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安徽省主要自然灾害及综合减灾战略构思 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文概述了安徽省旱涝、风雹、干热风、病虫、森林,地质、地震等主要自然灾害的概况,简要分析了致灾因素和背景,强调综合减灾的必要性,提出了综合减灾的战略目标、措施、原则和部署,重点阐述了强化政府综合减灾职能、建立综合减灾管理机构、建设综合减灾信息系统、全面实施综合减灾对策、加强综合研究等战略措施,对安徽省的减灾实践和研究具有现实和长远意义。 相似文献
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基于GIS的热带雨林地区滑坡敏感性分析——马来西亚金马伦高原个案研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
滑坡敏感性分析对灾害评价和预测具有重要的作用。以马来西亚金马伦高原为研究区,选择坡度、坡向、地表曲率、岩性、构造、土地覆盖、地貌类型、道路和排水系统等9个要素作为评价因子,探讨运用G IS和RS技术获取、管理滑坡灾害信息,和热带雨林地区湿热环境下滑坡灾害敏感性的分析方法。条件概率模型和逻辑回归模型分别应用于滑坡灾害敏感性分析与制图,通过比较滑坡敏感性的计算结果与历史滑坡信息,验证了两种方法的有效性,结果显示,条件概率模型和逻辑回归模型的预测精度分别为77.3%和83.6%,逻辑回归法具有较好的描述精度;滑坡敏感性分析中土地利用和土地覆盖、道路设施等因素具有较高权重,人类对雨林的垦殖和开发提升了该地区滑坡发生的敏感度。 相似文献
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在综合调研国内外应急预案标准化进展基础上,从我国应急预案体系建设现状出发,结合预案规划、编制和管理的工作需求,开展应急预案体系标准化构建的支撑要求和预案条目要素分析,提出通用要求和系列接口的两类六项关键要素。进一步地,从编制和管理两个维度分别细化设计了应急预案通用要求的12项标准主题、内容和适用范围;对于应急预案体系系列接口,在梳理相关法律法规要求的基础上,对照预案建设现状,分为专项预案标准、基层组织和单位预案标准、重大活动预案标准等3类接口,设计了相关标准的主题、内容和适用范围。应急预案的编制和管理是一项技术、业务与管理相结合的工作,标准化方法作为现代管理的一种手段,以特定形式和程序总结应急科学、救援技术和应急管理实践经验的综合成果、颁布应急预案管理的统一规定,将提高预案编制和管理的效率和科学性。 相似文献
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云南气象灾害的时空分布规律 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
云南主要的气象灾害有旱灾、洪灾、冷灾、雹灾、风灾和雷灾等6类,它们造成的经济损失超过地震灾害和地质灾害,是云南最大的自然灾害.6种主要气象灾害有明显的时空分布特征.旱灾区主要集中在滇东北、滇东、滇北和滇中地区;洪灾区主要集中在滇东北、滇东南、滇南和滇西南地区;冷灾区主要分布在滇东北、滇西北、滇东和滇中地区;雹灾区主要分布在滇东北、滇东、滇南、滇西北以及滇中局部地区;风灾区主要集中在滇东北、滇南地区;雷灾区主要集中在滇南、滇东南及滇北局部地区.旱灾以春季和初夏最为严重,洪灾主要出现在夏季和秋季,冷灾主要出现在冬春季和夏季,雹灾主要出现在春季和夏季,风灾主要出现在春季和夏季,雷灾主要出现在夏季和春季. 相似文献
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广东自然灾害成因及其对经济的影响 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
本文从地理位置、地形特征、地质构造、水文特征、天气气候特征、人类活动、经济结构与布局,以及社会环境等8个方面分析了广东自然灾害形成的环境条件及类型,并分析研究了成灾特点和对广东经济发展的影响。结果表明,广东自然灾害的形成及其成灾频度和强度,既决定于自然环境的变异,也受制于人类活动和社会经济环境,并具有区域性、周期性、群发性、连锁性、阶段性和社会性等特点,自然灾害对于广东经济发展的严重影响有日益加剧的趋势。 相似文献
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聂拉木镇位于藏南高山峡谷区,是喜马拉雅山脉生态屏障的重要组成部分,也是我国与尼泊尔交界的边陲重镇,生态和国防地位重要,地震地质灾害频发。通过现场调查,得到了聂拉木镇区及其周边的滑坡、危岩落石、泥石流等地质灾害,以及河岸工程病害的分布特征,并结合地形地貌、地质构造、气候和冰川冻土条件分析了灾害成因。 结果表明:聂拉木镇及其周边共发现地质灾害和工程病害点 39 处,其中滑坡 8 处、危岩落石 21 处、泥石流冲沟 2 处、 河岸坍塌 8 处;滑坡均为堆积层浅层滑塌,危岩落石以节理裂隙切割型岩质崩塌和冻拔石失稳为主,泥石流为降雨诱导型和冰川溃决型,河岸工程病害主要为急流和冰凌冲击型破坏;区内强烈的构造运动、显著的季节性冻融作用和季节强降雨冲刷为灾害主要诱因。聂拉木镇区内地质灾害和河岸工程病害发育具有点小、面广、高风险的特点, 建议系统开展镇区灾害风险评估、及时开展分级治理和制定灾害应急预案。 相似文献
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为提高应对高速铁路突发事件的资源保障能力,从突发事件-资源关联视角,建立了高速铁路突发事件和应急资源的分类体系,提出了高速铁路突发事件-资源的关联强度和关联结构测度方法。结果表明,高速铁路突发事件-资源间的相互关系受事件类型、持续时间、波及范围、等级与强度、发生概率等影响,可综合运用致灾因子、事件因子、救援能力承载因子进行强度测度;相似度理论和案例推理方法有利于揭示事故类型、等级、波及范围、所在区域救援能力与资源需求量和结构间相互关系,可用于确定不同高速铁路突发事件下不同类型的资源量和比例结构;将既有线铁路、城市地铁的历史数据/案例推广到高速铁路,可弥补现有突发事件样本数不足,扩大基于案例推理/规则推理的应用范围,提高高速铁路突发事件资源需求测度的可靠性和准确性。 相似文献
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保险,减灾与发展之关联及对策 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对保险公司经营方式的分析,阐述了近年来自然灾害大幅度止升对保险业稳定发展的影响以及保险公司在减灾防灾中拥有的信息,人员,管理以及工作方式等方面的优势,并对保险公司与社各界的合作领域及内容提出了自己的见解。 相似文献
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破坏性地震发生后,科学、有效地评估地震压埋人员压埋情况,是有序地开展应急救援工作的基础。人员在室率作为压埋率评估模型的主要参数之一,目前主要以作息时间区为基础以省或市为基础单元进行计算,这难以体现基础单元之下的不同市或县人员在室率之间的差异性。为解决这一问题,采用人类动力学相关原理,运用极大似然法估算人员在室率,进而形成基于人类动力学的地震压埋人员压埋率预估模型。最后以汶川8.0级地震部分受灾学校为例,进行压埋率实际评估和模型误差分析。研究表明:提出的微观在室率能更准确地反映人员在室情况具有更好的适用性;在实际评估中模型精度达到±0.13,表明模型能达到较好的预估效果,能为震后应急救援工作提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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Siri Thoresen Arnfinn Tønnessen Camilla Vibe Lindgaard Anne Lie Andreassen Lars Weisæth 《Disasters》2009,33(3):353-368
Adequate responses to disasters and emergency situations rely, among other factors, on coping abilities in disaster workers and emergency personnel. In this study, different aspects of disaster-related stressors and training/experience were investigated in Norwegian personnel (n = 581) mobilised for the 2004 tsunami disaster. The level of stress reactions, measured nine to ten months after the tsunami, was relatively low in this sample, indicating that the personnel coped well with the challenges of the disaster. The level of intrusive memories was higher in disaster-area personnel (n = 335) than in home-base personnel (n = 246). Stress reactions were significantly associated with witnessing experiences (disaster-area group) and with having to reject victims in need of help (both groups). Specific preparation for the mission was associated with a lower level of stress reactions in disaster-area personnel. Such factors may be considered in training and preparation programmes for disaster workers. 相似文献
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我国农业自然灾害与农业政策性保险 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
在详细分析了我国当前主要农业自然灾害情况的基础上,探讨了通过建立农业政策性保险来应对自然灾害风险的必要性以及我国农业保险目前面临的问题,提出了加大政府支持力度、加快农业保险立法、提高保险意识、加强保险人才培养等方面的政策建议。 相似文献
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Using the 1993 crash of Amtrak's Sunset Limited in Mobile, Alabama, this study examines the safety education provided by seven newspapers. A total of 117 news stories were analysed for five primary themes: overall story category, passenger safety theme, train personnel safety theme, train safety theme and rescue safety. Sixty-three per cent were found to contain at least one safety theme paragraph within the larger story. A total of 631 paragraphs were identified as safety theme paragraphs, 32 per cent of which were passenger safety themes, 8 per cent were train personnel safety, 31 per cent were train safety and 29 per cent were rescue safety themes. As in previous research, safety themes rarely appeared alone; more often than not, a story contained a mixture of all themes. Some safety themes appeared more frequently than others, but overall, the safety themes present a complete view of the safety issues surrounding the crash.
Safety themes are embedded within a story framework which reflects the three stages of disaster news work. Images of normalcy tragically disrupted by the crash abound as do images of passengers escaping and aiding others. Disaster relief personnel and aviation officials are shown working to restore order and solve the mystery of the crash. Within this framework we can learn what to expect when a train crashes and what we might have to do in a similar situation. 相似文献
Safety themes are embedded within a story framework which reflects the three stages of disaster news work. Images of normalcy tragically disrupted by the crash abound as do images of passengers escaping and aiding others. Disaster relief personnel and aviation officials are shown working to restore order and solve the mystery of the crash. Within this framework we can learn what to expect when a train crashes and what we might have to do in a similar situation. 相似文献
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San Juan Guillén C 《Disasters》2011,35(2):346-361
Interventions in extreme situations, such as natural or technological disasters, terrorist attacks or emergencies in general, take place in settings of great uncertainty and are always accompanied by extraordinary circumstances. For this reason, there are various processes related to implementing intervention protocols that must be carefully examined, including an evaluation of work scenarios, personnel selection, within-group relationships in work teams, decision-making processes, or certain peculiarities of burnout among emergency personnel. In the view of this author, an ad hoc review of the role of the organisational psychologist can highlight interesting analysis and performance possibilities that could make work in emergency and disasters contexts more effective. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the role of the organisational psychologist pre-and post-disaster. Furthermore, it supports the idea that professional profiles must be designed that take into account specific knowledge and skills, as well as certain aptitudes and values. 相似文献
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C. Ashall 《Disasters》1987,11(1):11-17
A soundly conceived and well executed programme of multi-disciplinary research has allowed the evolution of modern locust control on a sound scientific basis. What is still required, if further disaster is to be avoided, is the exploitation of those results by carefully recruited cadres of anti-locust personnel in those countries where locusts are important, both to the countries themselves and to the countries likely to receive those locusts if not properly controlled. 相似文献
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某330 kV线路发生单相接地故障后,差动保护动作跳闸,与此同时,1号变压器A套保护差动动作跳闸,B套保护差动启动未动作。经现场检查分析,变压器A套差动保护高压侧电流二次回路中性线在端子箱处开路。针对该事件保护动作原因及过程进行了详细分析,并就防范措施进行了改进,供专业技术人员借鉴与参考。 相似文献