基于知识图谱视角的国内土地征收研究态势分析

征地制度是我国土地制度重要组成部分,一直是学术研究和政策决策的热点和难点。以CSSCI数据库收录的1998—2018年关于土地征收主题的776篇文献为样本,借助知识网络分析工具Cite Space绘制科学知识图谱,系统分析了土地征收领域研究的总体概况、研究热点和演化历程。研究发现:①土地征收领域的研究热点主要围绕征地范围界定、征地补偿安置、征地收益分配、征地程序规范和征地冲突化解5个方面;②土地征收研究大致经历了概念界定、征地制度改革、问题治理、土地制度改革背景下征地制度改革的演化路径。基于此,未来该领域将侧重于梳理总结土地制度改革背景下征地制度改革试点的进程、成效与问题,为征地制度的完善和未来发展方向提供理论依据。同时,"公共利益"的界定、失地农民的补偿安置和征地冲突问题仍是未来研究的重点。     

土地用途管制推进的制度障碍及其治理

土地用途管制的目的是实现土地利用中的个人利益和公共利益的一致，但是建立在法律行为概念和制度基础上的我国土地用途管制向前推进时遇到障碍，主要表现为行为人缺乏内在约束、管制效率低下、司法救济的不足。产生这些问题的根源在于法律思想模式选择的制约、土地利用规划制定和执行的限制、责任追究机制中行政与司法的脱节。解决的方法主要包括要求土地权利人享有权利的同时承担相应的义务、公众参与确定土地利用规划、在土地使用协议中明确土地使用权的义务、建立行政公益诉讼制度等。     

浅谈改革中国土地租、税、费体系

土地租、税、费体系在市场经济备件下具有调节土地资源配置的作用。加入WTO后,我国土地租、税、费体系存在着关系混乱,征收差异大,重流转税轻保有税及耕地保护不力等诸多问题。解决上述问题需完善市场地租体系、深化土地税制改革、规范土地费体系,充分发挥其在资源配置中的杠杆作用。     

城镇化背景下农地非农化的土地增值收益分配机制研究——基于吉林省的实证分析

通过对长春、吉林、松原三个地区2010—2013年农地征收与出让中的土地收益分配格局调查分析,尽管国家和吉林省在2010年提高了农地征收补偿标准,长春、吉林、松原三个地区的征地补偿费仍仅占市场价格的20%—25%,被征地农民没有享受到长期的土地增值收益分配,仅获得一次性补偿。为了保障农民的土地收益权,建议从建立城乡统一建设用地市场、提高补偿标准、构建增值收益分配机制、完善社会保障体系、切实开展确权登记赋予农民分享土地增值收益的法律凭证等方面,完善土地增值收益分配机制。     

征收排污费标准改革之浅见

征收排污费是社会主义商品经济中的价值规律在我国环境管理中的重要措施,对强化污染源的监督管理和筹集污染治理资金起了积极作用。但随着科学技术的进步、国民经济的发展、价格形式的开放和管理水平的提高,1982年国务院颁布的《征收排污费暂行办法》中规定的标准已不适应新形式下的价值规律。从各地的实践中看到:主要是目前的征收排污费标准低于治理费用,对促进污染防治不力,出现了花钱买排污权的现象。如     

农地规模经营法律规制的正当性与制度构建

农地规模经营是农业现代化的主要途径和重要手段。农地规模经营法律规制的本质在于强调政府的"适度"规制行为,具有维护土地的公共利益目标,矫正农地规模经营过程中的市场失灵,消除农地规模经营负外部性的正当性。针对当前农地流转与规模经营法律制度的滞后性、法律体系不健全、农地保护法律制度价值错位等问题,以农地规模经营法律制度构建为逻辑起点,提出我国农地规模经营法律制度构建的路径。     

省级土地财政区域差异与管控政策研究——以辽宁省14个地市为例

以辽宁省2001—2014年14个地市的土地财政情况为例,分析了该省土地财政与经济增长、城镇化之间的关系。选取土地财政规模、国有土地出让面积、国有土地出让平均价格、土地财政对地方财政贡献率等指标,采用聚类分析方法,考虑地域临近与沿海地理位置等特征,将14个地市土地财政情况划分为三个阶段:土地财政旺盛阶段、发展阶段、起步阶段。借鉴国外土地财税管理实践与成功经验,从国家制度层面改革、征收物业税、发展海洋产业、推进农村建设用地入市、鼓励社会资本进入城市基础设施建设、废弃闲散土地复垦整理入市、赋予地方政府城市公共设施建设发行地方债券权利等方面,制定了辽宁省区域土地财政管控政策。     

宅基地征收对农户就业及福利的影响——基于CHIP数据的实证分析

宅基地征收对盘活农村土地资产、缓解城乡矛盾具有重要意义。在宅基地征收过程中,宅基地征收直接影响着农户就业及福利。以CHIP数据为基础,通过Logistic、OLS、分位数等模型探究了宅基地征收对农户就业及福利的影响。结果表明:①宅基地征收促进了农户非农就业,在就业选择、就业时间、劳动力配置3个方面解放了农村劳动力。②宅基地征收提升了农户福利,失地农户家庭可支配收入、消费支出、幸福感和健康水平显著提高,尤其以高等收入/消费农户群体提升的最为显著。基于研究结果,提出政策建议:完善被宅基地征收农户再就业保障与中低等收入/消费农户群体福利保障机制;扩大宅基地征收政策宣传,提升农户自主权。     

坚守18亿亩耕地红线——访人资环委副主任陈洲其

为贯彻落实温家宝总理在《政府工作报告》中关于"在土地问题上,我们绝不能犯不可改正的历史性错误,遗祸子孙后代。一定要守住全国耕地不少于18亿亩这条红线"的要求,促进我国的农用地转用和土地征收管理工作,守住耕地红线,维护农民的合法权益,2007年5月22日至31日,全国政协人口资源环境委员会主任陈邦柱率调研组赴山东、江苏两省进行了农用地转用和征地情况专题调研。日前,本刊记者独家专访了本次调研组副组长、全国政协人口资源环境委员会副主任,原地矿部副部长陈洲其。     

建设项目复垦费不足不予立项全国逾亿亩遭毁弃土地未得到复垦利用

我国因各种人为因素造成破坏和废弃的土地近2亿亩,其中80%以上未得到复垦利用。最近,国土资源部等7部委联合发文要求,在建设用地批复、采矿许可证发放或矿产资源开发利用年度检查时,要征收土地复垦费。对复垦费投资估(概)算不足的,不予批准立项。据国土资源部耕地保护司司长潘明才介绍,我国土地复垦“旧帐未还、新帐又欠”,据估算,因各种人为因素造成破坏和废弃的土地近2亿亩,其中仅采矿破坏的土地约为9000万亩。目前,全国土地复垦率仅12%。潘明才介绍说,修建一条公路临时用地一般占总用地量的1/5左右:“空心村”现象普遍存在,一些老宅基地…     

陆海统筹视域下海洋与陆地环境民事公益诉讼协同研究

海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼系特殊与一般的关系,海洋环境问题较强的涉外属性决定了海洋环境民事公益诉讼在适格主体、管辖法院等方面存在特殊的规定,此种特殊规定不宜废除。但海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行的关系造成了海陆交叉污染案件存在适格主体、管辖等争议,且存在两诉协同上的挑战。导致这一问题的根本原因在于,海洋环境民事公益诉讼的受案范围限制在地理概念上的海域,这割裂了同一污染行为下陆地与海洋的联系。陆海统筹理念要求打通陆地与海洋之间的联系,以陆海一体化保护海洋生态环境。在这一理念的指导下,可对海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围进行陆海一体化调整,以克服陆地与海洋环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行造成的协同问题。具体而言,在海陆交叉污染案件中可以损害发生地为判断标准,当损害发生地在海洋时,则以海统陆,属海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围;当损害发生地在陆地时,则以陆统海,属环境民事公益诉讼受案范围。     

Perceived (In)justice of Public Land Acquisition

Many studies have addressed the justice of public land acquisition, but few studies have addressed the question of what landowners perceive as just. Individual perceptions drive an important part of the social and scientific debates on legitimate and just land acquisition. This article addresses this gap by studying landowners’ and land purchasers’ perceptions of just land acquisition. We did this by uncovering the prevailing discourse on just land acquisition and studying the values that shaped people’s perceptions of just land acquisition. The results showed that perceptions of justice are based on the values of lawfulness, decentness and equality. These values were translated into different norms that resulted in expectations pertaining to just land acquisition. Insight into the different perceptions and the prevailing discourse of just land acquisition and their underlying values increases the understanding of land acquisition processes and land policy strategies. First, it becomes apparent that land acquisition has an essential element of injustice that cannot be avoided by a good process or a just compensation fee. Second, insight in different discourses provides valuable input for debates on just land acquisition. Third, such insight shows that money is not always a sufficient means of indemnification. The combination of sufficient financial compensation, the opportunity of a new location, attractive selling conditions and accurate and open process are all important requisites to ensure that public land acquisition is perceived by the majority of landowners as just.     

生态环境损害赔偿诉讼：定义与定位矫正

面对生态环境损害赔偿诉讼这一新型诉讼形式,准确把握其定义和定位至关重要。现有生态环境损害赔偿诉讼按国家自然资源所有权私权化路径进行制度构建,其现行定义为特殊私益诉讼,现行定位为环境行政替代工具。这种定义与定位导致其与环境公益诉讼割裂,运行序位上优先于环境民事公益诉讼,引起国家机关角色错位。生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼的诉讼标的相同,救济和保护的利益均为环境公益,其定义应回归公益诉讼本位;政府在环境公益保护上有着广泛的职权和手段,是环境公共治理的优先主体,仅在少数行政不能的情形下才有借助司法的必要性和合理性,其在定位上应作为环境行政执法的补充机制在有限范围内发挥作用。据此,生态环境损害赔偿诉讼在制度体系上应与既有环境民事公益诉讼置于同一诉讼系属统筹立法,在诉讼序位上应让位于社会组织提起的环境民事公益诉讼。     

Demonstration of GIS Capabilities for Fisheries Management Decisions: Analysis of Acquisition Potential Within the Meramec River Basin

/ Geographic information systems (GIS) allow users to explore possible spatial relations that may exist within their data. At the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC), GIS data is being used to help make management decisions. Thirteen geographic data layers of the Meramec River Basin, Missouri, were used to help demonstrate the usefulness of GIS for making fisheries management decisions. The data were used to help identify potential acquisition areas within the Meramec River Basin. The basin was separated into 22 strata based on ecoregion boundaries, watershed boundaries, and stream order. Suitability for acquisition was determined for each stratum based on species richness, habitat characteristics, percent of public land, and number of human impacts, such as gravel and ore mining. Eleven strata scored high enough to be recommended as potential acquisition areas. After further evaluation of the 11 strata, three were chosen as areas where available land and willing sellers should be considered. Four strata needed more sampling before land within them should be considered for acquisition. The final four were considered low priority because there was already a considerable amount of public land present in the strata. The analysis was helpful in allowing managers to focus in on a smaller area for acquisition consideration; 91% of the area was eliminated from the analysis. Instead of having to survey every parcel of land that becomes available, parcels that don't fall within the recommended strata can be eliminated without further investigation.     

An evaluation of public participation information for land use decisions: public comment,surveys, and participatory mapping

ABSTRACT

Public participation in the form of public meetings and written submissions has been criticised as a democratic ritual that fails to give citizens a real voice in government decisions. Participatory mapping and community surveys are alternative public participation (PP) methods that can augment legally required processes for land use planning. To date, there has been little evaluation research comparing the information content generated by required PP processes and alternative PP sources with respect to local land use decisions. Using multiple development projects from a case study community, we analysed and compared information generated from three different sources of public participation: (1) formal public comment (written submissions), (2) responses to community survey questions, and (3) land use preferences generated from participatory mapping. We found public comment strongly supported development while results from survey questions and participatory mapping methods revealed community ambivalence. The differences in public opinion are attributed to two key factors: the representativeness of participants in the PP process and the specific methods used for measuring public opinion. Community surveys and participatory mapping generated more accurate and representative community information compared to the formal PP process which was characterised by lower participation and vulnerability to special interest manipulation. For local government decision makers, the political risk of broadening PP information appears high relative to the risk of inaccurately assessing public opinion thus limiting adoption of alternative PP methods such as participatory mapping.     

Economics at the fringe: Non-market valuation studies and their role in land use plans in the United States

Over the past fifty years, economists have developed methods for estimating the public benefits of green spaces, allowing such information to be incorporated into land use planning. But the extent to which it is ever used is unclear. This paper reviews the literature on public values for lands on urban outskirts, not just to survey their methods or empirical findings, but to evaluate the role they have played – or have the potential to play – in actual US land use plans.Based on interviews with authors and representatives of land trusts and governments, it appears that academic work has had a mixed reception in the policy world. Reasons include a lack of interest in making academic work accessible to policy makers, emphasizing revealed preference methods which ignore important non-use values, and emphasizing average values over distributions of values. Nevertheless, some success stories illustrate how such information can play a role in the design of conservation policies.     

Sustainable land application: an overview

Man has land-applied societal nonhazardous wastes for centuries as a means of disposal and to improve the soil via the recycling of nutrients and the addition of organic matter. Nonhazardous wastes include a vast array of materials, including manures, biosolids, composts, wastewater effluents, food-processing wastes, industrial by-products; these are collectively referred to herein as residuals. Because of economic restraints and environmental concerns about land-filling and incineration, interest in land application continues to grow. A major lesson that has been learned, however, is that the traditional definition of land application that emphasizes applying residuals to land in a manner that protects human and animal health, safeguards soil and water resources, and maintains long-term ecosystem quality is incomplete unless the earning of public trust in the practices is included. This overview provides an introduction to a subset of papers and posters presented at the conference, "Sustainable Land Application," held in Orlando, FL, in January 2004. The USEPA, USDA, and multiple national and state organizations with interest in, and/or responsibilities for, ensuring the sustainability of the practice sponsored the conference. The overriding conference objectives were to highlight significant developments in land treatment theory and practice, and to identify future research needs to address critical gaps in the knowledge base that must be addressed to ensure sustainable land application of residuals.     

Brownfield redevelopment as a smart growth option in the United States

An evaluation is made of brownfields redevelopment as a smart growth policy compared to purchase of land, restrictive growth policies, changing transportation patterns, promoting compact development designs on the metropolitan fringe, and regional government. In the US brownfields redevelopment has clear advantages with regard to environmental protection, moral imperative, and government and special interest reactions. Its rank with regard to economic feasibility, ability to respond to changes in technology, and public reaction are not clear. A great deal more research is needed, especially about the costs of brownfield redevelopment and public preferences for housing type and location to be certain about brownfields redevelopment as a viable smart growth option.     

Policy And Practice The Future Tenure of Rural Public Lands in Slovakia

The adoption of democracy and the market economy ideology in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe is encouraging changes in rural public land policy. A system of state public land is being partly dismantled, to be replaced by private ownership.This paper exploresthe present dynamics of the rural public land reprivatization process in Slovakia. In Slovakia approximately 40% of rural public land are being reprivatized. Evidence indicates that the reprivatization of public land is having a detrimental effect on the management of State Forests, National Parks and game management.The integrated, centrally planned public land system of the communist era is being fragmented by reprivatization. This paper argues that this process is creating barriers to the achievement of the sustainable management of the natural resources of rural Slovakia. Recent Governmentof Slovakia laws and policies on sustainable development and environmental management, and adherence to international environmental conventions may provide opportunities for enlightened change in the reprivatization process. A public land system in a democratic free market economy can be an effective mechanism to secure the protection and the sustainable managementof forests, farmland, game, outstanding landscapes and wildlife. This is an opportune time to debate the future of rural public land in Central and Eastern Europe in order that enlightened policy making may be fostered.