烟气输运和水喷淋相互作用的大涡模拟研究

本文应用大涡模拟方法，并结合Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型，数值研究了烟气输运和水喷淋的相互作用问题。为了有效地模拟烟气输运过程，文中采用低马赫数近似下的三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和组分方程进行求解，并采用有限差分法数值计算了滤波后的控制方程。对于燃烧过程扣所产生的热释放，采用Lagrangian粒子携带热量的近似方法来模拟，这些运动粒子进一步用来标识烟气的输运过程，同时还近似模拟了水喷淋和热气流的相互作用过程。文中数值计算了燃烧火源所形成的热气流和烟气输运过程，以及与水喷淋的相互作用，并探讨了喷水装置的喷水量、喷射角和水颗粒直径对流动特性的影响。     

障碍物后池火与水喷淋相互作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法数值模拟了障碍物后池火与水喷淋的相互作用问题，研究目的是探讨水喷淋对障碍物后池火的控制和抑制的有效性，以及障碍物对流动特性和温度场的影响。文中采用低马赫数近似下三维可压缩滤波形式的Navier—Stokes方程和组分方程进行有限差分数值求解，燃烧过程中所产生的热释放采用携带燃烧反应热的Lagrangian粒子(热元模型)来模拟。文中数值模拟了风洞内障碍物后热源产生的热气流及其与水喷淋的相互作用，并探讨了在有无水喷淋情况下的温度场和速度场特性，以及喷水装置位置对温度场的影响。     

水喷淋控制烟气输运的大涡模拟研究

本文采用大涡模拟方法研究了烟气输运和水喷淋之间的相互作用问题。研究目的是探讨水喷淋（或细水雾）对烟气输运的控制和抑制的有效性和要行性。为了有效地模拟烟气输运过程，本文采用了低马赫数近似下的三维可压缩滤波形式的Navier-Stokes方程进行有限差分法数值求解。烟气的生成和运动采用携带燃烧反应热的Lagrangian粒子（热元模型）来模拟，同时喷淋器喷出的细水雾也采用模型模拟。在本文的研究中，烟气由一个独立的火池产生并且被一股来流（或风）驱动，从而在一个方形槽道里形成烟气输运，在火池下游槽道的顶部布置若干个喷淋器并喷出水雾，以便探讨水雾对烟气输运的控制作用。本文着重分析讨论了不同喷淋角和水雾半径下水雾对烟气输运的控制和抑制效果。     

中庭火灾烟气流动数值模拟

根据中庭火灾特点 提出了考虑辐射换热损失和壁面传热损失、不考虑燃烧过程、视火焰为体积热源,浮升力作用下火灾烟气湍流流动的场模型,并将辐射换热损失计人壁面传热损失,简化辐射换热模型计算,运用该场模型对中庭模型实验装置火灾烟气流动进行了数值模拟,采用通用软件PHOENICS进行数值计算,研究表明,数值模拟结果与中庭模型实验装置火灾试验结果吻合;以热源模拟火焰的方法对分析中庭火灾烟流发展规律可行。     

地下车库火灾烟气扩散规律的数值计算与实验

为了准确预测火灾烟气运动情况,基于SGS湍流模型与大涡模拟相结合的方法预测地下车库中火灾烟气运动规律,采用简单化学反应模型处理地下车库中小汽车火灾的复杂燃烧过程,采用P-1模型计算烟气运动过程中的热辐射传递。设定了5种不同的计算工况,采用数值计算的方法得出火场烟气、温度分布情况;对其中的部分工况进行了实体火灾实验,并与计算结果相对比。研究结果表明:开启机械排烟比只依靠自然排烟时火场温度上升快,但是在稳定燃烧阶段温度相对较低;当火源功率为2MW时,仅依靠自然排烟时火场能见度为2m,当火源功率为4MW时,考虑机械排烟时火场能见度为10m,低于规定值;数值计算和实验结果一致性较好,说明采用的计算模型合理。     

有热源巷道风流温度分布非稳定模型及数值计算

针对矿井有热源巷道中风流温度分布非稳定计算问题，通过通风巷道存在放热源-对流-扩散-热交换的非稳定温度传播方程，建立一维有限元数值模拟求解方法的数学模型，讨论按放热强度（2类热流量条件）的热源项处理算法，给出有热源通风巷道风流初始温度均匀分布与非均匀分布的定解条件，并编写计算机仿真程序进行求解计算。结果表明:在起点27 ℃-热源300 kW和起点32℃-热源100 kW的不同边界条件和热源强度下，有热源通风巷道中温度分布的非稳定传播过程；数值解收敛准则用Peclet数来衡量，取Pe<2作为收敛条件，程序中根据Peclet数自动加以判断，算例中剖分单元长度1.5 m，模拟时间步长取2 s不发生振荡。实现了巷道中风流各点的温度和温度分布随时间的变化过程的描述，为矿井系统多设备热源散热计算及热害防治设计提供基础算法。     

自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟、混合物分数燃烧模型和欧拉-拉格朗日粒子运动描述法,对自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火焰作用过程进行数值模拟;探讨细水雾在火羽流的不同区域内的灭火机理;分析雾滴直径在自然通风条件下对细水雾灭火效果的影响。模拟结果表明:细水雾冷却热烟气层分为温度迅速降低和缓慢下降两个阶段;在间歇火焰区和浮力羽流区以及热烟气层主要发挥细水雾的蒸发冷却作用,在恒定火焰区则是蒸发冷却和隔氧窒息共同作用;着火区域封闭性较差时,直径较小的水雾系统的灭火效果较低。     

火灾模拟结果误差分析的函数分析法

火灾试验结果和模拟预测结果常能表达成关于时间变化的曲线,为定量描述两种随时间变化曲线间相符合的程度,引入误差分析的函数分析法。采用适合于低Mach数流修正的N-S方程描述烟气的输运过程,使用大涡模拟和Smagorinsky亚格子模型,对封闭空间内的火灾过程进行数值模拟;对其计算结果的分析表明,函数分析法能定量对模拟预测曲线与试验曲线间的差别进行描述,模是两曲线值大小的相对误差的度量,余弦是两曲线形状相似程度的度量。     

3m直径煤油池火灾火焰特性的数值研究

为了预测油池火灾的火焰特性,采用CFD模拟技术开展静风状态下3 m直径煤油液池的火灾场景模拟,探讨火焰温度、火焰羽流速度、辐射热通量、燃烧产物质量分数等油池火焰特性参数随高度的变化关系;并结合火焰形态分布,提出一种4区域模型,即将湍流扩散火焰划分为油气混合燃烧区、燃烧火焰区、烟尘区和热烟气区来分析燃烧气流在不同高度的实际物理化学特性。此外,通过经验公式和CFD模拟2种方法分别计算出3 m直径煤油池火灾的火焰高度、火焰表面的辐射通量及热辐射破坏半径,并对计算结果进行比较分析,结果表明:2种方法可互相补充完善,有助于池火灾的热辐射危害性评估。     

不同边沿高度油池火燃烧行为的实验和数值模拟研究

采用实验和FDS数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨了边沿高度对油池火燃烧特性的影响。在实验部分,研究了燃烧速率和表观火焰高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并分别分析了各个阶段的热反馈机制。在实验获得不同尺度、边沿高度正庚烷油池火燃烧速率的前提下,建立相应尺度的不同边沿高度油池火的Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)计算模型以针对火焰高度进行了数值模拟研究,分析了实际火焰高度、火焰下探高度随边沿高度的变化趋势,并提出了相关的无量纲拟合式。     

A numerical approach to investigate the maximum permissible nozzle diameter in explosion by hot turbulent jets

The ignition of a combustible environment by hot jets is a safety concern in many industries. In explosion protection concepts, for a protection of the type “flameproof enclosures” a maximum permissible gap is of major importance. In this work a numerical framework is described to investigate the ignition processes by a hot turbulent jet which flows out from such gaps. A Probability Density Function (PDF) method in conjunction with a reaction-diffusion manifold (REDIM) technique is used to model the turbulent reactive flow. In this paper the ignition of a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen/air gas by a hot exhaust turbulent jet is examined. The impact of the nozzle diameter on the ignition delay time is investigated, too. The method is used to explore the maximum nozzle diameter for specific boundary conditions for which there is no ignition.     

Flame propagation through aluminum particle cloud in a combustion tube

The propagation of a flame is investigated experimentally and theoretically for a large, horizontal combustion tube containing a mixture of air and aluminum powder with pre-existing turbulence. One end of the tube is closed and the other is connected to a large dump-tank. Twenty dispersion systems are used on the tube to produce a uniform suspension of aluminum dust in the tube with a mean diameter of 6 μm. The characteristics of a flame front from the ignitors at the closed end are measured using photodiodes and the development of pressure is monitored by transducers. Experimental results revealed the entire process of an accelerating flame and the development of shock waves. A set of conservation equations for two-phase turbulent combustion flow is derived, using the two-fluid model, k–ε model, Hinze–Tchen model and EBU-Arrhenius model for turbulent combustion. The SIMPLE scheme usually applied to the homogeneous turbulent combustion is extended to fit this two-phase, reactive behavior. The results of calculations show the positive feedback coupling among combustion, expansion and turbulence during flame propagation. Computed and measured results are generally in good agreement.     

Collision of convex objects for calculation of porous mesh in gas explosion simulation

We investigate the coupling of the flamelet combustion model with the collision distance algorithm based on Minkowski addition. The collision algorithm is coded to calculate the porosity of the geometry based on the PDR (Porosity Distributed Resistance) approach for modelling of complex geometries. The turbulent field generated by the interaction of the flow with the porous objects is used to calculate the wrinkling length scale of the flame via the fluctuating velocities. The turbulent fluxes are amended in accordance with assigned porosities at the cell faces. The combustion and porosity models are implemented in the framework of an in house Fortran code that solves the full set of Navier-Stokes equations. The code was named STOKES - Shock Towards Kinetic Explosion Simulator). Results are presented for non-reacting flows and reacting flows over different geometries. Numerical findings are compared with standard commercial CFD tools.     

Numerical investigation of powder aerosolization in a mining rock dust dispersion chamber

We have conducted numerical simulations of dust dispersion within the NIOSH Rock Dust Dispersion Chamber. The apparatus consists of a low-speed background ventilation flow down a long box in which is placed a tray containing a rock dust powder. A nozzle upstream of the tray introduces a short pulse of a turbulent horizontal jet flow just above the powder surface. We have utilized an incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes k-ω model for the turbulent flow; particles are incorporated within a one-way Euler-Lagrangian formalism. The Rock Dust Dispersion Chamber ventilation flow exhibits a recirculation zone just above the powder-containing tray. Aerosolization proceeds via the interplay of the jet pulse flow with the background recirculation flow. The air flow is not well-mixed. The aerosolized dust is convected as a concentration cloud downstream towards the detection zone. For larger particles, gravitational settling depletes the convected cloud, so the instrument behaves as a horizontal elutriator. The instrument is robust with respect to misalignment of the jet nozzle. However, reduced streamwise drift velocity allows mixing to disperse the optically detected dust cloud concentration pulse. Our large particle simulation results compare favorably with published experimental results for large, polydisperse calcium carbonate rock dust.     

Quantification of turbulence in cryogenic liquid using high speed flow visualization

A high speed flow visualization experiment was conducted to characterize the boiling induced turbulence when a cryogenic liquid is released on water. The advective transport of turbulent structures traversing through the liquid was captured and reconstructed using image processing software to obtain information on velocity components. The numerical results obtained from image processing were used to determine turbulence parameters like turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy and eddy dissipation rate. An interesting aspect of the study was the formation of wavy structures called ‘thermals’ which were characteristic of turbulent convection. The thermals were found to act as a catalyst in increasing heat transfer and turbulence between water and cryogenic pool. The turbulent intensity was influenced by the turbulent velocity and had direct effects on the vaporization flux. Among the turbulence parameters, increase in turbulent kinetic energy resulted in faster vaporization of cryogenic liquid through enhanced mixing, whereas variations in the eddy dissipation rate had weak dependence on vaporization. Additionally, the initial height of cryogenic liquid was also found to strongly affect the vaporization mass flux.     

CFD modeling and simulation of turbulent fluid flow and dust dispersion in the 20-L explosion vessel equipped with the perforated annular nozzle

A three-dimensional CFD model was developed to simulate the turbulent flow field induced by dust feeding and the associated dust dispersion within the 20-L explosion vessel equipped with the perforated annular nozzle. The model was validated against experimental data for pressure and root mean square velocity.Simulation results have shown that the turbulent kinetic energy is rather uniformly distributed and its values are significantly lower than those attained with the rebound nozzle. Furthermore, the perforated annular nozzle is able to generate a uniform dust/air cloud. However, a consistent fraction of the dust remains trapped inside the nozzle and, thus, it does not contribute to the explosion process.     

城区天然气管道泄漏数值模拟与爆炸危害分析

在人口密度为三级和四级的城区内,密集的高建筑物对天然气管道泄漏后的扩散和流场形成产生重要影响。本文以某城市的实际情况为例,建立多建筑物的空间几何模型,采用k-ε湍流方程,SIMPLE算法,模拟了在三种不同风流速度、三种不同压力条件下,城区天然气管道泄漏气体在多建筑物地形中的扩散情况。根据模拟结果,依据天然气的爆炸极限,对模拟结果及其火灾爆炸危害的范围进行了对比分析。结果表明,CH4气体的泄漏扩散同时受管道压力、风流速度和周围建筑物的影响;同时受当地风速的影响,泄漏气柱在风流作用下会发生偏折,造成阻挡风流的建筑物内侧危险气体浓度升高,大大增加建筑物周围环境的危险性。研究结果对城区天然气管道的建设具有一定的指导意义。