基于海岸带潟湖沉积物重金属污染评价的磁诊断模型构建

于海南岛海岸带7个典型潟湖采集96个表层沉积物样品,并对其的磁性参数、粒度、重金属含量等指标进行分析,对重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价,考察了沉积物中重金属浓度与磁性参数的相关性并构建磁诊断模型。研究结果表明,沉积物以亚铁磁性矿物为主导,磁晶粒度以较粗的假单畴和多畴颗粒为主;根据潜在生态危害指数法评价结果,7个潟湖重金属污染的潜在生态风险为博鳌港清澜湾新村湾小海湾黎安湾东寨港洋浦湾;重金属元素与沉积物磁性参数有着密切的联系,其中Cu、Cr、As、Zn、Pb含量与相关磁性参数建立的二元回归线性方程有较好的拟合性(0.73≤r≤0.92),表明可以利用磁性参数追踪和指示海南岛海岸带潟湖沉积物的重金属污染。     

利用磁信息研究潮滩重金属污染的探讨

本文以长江口潮滩沉积物的系统磁性测量为基础,对照化学分析和粒度分析等数据,初步探讨了潮滩沉积物的磁性特征与重金属元素含量的相关联系及其机理,建立了重金属元素含量与磁参数的定量关系模型,并揭示了长江口潮滩重金属污染的空间特征及其与沉积环境的联系。本项工作成功地探索了利用磁信息研究潮滩重金属污染的技术路线和应用前景,指出了在一定区域内,利用适量样品的磁性测量与重金属元素分析数据,建立其定量回归模型的可行性。从而可以在区域污染调查中,通过广泛的磁数据测量,由经验公式定量地估算不同滩地部分的重金属元素含量,以全面了解潮滩重金属污染的空间分布,分析其规律和机理。由于磁测方法具有快速、简便、经济、易行等特点,它为大范围的潮滩重金属污染研究提供了一项实用有效的辅助手段。     

黄河兰州段消落带表层沉积物对磷的吸附

为探究黄河消落带表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征,基于吸附动力学、吸附热力学及单因子实验,现场采集黄河(兰州段)消落带表层沉积物进行实验室模拟研究。结果表明：沉积物对磷的吸附动力学经历快速吸附、慢速吸附、吸附平衡3个阶段,扰动条件下,在10 min内吸附量达到最大吸附量的85%以上,480 min达到吸附平衡;沉积物对磷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,随着温度的升高最大理论吸附量Q_m随之增加,25℃时Q_m达到119.831 mg·kg^-1;单因子实验中,扰动频率增加对磷的吸附量具有明显的促进作用;pH为7～8时沉积物吸附效果最佳,偏酸性条件次之,偏碱性条件下吸附效果较差;增大上覆水KH₂PO₄浓度,吸附量增加,吸附率整体呈下降趋势。由此可知,黄河消落带表层沉积物对磷元素具有一定的拦截效应,河水的扰动能够促进沉积物对PO₄^3--P的吸附,但是水体的pH值变化及高浓度陆源污染物均会削弱消落带对磷元素的吸附拦截作用。该研究结果可为黄河上游的...     

钱塘江富阳-杭州段沉积物磷的赋存形态分析

研究了钱塘江富阳一杭州段10个采样点表层沉积物中TP、各组分磷的含量分布以及沉积物有机质和粒径对磷分布情况的影响.结果表明,钱塘江富阳一杭州段表层沉积物中的TP为594.76～1 463.06 mg/kg,平均为940.24 mg/kg.NaOH提取态磷(NaOH-P)是污染河段无机磷(IP)的主要赋存状态.除个别采样点外,有机磷(OP)在TP中所占的比例相对较低.钱塘江富阳一杭州段沉积物TP以及赋存状态与沉积物粒度组成及有机质含量有显著的相关关系,沉积物中细颗粒越多,有机质含量越高,其TP也就越高,污染河段磷素增加主要造成NaOH-P升高,因此可以判断河段释磷潜力与污染有关.     

三亚河红树林自然保护区水环境-红树植物-沉积物重金属污染综合分析

以三亚河红树林自然保护区为研究区,在分析沉积物重金属污染及红树植物对重金属富集转运差异的基础上,探讨了保护区水环境、沉积物重金属和红树植物重金属间的联系及重金属污染来源。结果表明:(1)沉积物中Hg为极强污染,Pb、Zn和Cu为中等污染,其他重金属无污染;研究区整体的潜在生态风险指数为中等,其中Hg为主要贡献者。(2)保护区河段雨季水体污染物浓度明显高于干季,雨、干季水质总体均表现出中上段(A段)中间段(B段)出口段(C段);(3)3种红树植物对Cd均表现出强富集,对Pb表现为弱富集能力;(4)沉积物重金属和水质参数之间有显著的相关性,红树植物会影响沉积物中重金属形态,并通过主动运输方式富集和转移重金属。(5)研究区上游农业生产活动及市区交通和工厂企业综合排污是重金属的主要污染来源。     

黄河内蒙古段沉积物中硅的赋存形态及分布特征研究

应用连续浸提技术研究了黄河内蒙古段表层沉积物中硅的赋存形态及沿程分布特征。结果表明,沉积物中残渣态硅(Residual-Si)含量最高,占5种硅形态总量(∑Si)的91.78%(质量分数,下同)～98.08%,但Residual-Si对上覆水影响不大,其余4种硅形态均为生物有效硅(Valid-Si),Valid-Si仅占∑Si的1.92%～8.22%,但对黄河水体硅循环具有重要影响。人工筑坝会导致水体总颗粒物(TMP)浓度减少,使大坝下游沉积物中可交换态硅(IEF-Si)、碳酸盐结合态硅(CF-Si)和上覆水溶解硅(DSi)含量明显降低;旅游景点和电厂产生的人为污染会通过大气沉降和地表径流等进入到水体,使水体营养程度进一步升高,浮游植物在沉积物中汇集,导致下游沉积物IEF-Si、CF-Si含量升高,增加沉积物中硅的释放风险。     

阳宗海沉积物中重金属生物有效性评估

通过测定和分析阳宗海表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步提取重金属(SEM)的含量和分布特征,采用SEM/AVS方法对阳宗海表层沉积物中重金属的生物有效性进行评估;同时,采用生物有效阈值法评估了单一重金属的生物有效性。研究得出以下结论:阳宗海表层沉积物中AVS含量为15.09~149.74μmol/g,平均值为49.42μmol/g,从南向北呈递减趋势;AVS在南部和中部均与湖泊水深呈现正相关关系;∑SEM(包括Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、Mn、As、Cd)含量分布波动较小,其范围为4.84~16.10μmol/g,平均值为10.28μmol/g,其分布规律为北部大于南部;阳宗海各采样点SEM/AVS1,说明阳宗海表层沉积物中重金属不会对生物产生不良影响;从单一重金属来看,Pb可能经常产生生物毒性,Cu有可能产生生物毒性,其他金属除部分点可能产生生物毒性外,整体上几乎不会产生生物毒性。     

底泥疏浚对五里湖沉积物生物毒性的影响

为评价疏浚对太湖五里湖沉积物毒性的影响,采用淡水沉积物重金属质量基准和发光细菌试验法对疏浚前后太湖五里湖沉积物的生态毒性风险进行了分析.结果显示,疏浚后,尽管沉积物中Cu和Zn的总体含量降低至毒性效应低值(TEL/TEC)以下,Cr、Pb和Ni等重金属的总体含量降低至毒性效应最高值(PEL/PEC)以下,但沉积物提取液对发光菌的毒性却显著增加,且在疏浚后1个月时毒性最大,其EC25和EC50最小,分别仅为0.51%和9.16%.这表明,疏浚尽管可有效减少沉积物中重金属污染物总体含量,但并不能完全消除沉积物的生态毒性风险;相反,还有可能导致其生态毒性的风险性进一步增加.     

广州市某垃圾填埋场土壤磁学特征及其对重金属污染响应

为研究垃圾填埋场土壤重金属与环境磁学特征的关联，采集了广州市某垃圾填埋场41组土壤样品进行磁学和地化分析。磁学参数测定结果表明，土壤磁性以人为输入为主，组分主要是软磁性矿物，颗粒较粗。磁性矿物学研究表明，磁性颗粒物主要是磁铁矿、赤铁矿、磁赤铁矿，可能还有针铁矿。重金属与磁学参数相关性分析表明，Zn存在于各种粒径的磁性颗粒物中，Cu、Cr与单畴和多畴磁颗粒共存，Pb、As与较粗的硬磁性矿物共存，Hg与多种矫顽力不同的磁性矿物共存，Ni、Cd与所有磁学参数都未有显著相关关系。可见，一些重金属与磁性颗粒物之间存在伴生关系。     

河道综合治理后城市水体沉积物中微塑料污染特征研究 ——以汾河太原城区段为例

以先后经过3期综合整治工程(包括截污纳管 、湿地营建 、滨河景观建设等)的汾河太原城区段为研究对象,对其沉积物中微塑料进行了研究.结果表明:汾河太原城区段沉积物中微塑料丰度为108～732个/kg,上游未经河道治理的采样点丰度最高,河道综合治理后微塑料丰度明显下降;白色(35％)在所有微塑料颜色中占比(数量占比,下同)...     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of nonylphenol in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River in China

Nonylphenol (NP) is known as an endocrine disruptor and consequently has drawn much environmental concern. This study focused on seasonal variation and spatial distribution of NP in various matrices including water, suspended particles, and sediment taken from Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River in China. NP was measured in July and November in 2004. Concentrations of NP in water ranged from 34.2 to 599.0 ng/l, in suspended particles from 49.6 to 2835.2 ng/g dry wt, and in sediment from 38.4 to 863.0 ng/g dry wt. In terms of most water and suspended particles samples, concentrations were higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons. Good linear correlations (R(2)=0.90 in July, R(2)=0.97 in November) were obtained for NP concentrations between water and suspended particles. In terms of sediment samples, concentrations were higher in November than in July, probably due to greater deposition of suspended particles. Reasonable linear correlations (R(2)=0.60 in July, R(2)=0.79 in November) were obtained for NP concentrations between water and sediment.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River, China

Fourteen surface sediment samples were collected from Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River, China in July 2005. The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). Total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 464 to 2621 ng/g dry weight. Sediment samples with the highest PAH concentrations appeared at the downstream of Lanzhou City, where there was the biggest wastewater discharge pipeline from Lanzhou Oil Refinery Factory and Lanzhou Chemical Industry Company. Municipal sewage also contributed to the PAH contamination in the sediments. A correlation existed between the sediment organic carbon content (f(oc)) and the total PAH concentrations (r(2)=0.57), suggesting that sediment organic carbon content played an important role in controlling the PAHs levels in the sediments. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs contamination in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River originated both from the high-temperature pyrolytic processes and from the petrogenic source, showing a mixed PAH input pattern, which was also confirmed by the results of a principal component analysis (PCA). According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of the United States, the levels of PAHs at most studied sites in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River should not exert adverse biological effects. Although at some sites (such as S10, S12, etc.) one PAH may exceed the effects range low (ERL), individual PAH did not exceed the effects range median (ERM). The results indicated that sediments in all sites should have potential biological impact, but should have no impairment.     

黄河兰州段悬移质泥沙对氨氮的吸附特性

实验研究了黄河兰州段不同粒径的悬浮泥沙对氨氮的吸附行为,拟阐释黄河兰州段水质自净的机制。通过分析探讨了含沙量、氨氮初始浓度、泥沙粒径和化学成分对氨氮吸附过程的影响。结果表明,准二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型能够较好地描述黄河兰州段不同粒径泥沙的吸附动力学和等温吸附过程(R20.9);含沙量对泥沙吸附氨氮作用具有显著影响,且氨氮吸附量和平衡时间与含沙量呈明显负相关性;氨氮初始浓度与氨氮吸附量及平衡时间呈正相关性;同时,泥沙颗粒越细,吸附氨氮的能力越强,吸附容量越大,反应的自发程度越高。此外,泥沙有机质、Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO的含量随粒径减小而增大,它们对单位质量泥沙最大吸附量(Sm)具有正效应。泥沙的吸附在黄河兰州段水质自净过程中起着一定的促进作用。     

Distribution patterns of nitrobenzenes and polychlorinated biphenyls in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment from mid- and down-stream of the Yellow River (China)

Samples of water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment were collected from mid- and down-stream of the Yellow River. The distribution and concentration of 10 nitroaromatic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were extensively studied. The total concentration of 10 nitrobenzenes (SigmaNBs) varied from 0.269 to 9.052 microg l(-1) in water, from 2.916 to 164.4 microg kg(-1) dry weight in SPM, and from 0.954 to 14.72 microg kg(-1) dry weight in sediment. PCBs associated with the sediments, measured as the summed responses of Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260 (in comparison to those of a standard 1:1:1:1 mixture), were found to be in the range of non-detectable to 5.98 microg kg(-1). In the samples collected, various PCB congeners showed similar distribution characteristics with congeners containing 3-5 chlorine atoms accounting for more than 96.4% of total PCB. In most of the samples, PCB concentrations occurred in the order: TetraCB > TriCB > PentaCB. Levels of SigmaNBs in the Yellow River were relatively low in comparison with values reported from other river and marine systems, and PCB levels were comparatively low. Relative to the PCBs, SigmaNBs showed significantly more difference among the various stations, presumably due to the influence of different pollution sources. No obvious correlation was observed between the pollutant concentrations and either the TOC or the grain size of the sediments.     

Modification of chemical oxygen demand monitoring in the Yellow River, China, with a high content of sediments.

This paper presents a modification of chemical oxygen demand (COD) monitoring giving a better indication of the pollution level compared with the conventional COD method for rivers with a high content of sediments. The correlation between the sediment organic carbon and COD was investigated using sediments sampled in the middle Yellow River, China. Partitioning of the sediment organic carbon between the water and sediment phases was also investigated using batch experiments, with the sediment concentration varying from 20 to 400 g/L. As a result, the COD modification equations are proposed for both turbid water (mixture of water and sediment) and supematant water (filtrate using a 0.45-microm membrane). The modified COD in turbid water and supernatant water could be 40 and 10% less than the monitored COD values, respectively. These results may have a significant influence on the assessment of water quality class in the Yellow River.     

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the natural waters of the Yellow River: effects of high sediment content on biodegradation

The contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has become one of the major problems in the Yellow River of China. As the Yellow River is the most turbid large river in the world, it remains unknown to which extent the high suspended sediment content in the river may affect the fate and effect of PAHs. Here we report the effect of sediment on biodegradation of chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene with phenanthrene as a co-metabolism substrate in natural waters from the Yellow River. Biodegradation kinetics of the PAHs in the river water with various levels of sediment contents were studied in the laboratory by fitting with a biodegradation kinetics model for organic compounds not supporting growth. The results indicated that the biodegradation rates of PAHs increased with the sediment content in the water. When the sediment contents were 0, 4 and 10 g/l, the biodegradation rate constants of chrysene with the initial concentration of 3.80 microg/l were 0.053, 0.084 and 0.111 d(-1), respectively. Further studies suggested the enhanced biodegradation rate in the presence of sediment was caused by the following mechanisms: (1) the population of PAH-degrading bacteria in the water system was found to increase with the sediment content; the bacteria population on sediment phase was far greater than that on water phase during the cultivation process; (2) the sorption of PAHs on the sediment phase was well described by the dual adsorption-partition model. Although the sorption capacity of PAH per unit weight of sediment decreased with the increase of the sediment content, the amount of sorbed PAH increased with the sediment content; and, (3) the desorption of PAHs from the solid phase led to a higher concentration near the water-sediment interface. Since the bacteria were also attached to the interface, this resulted in an increased contact chance between the bacteria and PAHs.     

强化水旋澄清池技术处理黄河高浊度水的试验研究

由于兰州段夏季黄河水的浊度较高,直接影响了自来水厂的正常运行,而目前水厂所用工艺无法满足高浊度水的处理要求,因此,采用自主研究开发的具有特殊结构的水旋澄清池对黄河高浊度水进行了强化处理的试验研究.研究结果表明:在多点投药混合方式下,强化水旋澄清池可提高浊度的处理效果;若在投加无机絮凝剂PAC后,再投加有机絮凝剂PAM进行复配作用,不仅可降低无机絮凝剂的用量,节约制水成本,而且提高了自来水厂的出水水质;结果也表明该水旋澄清池技术能够推广应用于黄河高浊度水的强化处理工艺中.     

Reprint of: Concentrations, distribution, and bioaccumulation of synthetic musks in the Haihe River of China

Seven typical synthetic musks (SMs) in the samples from the surface water, sediment and fish of the Haihe River were measured. The SM concentrations in the sediment and surface water of the Haihe River were significantly lower than those in the Dagu Drainage River and Chentaizi Drainage River (p < 0.05). Along the flow direction, the SM concentrations in surface water and sediment tended to increase from the upstream to the downstream of Dagu Drainage River. The Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were calculated at high levels in the muscles of crucian carp, common carp, and silver carp. Most of the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for HHCB and AHTN were higher than 1.7, suggesting magnification possibly exist in the musk bioaccumulations of the three fishes in the Haihe River. No significant differences in HHCB/AHTN ratios were observed among the water, fish, and sediment samples (p > 0.05). However, the HHCB/AHTN values in the Haihe River were much lower than those in the Dagu Drainage River and Chentaizi Drainage River (p < 0.05). Compared with several typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the musk concentrations were higher or comparable in the Haihe River.     

Concentrations, distribution, and bioaccumulation of synthetic musks in the Haihe River of China

Seven typical synthetic musks (SMs) in the samples from the surface water, sediment and fish of the Haihe River were measured. The SM concentrations in the sediment and surface water of the Haihe River were significantly lower than those in the Dagu Drainage River and Chentaizi Drainage River (p < 0.05). Along the flow direction, the SM concentrations in surface water and sediment tended to increase from the upstream to the downstream of Dagu Drainage River. The Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were calculated at high levels in the muscles of crucian carp, common carp, and silver carp. Most of the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for HHCB and AHTN were higher than 1.7, suggesting magnification possibly exist in the musk bioaccumulations of the three fishes in the Haihe River. No significant differences in HHCB/AHTN ratios were observed among the water, fish, and sediment samples (p > 0.05). However, the HHCB/AHTN values in the Haihe River were much lower than those in the Dagu Drainage River and Chentaizi Drainage River (p < 0.05). Compared with several typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the musk concentrations were higher or comparable in the Haihe River.     

Occurrence, possible sources, and temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in water and sediment from the lower Yangtze River basin, Jiangsu and Shanghai areas of Eastern China

The concentrations, compositional profiles, and possible sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in water column and surface sediment samples from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were investigated, and the potential risks posed by these chemicals were evaluated. Concentrations of the 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF in the water and sediment samples ranged from 0.45 to 10.0 pg TEQ/L (mean 2.34 pg TEQ/L) and from 0.31 to 51 pg TEQ/g dw (mean 5.25 pg TEQ/g dw), respectively. Water and sediments from the Nanjing–Nantong sections of the Yangtze River were found to have elevated PCDD/PCDF levels, and the PCDD/PCDF TEQ concentrations in 13 sediment samples exceeded the probable effect levels (PEL), above which adverse biological effects are likely. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the principal PCDD/PCDF contamination source for the water and sediment was the production and use of pentachlorophenol (PCP) or sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na). PCDD/PCDF concentrations were stable over time near the Yangtze River Estuary but had increased sharply in recent decades in the Nanjing–Nantong section, which will have been related to the growth in industrial activities and other anthropogenic PCDD/PCDF sources. Total organic carbon (TOC) and PCDD/PCDF concentrations correlated significantly (R?=?0.474, P?<?0.01), suggesting that TOC plays an important role in the transport and re-distribution of PCDD/PCDF in the Yangtze River basin.