进行检测,外标法定量。通过在线固相萃取,并对色谱和质谱等条件进行优化,该方法检出限为0.2~1.1 ng/L,回收率为80.6%~113%,相对标准偏差<10.6%,浓度范围内线性良好（r＞0.9972）,满足了磺胺类抗生素痕量分析测试的要求,且分析时间仅需17min。该方法灵敏度高、分析速度快,对于保障水环境安全,及时提供污染信息,有效应对环境应急突发事件具有十分重要的意义。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。