青霉素对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

利用Biolog-ECO技术分析不同青霉素浓度处理下土壤微生物的群落代谢活性及结构多样性,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术分析典型微生物群落结构变化情况,探讨青霉素对土壤微生物群落的生态毒理效应。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,高浓度青霉素(400和800 mg·kg-1)处理能快速诱导土壤中以酚酸类化合物为碳源的微生物菌群富集。DGGE结果显示,在高浓度青霉素(800 mg·kg-1)胁迫初期,土壤中微生物多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener index)显著降低(P0.05);7 d后,主要微生物群落结构随土壤中青霉素降解又逐渐恢复。     

湘东大围山土壤垂直带谱微生物群落特征

土壤微生物是生态系统健康评价的关键生物学指标之一。为了解土壤微生物群落在中山海拔带上的分异规律,本研究选取亚热带湘东大围山花岗岩风化物发育的典型土壤垂直带谱:红壤、黄红壤、黄壤、暗黄棕壤和灌丛草甸土(亚类),采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术,研究0~20 cm土壤微生物的PLFA含量、组成和多样性。结果表明,土壤垂直带PLFA种类较为丰富(38种),PLFA总量介于35.01~103.54 nmol·g~(-1)之间,以细菌最高(25.52~78.31 nmol·g~(-1)),其次为放线菌(3.99~12.90nmol·g~(-1))和真菌(4.29~12.33 nmol·g~(-1))。细菌群落中,以革兰氏阴性菌(G~-)为主;真菌群落中,以腐生真菌为主。随着海拔升高,微生物PLFA总量、各类群微生物PLFA含量和多样性指数一致升高,显示高海拔地带土壤的微生物数量和多样性更高。此外,真菌与细菌比值(F:B,0.17~0.25)和G~+细菌(革兰氏阳性菌)与G~-细菌比值(G~+:G~-,0.52~0.79)以低海拔带的红壤最高,随海拔升高而降低,表明高海拔带土壤微生物群落以细菌、G~-群落占优。在湘东大围山土壤垂直带上,各类群的微生物量和多样性随着海拔的升高而升高,可能是山地小气候、pH、有机底物的数量和质量综合作用的结果。     

外源洛克沙胂对水生态系统砷蓄积及底泥微生物生长的影响

为探明洛克沙胂(ROX)对水生态系统的毒性效应,采用模拟水生态系统,研究了外源添加不同浓度洛克沙胂(0、10、20、40、80和160 mg·L-1)对水生态系统砷含量及底泥微生物生长的影响。结果表明,水体及底泥砷含量随外源ROX用量增加而增加,但随暴露时间延长水体砷含量降低的同时底泥砷含量逐渐增加。金鱼藻和鲫鱼体内均出现明显砷蓄积现象,且160 mg·L-1ROX处理的水生态系统鲫鱼毒害效应明显,暴露1 d的死亡率为100%。金鱼藻对砷具有较强的富集能力,暴露32 d后砷富集量达398.1~1 538.91 mg·kg-1。不同浓度ROX对底泥真菌、细菌和反硝化细菌生长均具有不同程度的抑制效应,而对放线菌和氨化细菌生长具有一定的促进作用,且低浓度ROX(10 mg·L-1)对放线菌生长的促进作用明显。总体上,外源ROX进入水生态系统导致水体砷污染的同时在生物及非生物媒介中再次迁移、分配和蓄积,进而对鲫鱼及部分底泥微生物生长产生毒害。     

重金属胁迫下不同区域土壤的生态功能稳定性与其微生物群落结构的相关性

本文选取了理化性质差异较大的3个区域的土壤作为研究对象,采用底物诱导呼吸实验进行土壤微生物活性测定,并通过磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法进行微生物群落结构检测分析.结果表明,AM真菌可作为土壤微生物活性的指示性菌种;主成分分析表明,重金属对不同区域土壤的微生物群落结构、分布和疏密度的影响有一定差异性,即对于受污染胁迫后稳定性较好的土壤,其微生物群落结构基本会保持整体上的相似和不变性,而对稳定性较差的土壤,受重金属污染前后其微生物多样性、均匀度和丰度均会表现出明显的差异性;聚类分析则显示,土壤微生物群落的聚类会随时间增加趋于统一,但重金属胁迫会阻碍这一趋势.本研究探讨了重金属污染与土壤微生物的内在关系,有助于提早构建土壤重金属污染微生物预警体系.     

氮沉降增加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是草原土壤生态系统的重要组成部分。为研究氮沉降增加对草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原为研究对象,开展连续6年(2010—2015年)模拟氮沉降试验,以N计算,设置:N0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N50(50kg·hm~(-2))、N100(100 kg·hm~(-2))、N150(150 kg·hm~(-2))和N300(300 kg·hm~(-2))5个处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术测定0~10 cm土壤特征微生物PLFA生物标记数量并探讨土壤微生物群落结构对氮沉降的响应。结果表明:随氮添加量增大,土壤微生物总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阴性细菌PLFAs和放线菌PLFAs含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,均以N100(100 kg·hm~(-2))处理最高。土壤微生物群落PLFA标记的主成分分析显示,不同氮添加下土壤微生物PLFA标记有显著差异。相关分析表明,土壤革兰氏阳性菌、放线菌PLFA含量、G~+/G~-与土壤p H值呈显著负相关,土壤微生物总PLFAs、土壤细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs、革兰氏阴性菌PLFAs、放线菌PLFAs和饱和脂肪酸PLFAs含量均与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关。综合研究表明,连续6年氮添加改变了贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构,土壤p H值和土壤速效磷含量是驱动这种变化的主要因素。     

扎龙湿地土壤微生物群落结构的季节变化特征

运用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法研究扎龙湿地各季节土壤微生物群落结构和多样性.结果表明:不同季节土壤中共检测到29(春)、30(夏)、29(秋)和27(冬)种PLFA,其中含量最高的PLFA分别为16:0(16.49%)、18:1ω9c(17.41%)、18:1ω9c(20.48%)和18:2ω6,9(26.16%).季节变化对一般性细菌、G~+菌、G~-菌、真菌、放线菌和总PLFAs有显著影响(P0.05),除真菌外均表现为春季最高、冬季最低,而真菌则为冬季最高、春季最低.香农-威纳多样性指数和Mc Intosh指数在春季最高,Simpson指数则在冬季最高.主成分分析(PCA)表明,第1主成分和第2主成分共解释土壤微生物群落结构总变异的87.6%,不同季节间土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异.冗余分析(RDA)表明,放线菌和G~+菌与土壤有机质、总氮、速效氮和速效钾呈显著正相关,G~-菌与速效磷呈显著正相关,真菌和一般性细菌与土壤pH呈显著正相关.扎龙湿地微生物群落结构的季节波动与土壤养分状况密切相关,研究结果可为扎龙湿地生态功能恢复提供科学依据.     

不同施肥模式和地下水位条件下红壤水稻土PLFA指纹特征

土壤微生物群落是评估土壤质量、衡量土壤肥力和指示土壤环境变化的重要指标。施肥和地下水位均会引起土壤养分和微环境发生变化,但地下水位对土壤微生物群落影响的研究尚鲜有报道,特别是施肥和地下水位管理双因素协同作用对土壤微生物群落的影响还不清楚。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)指纹图谱法研究长期施肥和不同地下水位条件下红壤水稻土微生物群落。结果表明,不同地下水位管理显著影响土壤pH值、E_(h,p)(排水状态下的氧化还原电位)和NO_3~--N含量,不同施肥模式显著改变土壤Eh,y(淹水状态下的氧化还原电位)、E_(h,p)、有机碳含量、全氮含量和速效钾含量。不同地下水位显著影响土壤总PLFA、细菌PLFA、G+PLFA含量及G+PLFA/GPLFA比值,如高地下水位土壤G+PLFA/G-PLFA比值(0.40~0.51)明显低于低地下水位土壤(0.40~1.94);不同施肥模式显著影响G-PLFA含量和G+PLFA/G-PLFA比值,如施有机肥土壤G+PLFA/G-PLFA比值(0.40~1.94)明显高于施化肥土壤(0.40~0.46)。逐步回归分析显示放线菌PLFA含量显著受土壤pH值及全氮含量的影响,G+、厌氧菌、好氧菌PLFA含量显著受土壤pH值的影响,真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA比值显著受土壤Eh,y的影响,G+PLFA/G-PLFA比值显著受NO3--N含量和全钾含量的影响。主成分分析显示环境因子影响了长期施肥和不同地下水位条件下红壤水稻土微生物群落结构,全钾含量、pH值和Eh,y是导致LNOM处理与其他处理间微生物群落结构不同的主要环境因子,而NO3--N含量、全氮含量、全磷含量是导致LHOM处理与HNOM、HHOM、LCF、HCF处理间微生物群落结构不同的主要环境因子。可见,长期施肥和地下水位管理显著影响红壤水稻土理化性质及微生物群落。     

不同林龄陈山红心杉土壤微生物群落结构特征

以不同年龄(5年、10年、20年和40年)陈山红心杉林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法分析其土壤微生物群落结构与多样性.结果发现,陈山红心杉林土壤总PLFAs及各类群微生物PLFAs含量随年龄增加先下降后上升,真菌/细菌(F/B)变化不明显,G~+/G~-和SAT/MONO呈下降趋势,Cy/Pre及微生物群落多样性指标总体呈先升后降的趋势.林龄改变了土壤微生物群落结构,第一、二主成分贡献率分别为72.2%和25.0%,主要由不同林龄土壤理化性质引起.速效养分影响大于全量养分.Cy/Pre只在10年林龄大于0.5,反映环境胁迫可能导致了微生物PLFAs含量从10年林龄到20年下降,但这并未改变土壤生态系统的稳定程度.综上,不同林龄陈山红心杉林土壤微生物群落结构可反映土壤环境状况及养分可利用性,对陈山红心杉的丰产、高效、优质经营具有重要意义.(图4表3参39)     

菲和铬(Ⅵ)单一及复合暴露对土壤微生物多样性的影响

有机物和重金属已成为我国土壤环境中常见的2类污染物质,二者间复合污染引起的土壤生态环境风险不容忽视。本研究以多环芳烃模式物菲和典型重金属铬(VI)作为受试物质,采用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术,探讨这2种污染物单一及复合暴露对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,并选用主成分分析、聚类分析和戴斯系数3种算法对微生物群落相似性进行了比较。结果表明,在暴露实验第1天,菲单一暴露低浓度组中微生物群落相似性产生了极为明显的变化,而到第7天时,菲和铬(VI)单一暴露高浓度组均对微生物群落结构相似性产生最大程度的影响;采用香农指数法评价微生物群落的多样性,发现在暴露实验第7天,菲和铬(VI)单一暴露高浓度组对微生物群落多样性的影响比复合暴露高浓度组更强,二者复合暴露的相互作用方式表现为拮抗效应。本研究证明低浓度菲短期暴露的效应高于高浓度暴露结果,因而多环芳烃菲自身及其在复合暴露中所扮演的角色尤其值得关注。     

秸秆生物炭施用对玉米根际和非根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为探究生物炭施用对土壤微生物群落结构与功能的影响,以广东博罗某生态农业实验基地玉米地为试验对象,设置3个处理,分别按0(C)、5(B1)、10(B2)t·hm~(-2)施加秸秆生物炭,分别于第7天、14天、21天后采集根际土壤及非根际土壤样品,通过对玉米根际及非根际土壤细菌16S rDNA进行高通量测序分析,结合16S rDNA PICRUSt功能预测技术,探究生物炭施用对玉米根际土壤及非根际土壤微生物群落结构与功能的影响。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,施加生物炭可明显增加玉米非根际土壤微生物群落多样性,施加21 d后C组、B1组和B2组chao1指数分别为1 261、2 707和2 472;对根际土壤微生物多样性影响不显著(P=0.406)。施加5t·hm~(-2)生物炭后,玉米根际土壤酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)相对丰度升高,但施加10 t·hm~(-2)生物炭处理酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)相对丰度降低。在科水平上,施加生物炭后,玉米非根际土壤黄色单胞菌科(Xanthomonadaceae)受到明显抑制,而施加生物炭与否及施加量多少对根际土壤黄色单胞菌科(Xanthomonadaceae)丰度高低影响不显著(P=0.857)。PICRUSt预测结果表明,生物炭施加对玉米土壤微生物群落代谢、遗传、信息传递等过程产生影响,从而改变微生物的群落结构及生态功能。综上,施用生物炭会影响玉米土壤微生物群落结构与功能,相对于施加10 t·hm~(-2)处理,施加5 t·hm~(-2)处理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响效果更为显著。该研究结果可为生物炭农业化利用机制研究及施加量选择提供参考。     

The effect of imazethapyr on soil microbes in soybean fields in northeast China

Large quantities of herbicides are used on agricultural soils, but the effects of herbicides on the structure of the soil microbial community have not been well investigated. In this study, soil from three soybean fields was investigated. The herbicide imazethapyr was applied in one year to soil 1 and in two sequential years to soil 2. Control soil received no imazethapyr. Microbial biomass and community structure were characterised using chloroform fumigation–extraction and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) determination. The imazethapyr residue was 1.62 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 1 and 1.79 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 2. The microbial biomass carbon and total PLFAs for soil 2 were much higher than for the other soils. PLFA profiles showed that fatty acids for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as total bacteria and total fungi in soil 2 were higher than in other samples. Principal component analysis of the PLFAs showed that the structure of the microbial community differed substantially among the three different soybean field soils. Application of the herbicide imazethapyr to soybean fields clearly changed the soil microbial biomass and shifted the structure of the microbial community.     

不同老化时间的TiO_2纳米颗粒对玉米生长的影响

为探讨老化时间对TiO_2纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)生物有效性的影响,研究了不同老化时间的Ti O_2NPs(0~120 d)对玉米幼苗生长的影响、在玉米体内的吸收及其在植株不同部位的存在位点等。研究发现,不同浓度的TiO_2NPs(1 000 mg·kg~(-1)和2 000 mg·kg~(-1))加入到土壤中,对玉米幼苗干鲜重没有明显的影响,但老化时间小于60 d时,对玉米幼苗株高有一定的抑制效应,老化60 d之后,随着老化时间的继续延长,毒性逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定。老化60 d时,TiO_2NPs处理的玉米幼苗根冠增大,玉米幼苗体内产生H2O_2的累积。在Ti O_2老化土壤中生长的玉米幼苗根系和地上部均有Ti的累积,1 000 mg·kg~(-1)的TiO_2NPs在玉米幼苗根部的生物累积系数达到35.4%,在地上部为13.6%,在玉米植株体内的转运系数为0.38;通过TEM观察,TiO_2NPs可以进入到玉米幼苗体内,并存在于根细胞的细胞质和叶绿体膜上,在叶片细胞的液泡和细胞核中也发现有TiO_2NPs的存在。上述研究结果为客观评价TiO_2NPs的生态风险提供了有用信息。     

禾草灵对水稻生长和典型土壤酶活性的影响

禾草灵是一种广泛使用的除草剂,在土壤中大量残留,对非靶标生物产生危害。为探究除草剂对环境生物的毒性作用,本研究模拟水稻自然生长的环境,评估禾草灵对水稻及土壤微生物的影响。研究结果表明,低浓度禾草灵(200μg·L-1)处理4d对土壤微生物量没有显著影响(P0.05);8 d时,水稻生长没有明显变化,但土壤微生物量较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。高浓度禾草灵(1 000μg·L-1)处理4 d后,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性显著下降(P0.05),下降幅度分别为8.9%,16.6%和10.2%;处理8 d后,水稻幼苗鲜重显著降低(P0.05),叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量分别下降了13.5%和13.3%。本研究证实高浓度的禾草灵残留会对植物和土壤微生物产生不良的影响。     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

Long-term stability and risk assessment of copper and cadmium in a smelter-impacted soil treated by four amendments

In an effort to address public concerns of the long-term stability and ecological risk reduction of Cu and Cd in a farmland located at the Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, containing ～ 800?mg?kg^?1 Cu and 0.8?mg?kg^?1 Cd soil, were treated in situ by attapulgite, apatite, montmorillonite and lime at the rate: 10, 10, 10 and 4?g?kg^?1 soil, respectively. Field experiment consisted of 2?×?3-m plots arranged in a randomised complete block design with each treatment. Soil and plant samples were collected in sixth years post-treatments and analysed for Cu and Cd bioaccessibility, chemical fraction and Cu, Cd concentration in plant tissue. The results indicated that the apatite and lime treatments significantly reduced bioaccessible and exchangeable fractions Cu and Cd in the soil at sixth years post the treatments. Cu and Cd concentration in plant tissue was positively related to the bioaccessibility of Cu and Cd. The treatment used 10?g apatite kg^?1 soil appeared to be most effective for overall risk reduction. The Cu and Cd stabilisation and risk reduction by the apatite treatments were accomplished by the induced transformation of labile Cu and Cu species to relatively insoluble forms. This study illustrated that in situ Cu and Cd stabilisation by apatite would be long-term and ecologically safe, which could safeguard human health and ecosystem from Cu and Cd contamination in mining areas.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

Oxidative stress and changes in locomotor behavior and gill morphology of Gambusia affinis exposed to chromium

Sublethal effects of chromium trioxide on mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, were carried out for 28 days on day 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28. The sublethal effects of chromium (LC₁₀, 77.62?mg?L^?1) on antioxidant enzymes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), locomotor behavior, and gill morphology were studied. The antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were induced throughout the exposure span of 28 days. Percent induction was also increase with the days of exposure. Lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde was enhanced in the viscera tissue of chromium-exposed fish. Perturbation of locomotor behavior like decrease in distance travelled (m?min^?1) and in swimming speed (cm?s^?1) was observed in exposed fish. Chromium toxicity caused alterations in gill morphology like hypertrophy and hyperplasia in secondary lamellae followed by detached epithelium with severe necrosis. It can be concluded from the results that Cr intoxication in Gambusia fish, caused induction in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, plus changes in gill morphology and locomotor behavior.     

Evaluation of the effect of antimicrobials in marine cultures,using the copepod Acartia tonsa as a bioindicator

Cultures of the copepod Acartia tonsa are used both in aquaculture and ecotoxicology studies. However, the cultivation of these crustaceans at high densities results in the proliferation of microorganisms that can affect the organisms of interest, leading to illness or death. Antimicrobials inhibit microbial growth and may favour the cultivated species, aiding the development of ecological studies. This study investigated the potential of antimicrobials (antibiotic + antifungal) to inhibit bacteria and fungi when applied to marine zooplankton cultures, using the copepod A. tonsa as a bioindicator of acute toxicity. Treatment with 0.025?g?L^?1 of penicillin G potassium + 0.08?g?L^?1 of streptomycin sulphate + 0.04?g?L^?1 of neomycin sulphate + 0.005?g?L^?1 of nystatin resulted in 95% bacterial inhibition (after 12?h of exposure); however, after this time, the inhibitory effect was lost. The antimicrobial combination tested in this study prevented colonisation by fungi until 168?h after exposure, without causing acute toxicity to A. tonsa. Thus, it has potential for use in marine cultures of less sensitive organisms.     

Release of phosphorous from igneous phosphate rock through bioturbation: a low-cost approach for phosphorous fertilization in fish farms

The influence of bioturbation caused by common carp fry was treated in 24 transparent polythene jars (5?L each) in the laboratory and in outdoor vats (150?L), increasing the fertilizer value of phosphate rock in eight treatment combinations in triplicate. Input of water soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was determined to quantify the effects of bioturbation, fish excrements and soil. The level of SRP in water was always lowest in the control series. Introduction of common carp fry resulted in a net increase of 0.009–0.010?mg phosphate g^?1day^?1 of SRP attributable to the effect of fish excrement. Bioturbation caused by common carp resulted in as high as a 64.8 to 90% influx of phosphate from bottom soil in the presence of phosphate rock but only about 6.3 to 7.2% in the absence of phosphate rock. The bioturbation that occurred in this treatment resulted in a significant release of phosphorous into the overlying water from an apatite source. The results confirm the environment friendly application of phosphate rock in fish-farming ponds at low cost.