火力发电厂全厂废水零排放

讨论了火电厂废水类型、排放标准及治理与回用原则，研究了全厂废水零排放的准确含义、约束条件、影响因素、主要内容以及国内外应用示例，为实施火电厂全厂废水零排放提供参考。     

火电厂离子交换树脂再生废水处理及减排

针对火电厂离子交换树脂再生废水中和处理过程中遇到的问题,探讨影响中和处理的因素,并提出减少火电厂离子交换树脂再生废水排放的措施.     

锅炉化学清洗废水中铁和铜的去除方法

火电厂锅炉水侧的化学清洗废水是一种排放量大、排放频率低的废水,在美国锅炉每3到5年清洗一次,对一座1500MW的燃煤电厂,每台锅炉清洗时能产生大约2300m~3的化学清洗废水和漂洗水。这种锅炉清洗废水的成分与电厂其它废水水质不同,常常有较高的酸性或较强的pH缓冲能力,含有大量的铁和铜,有些还含有高浓度的螯合物。     

燃煤电厂灰场排水特性及其再利用

1968年以来,田纳西流域管理局(TVA)一直在研究燃煤电厂排放的废水特性。研究内容包括锅炉化学清洗废水、煤堆排水、灰场浸出水、石灰和石灰石二氧化硫洗涤塔排水、冷却塔排污水、氯处理的直流冷却水和灰场排水等的特性。本文介绍灰场排水特性以及冲灰水和火电厂其它废水的几种再利用方法。煤灰用水力冲灰方式输送到灰场处置,     

中美两国火电厂SO2排放要求与控制措施比较

系统地比较了中美两国火电厂的SO2排状况、标准及控制要求,火电厂控制SO2排放的对策与措施;介绍了了火电厂SO2排放对大气环境及酸雨的不同影响;对我国火电厂SO2排放标准的修改及电厂SO2的排放控制提出建议。     

马头电厂废水处理系统介绍

介绍了河北马头电厂废水处理工艺系统流程、设计及系统调试运行指标。处理后的电厂废水作为循环冷却水的补水,减少了新鲜水用量和污水排放量，对北方地区厂区废水回收利用具有借鉴意义，在火电厂废水资源利用方面有很好的应用前景。     

黑龙江火电厂废水排放状况及废水治理措施

结合黑龙江省直属火电厂“八五”以来的用水排水基本情况，分析了火电厂李水及废水治理的具体措施，提出了符合黑龙江省实际的节水，治水思路。     

超超临界机组酸洗废水零排放处理工艺研究及应用

锅炉酸洗废水具有排放量大、污染物浓度高和处理难度极大的特点。为实现酸洗废水处理后复用,不外排,分析了河源电厂2×600 MW超超临界机组酸洗废水成份,进行了小型模拟处理试验,探索了降低废水中金属离子含量、COD和浊度的方法。根据试验结果,采用稀释、pH调整、曝气、絮凝、沉淀及机械过滤的方法对锅炉酸洗废水进行处理,处理后的清水作为脱硫系统的工艺补充水。脱硫系统排出的废水采用蒸发结晶工艺进行处理,处理后的冷凝水作为冷却塔补充水回收利用,最终实现零排放,可为火电厂酸洗废水的处理利用提供参考。     

油品厂含油废水治理工程实例

广州某油品有限公司主要从事重油降粘处理、油品储存及油品贸易等业务。该公司生产过程所排放的废水以及地面冲洗水 ,含有大量油类、酚类、硫化物等。以前 ,该公司对这些废水采用隔油池隔油处理后直接排放珠江 ,对珠江造成了一定的污染。根据政府及环保部门的要求 ,公司对原废水处理工艺进行了改造 ,改造后的废水处理装置运行结果表明 ,废水处理效果良好 ,出水水质达到《广州市污水排放标准》DB 4 437— 90一级新扩改标准。1　设计参数该厂主要有 3股废水 ,即硫氨废水 (占废水总量的 4 0 % )、含油废水 (占废水总量的 5 0 % )和冲洗废水 (…     

高浓度有机废水处理技术

系统介绍了国内外各种高浓度有机废水物化和生物处理技术的工艺、原理，对其适用条件、优缺点、功效和应用前景进行了分析与探讨，并结合我国高浓度有机废水排放现状，提出了治理技术的研究重点是厌氧生物法。     

Temporal Trends in Mercury Accumulation in Lake Sediments in Sweden

Lake sediment cores were analyzedto study the history of mercury (Hg) pollution andparticularly to determine whether recent sedimentconcentrations have declined in response todeclining atmospheric deposition of Hg. Sedimentcores from 6 forest lakes distributed fromsouthern to northern Sweden and 3 northernmountain lakes were analyzed for Hg using CVAAS. A400 cm sediment profile from Måkevatten insouthwest Sweden indicates that the onset of Hgpollution occurred in the 18th century. Anindisputable increase in Hg concentrationsoccurred concurrent with the appearance ofspheroidal carbonaceous flyash particles (SCP)derived from fossil-fuel combustion, in themid-19th century. There is a strong correlationbetween Hg and SCP concentrations in the sedimentcores (r=0.67 to 0.91), which suggests a strongrelationship between historical Hg pollution andfossil fuel burning. In contrast to sediment corestaken in 1979, maximum Hg concentrations are nowobserved below the sediment surface and declinetowards the sediment surface. This study confirmsthat reductions in atmospheric deposition of Hgover Sweden have resulted in a decreased transferof total Hg to aquatic environments as reflectedby lake sediments, and that lake sediment profilesof Hg concentrations reflect relative trends inthe atmospheric deposition of Hg rather thanpost-depositional diagenetic processes.     

Elemental Concentration in Lichen in Western Anatolia

The deposition patterns of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb, Zn and As wereinterpreted together with enrichment factor calculations. Samples collected around iron-steel plant had very high concentrations and EF values of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb and Zn implying that these plants are serious pollution sources in the region. High As concentrations around the settlementareas showed that coal combustion is another important anthropogenic source in the region.     

Volumetric changes in landfill gas flux in response to variations in atmospheric pressure

This paper develops a quantitative model which attempts to relate volumetric changes in landfill gas emissions to variations in the surface atmospheric pressure. The model considers gas emissions as the sum of two terms, one constant over a period of weeks, and the other able to vary on a scale of hours. Results from computer simulations are given which indicate that the magnitude of the variable factor is proportional to the rate at which surface pressure is changing, rather than the actual value of the surface pressure.     

Sulphate and Nitrate in Precipitation and Soil Water in Pine Forests in Latvia

The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations and pH in bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water for the 1994–2004 period were studied in pine forests in Latvia (Rucava and Taurene Integrated Monitoring stations). The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations decreased over the study period, simultaneously with a decrease of acidity in precipitation. The changes were more evident in the western part of Latvia, probably due to declining long-range air pollution from West Europe. The trend of decreasing sulphate concentrations and increasing pH in precipitation were not followed by respective changes in soil water. In the upper soil horizon sulphate ion concentrations and acidity increased in soil water. Over the observation period, nitrate concentrations also showed an increasing trend in soil water at Rucava and Taurene, but these changes were not statistically significant.     

Variations in the Fluoride Level in Precipitation in a Region of Human Impact

The research concerns the Wielkopolski National Park (West Poland), which suffered a huge human impact in the 1970s and 1980s owing to the nearby location of an industrial plant. Since then, fundamental technological changes that it introduced into its production of phosphate fertilizers have radically reduced the amount of pollution emitted. A three-year study (2002–2004) of fluorides in precipitation in open terrain and under tree crowns showed their concentrations to range from levels below the detection limit (0.003 mg/l) to 0.560 mg/l. Those registered under tree crowns were several times higher and indicated substantial dry deposition of fluorides on the trees. The highest values were recorded in 2003, with 43% of samples ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/l, and with 51% of throughfall ranging from 0.10 to 0.50 mg/l. A strong connection was shown to exist between fluoride and sulphate concentrations in the precipitation. An analysis was made of the available data on F concentrations in the air and the dust levels around the factory, but these figures did not show an unequivocal effect on F concentrations in precipitation. A great similarity was found to occur between the fluoride content in rainwater in the Wielkopolski National Park and in the centre of the nearby Poznań metropolitan area, which indicates that there are also other F sources besides the local factory.     

Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: case studies in e-waste recycling in China and Thailand

Developing Asian countries have started to apply the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to electronics and electrical equipment waste (e-waste). This policy approach aims to give electronic appliance manufacturers and importers responsibility for the collection and recycling of discarded electronic equipment. China and Thailand have drafted regulations on the recycling of e-waste with common characteristics such as the financial responsibility of producers and subsidies for collection. Although the proposed system is sensible, taking into account the fact that e-waste is a market-traded commodity, there are two major difficulties in implementing EPR in developing countries. First, it may be difficult for governments to collect funds from producers or importers if smuggled, imitation, or small shop-assembled products have a large share in the market. Second, the system creates incentives for collectors and recyclers to over-report the amount of collected e-waste in order to gain extra subsidies from the fund. Other policy measures such as the enforcement of pollution control regulations on informal recyclers, the prevention of smuggling, and the protection of intellectual property rights should accompany EPR policies.     

Medical wastes characterisation in healthcare institutions in Mauritius

This study was initiated to characterize solid and liquid wastes generated in healthcare institutions and to provide a framework for the safe management of these wastes. The project was carried at three major medical institutions, namely, the Jeetoo Hospital, the Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National (SSRN) Hospital and the Clinic Mauricienne. A waste audit carried out at these sites revealed that approximately 10% of solid wastes was hazardous in nature, consisting mainly of infectious, pathological and chemical wastes. The average amount of hazardous wastes per patient per day was found to be 0.072 kg at Jeetoo hospital, 0.091 kg at SSRN hospital and 0.179 kg at the clinic. The amount of hazardous wastes generated as a function of the number of occupied beds was found to follow a relationship of type y=0.0006x-0.19, where y was the amount of hazardous wastes generated per bed per day and x was the number of occupied beds. The waste quantifying process also revealed that at SSRN Hospital, 0.654 m(3) of water was being consumed per patient per day and the amount of wastewater produced was 500 m(3)/day. Further analysis revealed that the wastewater was polluting with chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)), total suspended solids (TSS) and coliform content well above permissible limits.     

Future trends in computer waste generation in India

The objective of this paper is to estimate the future projection of computer waste in India and to subsequently analyze their flow at the end of their useful phase. For this purpose, the study utilizes the logistic model-based approach proposed by Yang and Williams to forecast future trends in computer waste. The model estimates future projection of computer penetration rate utilizing their first lifespan distribution and historical sales data. A bounding analysis on the future carrying capacity was simulated using the three parameter logistic curve. The observed obsolete generation quantities from the extrapolated penetration rates are then used to model the disposal phase. The results of the bounding analysis indicate that in the year 2020, around 41–152 million units of computers will become obsolete. The obsolete computer generation quantities are then used to estimate the End-of-Life outflows by utilizing a time-series multiple lifespan model. Even a conservative estimate of the future recycling capacity of PCs will reach upwards of 30 million units during 2025. Apparently, more than 150 million units could be potentially recycled in the upper bound case. However, considering significant future investment in the e-waste recycling sector from all stakeholders in India, we propose a logistic growth in the recycling rate and estimate the requirement of recycling capacity between 60 and 400 million units for the lower and upper bound case during 2025. Finally, we compare the future obsolete PC generation amount of the US and India.     

膜生物反应器中污泥自消化技术进展

介绍了国内外膜生物反应器(MBR)中污泥的消化技术,分析了控制运行条件法、物理法、化学法污泥消化技术及生物法污泥自消化技术的优缺点,指出了在MBR中没置局部厌氧区域法污泥自消化技术的重要意义.     

Material reuse and recycling in construction works in Japan

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The status of material reuse and recycling in Japan is reviewed with an emphasis on the efforts by the national government. First, the national...