分光光度法测定COD_(Cr)的试验条件选择

用分光光度法测定水中化学需氧量ＣＯＤＣｒ,通过正交试验选择氧化的最佳选择。试验结果表明对ＣＯＤＣｒ值为５０～１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的水样：氧化剂Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７用量为０．２０～０．４０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,催化剂Ａｇ２ＳＯ４用量为１０ｇ／ＬＨ２ＳＯ４,消解时间１０ｍｉｎ,加热温度１８０℃。用ＣＯＤＣｒ为１３８ｍｇ／Ｌ的质控标样进行验证试验,其绝对误差为０．５～３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。与标准方法相比用分光光度法测定ＣＯＤＣｒ具有分析误差小,省时、省力,节约药剂的特点。     

百色油田含油污水混凝法除油试验

通过室内和现场试验表明，自然除油。混凝除油－压力过滤流程是适合百色油田含油污水处理的，通过投加混凝剂ＰＡＣ－４（加入量为３０～５０ｍｇ／Ｌ时），污水处理即可达到石油开发工业污水排放标准（ＣＯＤ除外），从而减轻和防止了对周围环境的污染，同时进一步处理后可作为油田回注地层水。     

示波极谱法对酚类化合物的分析

用示波极谱法对酚类化合物进行分析，方法的线性范围在３．０×１０￣（－５）～８．０×１０￣（－３）ｍｇ／Ｌ之间，最低检出限为６．０×１０￣（－６）ｍｇ／Ｌ，浓度为０．２６×１０￣（－２）～０．５２ｍｇ／Ｌ时的相对标准偏差为１．８％～４．０％，浓度为０．３×１０￣（－２）～０．５１ｍｇ／Ｌ时的回收率为９５．０％～１０２．１％，其结果与４－氨基胺替比林分光光度法相一致。     

采用新型载体的好氧流化床的动力学研究

本文以稀释的味精废水为基质,对采用新型载体ＬＳＡＲ的好氧生物流化床进行动力学研究,求得动力学参数分别为γｍａｘ＝８．８１（ｇＣＯＤ／ｇｖｓ．ｄ）,Ｋｓ＝０２８９（ｇＣＯＤ／Ｌ）,Ｋｄ＝０．０４６ｄ＾－１,Ｙ＝０．１６（ｇｖｓ／ｇＣＯＤ）。其值基本处于文献的报导之内,说明以ＬＳＡＲ为载体的好氧微生物膜具有较好的活性,ＬＳＡＲ作为好氧流化床载体是可行的。     

82—1除草剂的主要代谢产物的毒性研究

本文检测了83－1除草剂的主要代射产物－2，4－二氯，6－胺基酚对大鼠，小鼠的LD50；同时做了Ames试验，用Horn‘s法测定LDLD50结果为：大鼠雌1000（642－1560）mg/kg，雌1000（554－1810）mg/kg，小鼠雌852（562－1210）mg/kg。雌1000（642－1560)mg/kg,Ames试验结果为阳性。     

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术（续）

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术（续）ＰＯＬＬＵＩＯＮＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＦＯＲＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬＣＯＡＬ－ＦＩＲＥＤＢＯＩＬＥＲＳ（ｃｏｎｔ．）三、ｓｏ２排放控制煤中含硫量多少决定ＳＯ２的排放量，因为只有一小部分硫在燃烧后仍残留在煤灰中。目前工业锅炉ＳＯ...     

聚丙烯酰胺对油田污泥脱水作用的研究

描述了油田污泥的状态、组成和胶体性质。在实验室系统地考察了聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＡＭ）对油田污泥的脱水作用，发现：ＰＡＭ的平均分子量、水解度和浓度与脱水效果密切相关；污泥体系的ｐＨ值对脱水效果影响十分敏感。通过室内试验确定：当污泥体系ｐＨ为８，ＰＡＭ的平均分子量为３００万～６００万、水解度为零时，ＰＡＭ的最佳使用浓度为３×１０－５ｍｇ／Ｌ，大于或小于该浓度脱水效果明显下降。     

间歇曝气系统中硝酸盐氮负荷对脱氮效率的影响

本试验主要考察间歇反应器缺氧阶段硝酸盐氮负荷ＮＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ（ＫｇＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ／ＫｇＭＬＳＳｄ）对脱氮效率的影响。试验结果表明：在一定水温和ＢＯＤ５／ＮＯｘ－Ｎ下,ＮＮＯｘ－Ｎ负荷对脱氮效率有显著影响。在反应器中采用高浓度污泥是降低ＮＮＯｘ－Ｎ的有效途径,有利于反应器脱氮速率ＶＤＮ（ｍｇ／ｌ·ｍｉｎ）的提高。此外,通过正交试验得出了在ＢＯＤ５／ＮＯ－ｘ一定时,ＮＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ、Ｔ℃与脱氮效率ηＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ之间的数量关系式     

Cl~-含量对含油污泥絮凝效果的影响

针对化学混凝处理含油污泥中混凝剂投加量大而混凝效率较低的问题,通过实验研究了Ｃｌ－对混凝剂处理含油污泥絮凝效率的影响。实验中采用抽滤的方法来测定絮凝效率。实验结果表明Ｃｌ－是影响絮凝效率的重要因素,Ｃｌ－＜１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３、ＰＡＣ混凝效果较好,Ｃｌ－＞２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,ＰＡＭ的混凝效果较好。     

UASB—接触氧化法处理沤麻废水的研究

本试验采用ＵＡＳＢ—接触氧化工艺对沤麻废水的处理进行了研究，系统启动两个月后达到稳定的处理效果，厌氧段进水ＣＯＤ浓度为７００ｍｇ／１，有机负荷为９．２５ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ３·ｄ，停留时间为２４小时，ＣＯＤ去除率可达到８９．３％，好氧段接触氧化池的有机负荷为２．ＩｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ３·ｄ，处理时间为１０小时，整个系统总的ＣＯＤ去除率可达到９７％，该工艺是处理高浓度沤麻废水行之有效的方法。     

Removal of Cr(VI) from Cr-contaminated groundwater through electrochemical addition of Fe(II)

The conventional chemical reduction-precipitation technique in the removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated groundwater involves a two-step process whereby Cr(VI) is first reduced to Cr(III) at an acidic pH by a reducing agent and in a subsequent step, Cr(III) is precipitated as insoluble hydroxide at an alkaline pH. In a variation of this method, Fe(II) is added electrochemically to the Cr(VI) containing water. From a pure iron electrode, Fe(2+) ions are released into the solution and bring forth the reduction of Cr(VI). At the cathode, H(2)O is reduced whereby the OH(-) ions entering the solution keep the pH of the solution in the alkaline range. This latter fact greatly facilitates simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and co-precipitation of hydroxides of trivalent Cr and Fe. On the basis of a set of experimental data, it is shown that this process is both thermodynamically and kinetically efficient, meaning, with the electrochemical method, rapid and nearly complete removal of Cr(VI) from a groundwater source with both high and low levels of Cr-contamination can be achieved. These factors make the electrochemical process superior to the conventional chemical process in remediation of Cr-contaminated groundwater.     

水泥注浆中六价铬总溶出量的影响因素研究

水泥注浆过程中析出液中的六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)易造成地下水的重金属污染,对生态和环境具有较大危害性,为了有效降低水泥注浆中Cr(Ⅵ)总溶出量,采用化学还原的方法,探讨了各种降铬剂及其掺量对降低Cr(Ⅵ)总溶出量的效果,研究了颗粒粒度、液固比对Cr(Ⅵ)总溶出量的影响.结果 表明,硫酸亚铁降铬剂的效果最显著,当用量在3％以内时...     

Study of transient behaviour of modified Soxhlet apparatus for extraction of a bio-fuel oil from Crotalaria juncea seed

Extraction of Crotalaria juncea (Sunn hemp) oil from its seeds is important to study because of its proven promising clean fuel characteristics. Soxhlet-based solvent extraction with some modification has been tried to extract the oil. In a fluid-solid mass transfer system, where, solids are present as packed bed, dynamic behavior of bed can be described in terms of concentration of solute in solids/solvent-time profile. Some of the well-known semi-empirical models of adsorption dynamics are modified and applied since leaching of oil is just the reverse of the phenomenon of adsorption in porous media. Modified Bohart-Adams model (non-linear), modified Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) (linear), and modified Thomas model (non-linear forms) are applied. It is found that these models fit to the experimental result reasonably well. Results suggest that higher bed height, with proper shape (annular) of the bed, having a higher solvent velocity will work best. Comparing the error values (SSE, SAE, and ARE) in the four cases, it is very clear that the modified BDST model is the most suitable. In the light of transient study it is established that the modified Soxhlet apparatus with cylindrical and annular beds, performs best while leaching Crotalaria juncea oil from their seeds.     

化学方法在水质科学中的应用--水体中分散相的分离及应用

文献^[1]中提出了分散体系、分散介质、分散相的概念，前文^[2]认为水体是以水为分散介质的复合三元分散体系，本文认为水体是以水为分散介质的复合四元分散体系，分散相是：①粗分散相，②假胶体^[3]分散相，③真胶体^[3]分散相，④分子离子分散相。分散体系中分散相的分离方法的理论(方法)是给水(排水)处理理论(方法)之一。     

Characteristics of stable biodiesel emulsion fuel with the aid of lipophilic surfactant,polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel emulsion fuel is reported as one of the most feasible options capable of generating lower NOx emission than that from fossil fuels. However, oil and water in the emulsion fuel are easily separated and unstable. The aim of the present study is to consider the production and stability of biodiesel emulsion fuel by using tetraglycerin ester (CR-310), i.e., one of lipophilic surfactant, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and biodiesel, i.e., Waste cooking Oil Methyl Ester (WOME) produced based on waste cooking oil. The corresponding heat rate, water content, and viscosity are measured. Emphasis is placed on the effects of water content and surfactant on biodiesel emulsions. It is found that: (i) stable emulsion fuel is obtained by adding at least 2.0% of CR-310 and is maintained over 1 month, (ii) there is no effect of water content on stable emulsion fuel if CR-310 is used over 2.0%, and (iii) the viscosity of emulsion fuels is higher than that of the biodiesel fuel and is gradually increased with an increase in the water content.     

On-farm measurement of electrical conductivity for the estimation of ammonium nitrogen concentration in pig slurry

Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) slurry (PS) is commonly applied as fertilizer to agricultural fields. Knowledge of PS nitrogen content is essential for good management, but PS nitrogen content is highly variable, not only between farms but also within a farm. Laboratory analysis of animal slurries is often expensive and impractical for routine farmer use. Therefore, when slurry is spread on land, its fertilizer value is generally unknown, resulting in the risk of pollution. In this work, two rapid and suitable for field use methods for determining PS ammonium N (NH(4)+-N) concentration (Quantofix and conductimetry) are evaluated. The electrical conductivity of a dilution 1 PS:9 distilled water had better results than Quantofix, did not need reagents, and gave a direct value of NH(4)+-N concentrations (range, 1.0-7.6 kg NH(4)+-N m(-3)). The conductimetry method allows the use of alternative waters with EC <1.9 dS m(-1) for dilution. This method is being introduced to farmers in northeast Spain to improve PS management and has been well received due to its low cost and ease of use.     

Control of combustion-generated nitrogen oxides by selective non-catalytic reduction

Controlling nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) emissions is becoming a daunting technical challenge as increasingly strict emission limits are being imposed. The stringent regulations have prompted the innovation and characterization of NO(x) control technologies suitable for various applications. This paper presents a review on NO(x) removal techniques with particular reference to selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology. This includes initially how SNCR emerged as a technology along with a comparison with other relevant technologies. A review of various features related to selective non-catalytic gas phase injection of ammonia and ammonium salts (as reducing agent) is presented. The use of urea solution as a reducing agent and its performance in laboratory and pilot scale tests as well as large-scale applications is also discussed. Use of cyanuric acid as a potential reducing agent is also presented. The underlying reaction mechanisms have been reviewed for ammonia, urea and cyanuric acid for the explanation of various observations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling as applied to SNCR is also presented. Subsequently the use of SNCR coupled with other in-combustion and post-combustion NO(x) control techniques is elaborated. Additionally, a two-stage NO(x) removal strategy to control un-reacted ammonia slip and to improve overall efficiency is discussed. At the end a summary is given which highlights various areas needing further research.     

Kinetic research on the sorption of aqueous lead by synthetic carbonate hydroxyapatite

The sorption of aqueous lead on carbonate-hydroxyapatite (CHAp) is a complicated non-homogeneous solid/water reaction, which from the kinetic point of view has two stages. In the first stage, the reaction rate is so fast and the kinetic pathway so intricate that further research is required. In the second stage, the reaction rate slows down and the reaction process follows that of a first-order kinetic equation. Experimental results show that the relationship between the reaction rate constant k(1) and temperature T agrees with the Arrhenius equation, and that the activation energy of sorption (E(a)) is 11.93 kJ/mol and the frequency factor (A) is 2.51/s. The reaction rate constant k(1) increases with the Pb(2+) initial concentration and decreasing pH, but with increasing CHAp dosage. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectrum (SEM-EDS) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests indicate that the main sorption mechanism is dissolution-precipitation, in conjunction with surface sorption.     

90Sr、137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移研究

本文叙述了放射性废物中具有代表性的裂变核素^90Sr、^137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移情况研究。使用小型土柱的氚水淋洗实验研究土壤水力学性质，最后进行大型土柱实验研究核素在该包气带土壤中的迁移，并对实验情况进行了数学模拟。用该土壤原状土进行小型土柱的氚水淋洗试验，测得了土壤的水力弥散度为0．32cm，土壤有效孔隙度为0．35。经过290天的大型柱迁移试验表明，土壤对^90Sr的阻滞系数为220．4，在模拟实际降雨量的情况下，^90Sr的平均迁移速度为0．63cm/y，^137Cs在大型柱试验中没有明显迁移。数值模拟^90Sr、^137Cs迁移，得出经过上述大型柱试验相同的条件下，^90Sr、^137Cs迁移的峰位置基本和大型柱试验结果相同。     

Industry Response to the Challenge of Sustainability: The Case of the Canadian Nonferrous Mining Sector

/ The paper investigates how the Canadian nonferrous sector is tackling the challenge of sustainable development. Although there is no consensus as to what sustainable development means in practice for management in the sector, at least three dimensions must be taken into account: (1) metals are recyclable, the availability of this resource is not a concern for the foreseeable future; (2) the need to minimize environmental impacts of metals exploration, extraction, transformation, consumption, and recycling; and (3) production activities should not be socially or culturally disruptive. The nonferrous mining industry faces several environmental problems. Some of the most significant are acid mine drainage, sulfur emissions, recycling, and metals toxicity. The industry has developed a number of responses to address these specific concerns as well as other more general challenges. Six strategies are described and analyzed: (1) research and development, (2) an effort of consensus building among stakeholders known as the Whitehorse Mining Initiative, (3) international networking, (4) active involvement in the development of environmental management standards, (5) management reorganization and (6) voluntary agreements. The importance of external factors in the shaping of corporate environmental management practices is discussed, in particular the role of government. Progress has been achieved in three areas: (1) managerial practices and organization, (2) reducing the impacts of ongoing operations and (3) minimizing future liabilities, but two significant fields of conflict remain, namely mining in wilderness areas and projects on aboriginal lands.KEY WORDS: Canada; Environmental management; Minerals industry; Nonferrous metals; Sustainable development; Whitehorse Mining Initiative