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1.
The main aim of this article is to demonstrate a method of complex landscape analysis in order to estimate the landscape suitability for the construction of surface-flow wetlands (SFW) for wastewater treatment. This is a multilevel suitability analysis from a more general regional (landscape) assessment based on a map of landscape types (1:100,000) toward a detailed analysis based on aerial orthophotos and detailed soil maps (1:10,000). The assessment scheme consists of landscape classification according to the physical-chemical properties of landscape factors (soil conditions, landforms, hydrogeology, expert decisions concerning landscape values, and suitability analysis). The partial suitability values of SFWs are derived by summarizing expert values for landscape factors (each ranging from -1 to +1). By multiplying the summarized partial suitability values with nature protection values (ranging from 0 to 1), we obtain the final suitability value for each landscape type. Any kind of nature protection area has been considered nonsuitable and excluded at regional-level analysis. The results of the regional analysis demonstrate that suitability is distributed relatively equally over the study area. The high suitability potential (classified as "very suitable") is relatively evenly distributed in lowland regions throughout the country. The share of "very suitable" and "suitable" areas in different counties varies from 5 to 23% and 7 to 49%, respectively. The detailed analysis based on aerial orthophotos showed that areas suitable for SFWs can also be found within the areas determined to be unsuitable based on the less detailed map of landscape types, whereas differences are much greater between settlements chosen for the detailed suitability analysis. 相似文献
2.
Insight into future land use and effective ways to control land-use change is crucial to addressing environmental change. A variety of growth-control policies have been adopted by municipal and regional governments within the United States to try to minimize the ecological impact of continued urbanization, but it is often unclear if those policies can meet the stated ecological goals. Land-use-change models provide a way to generate predictions of future change, while exploring the impact of different land-use policies before irreversible transformations occur. In this article, an approach to modeling land-use policies that focuses on their ecological consequences is described. The policy simulation approach was used to predict future land use in the Barnegat Bay and Mullica River watersheds, in southeastern New Jersey, USA. Four commonly used policies were considered: down-zoning, cluster development, wetlands/water buffers, and open space protection. The results of the analysis suggest that none of the policies modeled were able to alter future land-use patterns, raising questions about the effectiveness of commonly adopted land-use policies. However, the policy modeling approach used in this study proved to be a useful way to determine if adoption of a given policy could improve the likelihood of meeting ecological goals. 相似文献
3.
Martín-Duque JF Pedraza J Sanz MA Bodoque JM Godfrey AE Díez A Carrasco RM 《Environmental management》2003,32(4):488-498
Landform-based physiographic maps, also called land systems inventories, have been widely and successfully used in undeveloped/rural areas in several locations, such as Australia, the western United States, Canada, and the British ex-colonies. This paper presents a case study of their application in a developed semi-urban/suburban area (Segovia, Spain) for land use planning purposes. The paper focuses in the information transfer process, showing how land use decision-makers, such as governments, planners, town managers, etc., can use the information developed from these maps to assist them. The paper also addresses several issues important to the development and use of this information, such as the goals of modern physiography, the types of landform-based mapping products, the problem of data management in developed areas, and the distinctions among data, interpretations, and decisions. 相似文献
4.
简要概述农业面源污染控制的环境经济相关理论,回顾了美国农业面源污染治理的历程及"最佳管理实践措施",并分别从财政补偿、政策补偿、技术补偿、项目补偿四个方面分析研究美国生态补偿机制与政策措施的经验,从而提出对中国农业面源污染控制的启示。重视激励促进作用,运用多种有效手段,构建监督执行机制,完善技术保障体系等对中国农业面源污染控制生态补偿机制与政策措施的建立和实施具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
5.
This study developed a comprehensive framework to incorporate landscape ecological principles into the landscape planning and design process, with a focus on the design of new patches in the rural landscape. The framework includes two interrelated phases: patch analyst (PA) and patch designer (PD). The patch analyst augments the process of landscape inventory and analysis. It distinguishes nodes (associated with potential habitat patches) from links (associated with corridors and stepping stones between habitats). For natural vegetation patches, characteristics such as size, shape, and spatial arrangement have been used to develop analytical tools that distinguish between nodes and links. The patch designer uses quantitative information and analytical tools to recommend locations, shapes, sizes, and composition of introduced patches. The framework has been applied to the development of a new golf course in the rural Mediterranean landscape of Apulia, Southern Italy. Fifty new patches of Mediterranean maquis (24 patches) and garrigue (26 patches) have been designed and located in the golf course, raising the overall natural vegetation area to 70 ha (60% of total property). The framework has potential for use in a wide variety of landscape planning, design, and management projects. 相似文献
6.
Peter C. Smiley Jr. F. Douglas Shields Jr. Scott S. Knight 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(4):867-878
Abstract: Conservation practices are regularly implemented within agricultural watersheds throughout the United States without evaluating their ecological impacts. Impact assessments documenting how habitat and aquatic biota within streams respond to these practices are needed for evaluating the effects of conservation practices. Numerous sampling protocols have been developed for monitoring streams. However, protocols designed for monitoring studies are not appropriate for impact assessments. We developed guiding principles for designing impact assessments of ecological responses to conservation practices. The guiding principles are as follows: (1) develop the hypothesis first, (2) use replicated experimental designs having controls and treatments, (3) assess the habitat and biological characteristics with quantitative and repeatable sampling methods, (4) use multiple sampling techniques for collecting aquatic organisms, and (5) standardize sampling efforts for aquatic organisms. The guiding principles were applied in designing a study intended to evaluate the influence of herbaceous riparian buffers on channelized headwater streams in central Ohio. Our example highlights that the application of our recommendations will result in impact assessments that are hypothesis‐driven and incorporate quantitative methods for the measurement of abiotic and biotic attributes. 相似文献
7.
采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对广西某蔗田土壤中重金属污染进行评价。结果表明:4种重金属元素的地积累指数污染程度由强到弱依次为:Cd〉Zn〉Pb〉Cu,潜在生态危害指数污染程度由强到弱依次为:Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn,其中zn的影响程度发生了变化。2种评价方法的结果存在差异,蔗田土壤的地积累指数污染程度处于无污染情况,而潜在生态危害指数污染程度处于低度危害程度。潜在生态危害指数考虑外源重金属的富集程度和不同重金属的生物毒性的影响,使其评价结果更准确。 相似文献
8.
从环境污染应急预案编制、演练、实施以及应急保障等方面分析了水乡油田环境污染应急体系建立过程中需要注意的事项,并针对该企业环境污染应急体系建立过程中出现的问题,从应急预案编制、演练与实施以及应急保障方面提出了建议及初步解决措施。 相似文献
9.
Three mathematical models, the runoff curve number equation, the universal soil loss equation, and the mass response functions,
were evaluated for predicting nonpoint source nutrient loading from agricultural watersheds of the Mediterranean region. These
methodologies were applied to a catchment, the gulf of Gera Basin, that is a typical terrestrial ecosystem of the islands
of the Aegean archipelago. The calibration of the model parameters was based on data from experimental plots from which edge-of-field
losses of sediment, water runoff, and nutrients were measured. Special emphasis was given to the transport of dissolved and
solid-phase nutrients from their sources in the farmers' fields to the outlet of the watershed in order to estimate respective
attenuation rates. It was found that nonpoint nutrient loading due to surface losses was high during winter, the contribution
being between 50% and 80% of the total annual nutrient losses from the terrestrial ecosystem. The good fit between simulated
and experimental data supports the view that these modeling procedures should be considered as reliable and effective methodological
tools in Mediterranean areas for evaluating potential control measures, such as management practices for soil and water conservation
and changes in land uses, aimed at diminishing soil loss and nutrient delivery to surface waters. Furthermore, the modifications
of the general mathematical formulations and the experimental values of the model parameters provided by the study can be
used in further application of these methodologies in watersheds with similar characteristics. 相似文献
10.
This work utilizes bird survey data, regression modeling, land-use modeling and landscape metrics to evaluate the effects of various spatial bird diversity conservation approaches on land-use allocation, land-use patterns, and biodiversity in the Shangan sub-watershed in central Taiwan. A survey of the distribution of species revealed that bird species are concentrated in the central and western parts of the sub-watershed. The results obtained using a Shannon-Weaver diversity regression model suggest that diversity of land-use increases the diversity of bird species. Logistic regression results verify that socio-economic factors determine the potential advantages of designating a particular type of land-use in certain parts of the study area. The results of land-use simulation modeling indicate that the eastern and southwestern areas of the sub-watershed will change most frequently between 2007 and 2017. Additionally, increasing the areas to protect bird diversity will effectively increase the patch size, habitat core area, edge effect and habitat connectivity. The Shannon-Weaver diversity regression model shows that protecting bird species diversity in large areas increases bird diversity. The proposed modeling approach is an effective tool that provides useful information for ecological planning and policymaking related to watersheds. 相似文献
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Agricultural landscapes illustrate the impact of human actions on physical settings, and differential human pressures cause
these landscapes to change with time. Our study explored changes in the terraced landscapes of Nisyros Island, Greece, focusing
on the socioeconomic aspects during two time periods using field data, cadastral research, local documents, and published
literature, as well as surveys of the islanders. Population increases during the late 19th to early 20th centuries marked a significant escalation of terrace and dry stone wall construction, which facilitated cultivation on 58.4%
of the island. By the mid-20th century, the economic collapse of agricultural activities and consequent emigration caused the abandonment of cultivated
land and traditional management practices, dramatically reducing farm and field numbers. Terrace abandonment continued in
recent decades, with increased livestock grazing becoming the main land management tool; as a result, both farm and pasture
sizes increased. Neglect and changing land use has led to deterioration and destruction of many terraces on the island. We
discuss the socioeconomic and political backgrounds responsible for the land-use change before World War II (annexation of
Nisyros Island by the Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Greece; overseas migration opportunities; and world transportation changes)
and after the war (social changes in peasant societies; worldwide changes in agricultural production practices). The adverse
landscape changes documented for Nisyros Island appear to be inevitable for modern Mediterranean rural societies, including
those on other islands in this region. The island’s unique terraced landscapes may qualify Nisyros to become an archive or
repository of old agricultural management techniques to be used by future generations and a living resource for sustainable
management. 相似文献
13.
生态市建设是一项系统工程,是实现可持续发展的必然途径。通过对战略环境影响评价理论、方法的探讨,开发出了针对生态市建设的战略环境影响评价技术框架,并以淮南市为例,构建了一套完整的战略环境影响评价指标体系。最后分析了淮南生态市建设SEIA的主要内容:土地利用规划、产业政策结构调整以及各项战略的环境影响评价,为生态市建设SEIA提供方法和技术支持。 相似文献
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15.
Ahn, Jae Hyun and Hyun Il Choi, 2013. A New Flood Index for Use in Evaluation of Local Flood Severity: A Case Study of Small Ungauged Catchments in Korea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 49(1): 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12025 Abstract: The aim of this article is to develop a new index measuring the severity of floods in small ungauged catchments for initial local flood information by the regression analysis between the new flooding index and rainfall patterns. Although a rapid local flood caused by heavy storm in a short period of time is now one of common natural disasters worldwide, such a sudden and violent hydrologic event is difficult to forecast. As local flooding rises rapidly with little or no advance warning, the key to local flood forecasting is to quickly identify when and where local flooding above a threshold is likely to occur. The new flooding index to characterize local floods is measured by the three normalized relative severity factors for the flood magnitude ratio, the rising curve gradient, and the flooding duration time, quantifying characteristics of flood runoff hydrographs. The new flooding index implemented for the two selected small ungauged catchments in the Korean Peninsula shows a very high correlation with logarithm of the 2‐h maximum rainfall depth. This study proposes 30 mm of rainfall in a 2‐h period as a basin‐specific guidance of precaution for the incipient local flooding in the two study catchments. It is expected that the best‐fit regression equation between the new flooding index and a certain rainfall rate can provide preliminary observations, the flood threshold, and severity information, for use in a local flood alert system in small ungauged catchments. Editor's note: This paper is part of a featured series on Korean Hydrology. The series addresses the need for a new paradigm of river and watershed management for Korea due to climate and land use changes. 相似文献
16.
农田面源污染是洱海富营养化的重要原因之一。本文利用在洱海北部地区收集的实地调研数据,从化肥施用与流失和秸秆利用情况,分析了该地区的农田面源污染现状。结果表明:该地区的农田面源污染主要来源于大蒜田与玉米田的氮磷流失,以及大蒜秸秆与玉米秸秆的焚烧或丢弃。从补偿对象与主体、补偿标准、补偿环节与方式、配套政策四个方面,探讨了农田面源污染控制的补偿政策,并结合在洱海北部地区的实地调研资料,分析了测土配方施肥和秸秆还田两种农田面源污染控制技术采纳的补偿政策案例;提出政府应在基础设施建设、技术指导、教育培训、"无公害"农产品市场建设等方面给予政策支持。 相似文献
17.
京津冀协同发展、长江经济带、"一带一路"倡议、粤港澳大湾区、雄安新区是未来的"十四五"时期我国经济社会发展的关键词,也将成为新时代我国经济社会发展的重要引擎和机会,更是关系到新时代我国经济社会能否实现高质量发展的重中之重。本研究从城市视角出发,通过对我国城市人口、经济、污染分布的不平衡和分异性分析,利用已有的经验研究结论,找到识别国家战略区域生态环境分区管治核心问题的依据和判断标准,最终依据京津冀协同发展、长江经济带、"一带一路"倡议沿线省市、粤港澳大湾区、雄安新区的主要环境问题,提出生态环境分区管治的策略。 相似文献
18.
Saumya Sarkar Hillary N. Yonce Ann Keeley Timothy J. Canfield Jonathan B. Butcher Michael J. Paul 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(2):497-510
A total maximum daily load for the Chesapeake Bay requires reduction in pollutant load from sources within the Bay watersheds. The Conestoga River watershed has been identified as a major source of sediment load to the Bay. Upland loads of sediment from agriculture are a concern; however, a large proportion of the sediment load in the Conestoga River has been linked to scour of legacy sediment associated with historic millpond sites. Clarifying this distinction and identifying specific segments associated with upland vs. channel sources has important implications for future management. In order to address this important question, we combined the strengths of two widely accepted watershed management models — Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for upland agricultural processes, and Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) for instream fate and transport — to create a novel linked modeling system to predict sediment loading from critical sources in the watershed including upland and channel sources, and to aid in targeted implementation of management practices. The model indicates approximately 66% of the total sediment load is derived from instream sources, in agreement with other studies in the region and can be used to support identification of these channel source segments vs. upland source segments, further improving targeted management. The innovated linked SWAT‐HSPF model implemented in this study is useful for other watersheds where both upland agriculture and instream processes are important sources of sediment load. 相似文献
19.