Gaseous emissions from weaned pigs raised on different floor systems

Gaseous emissions from agriculture contribute to a number of environmental effects. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are greenhouse gases taking part to the global problem of climate change. Ammonia (NH₃) emissions are responsible of soil acidification and eutrophication and contribute also to indirect emissions of N₂O. This work evaluated the influence of the type of floor on the emissions of these gases in the raising of weaned pigs. Two trials were carried out. In the first trial, the animals were kept either on fully slatted floor or on straw-based deep litter and, in the second one, either on fully slatted floor or on sawdust-based deep litter. For each trial and on each type of floor, 2 successive batches of weaned pigs were raised without changing the litter or emptying the slurry pit between the 2 batches. The rooms were automatically ventilated to maintain a constant ambient temperature.The performance of the animals was not significantly different according to the floor type. In trial 1, the nitrogen contents of the straw deep litter (including the substrate) and slurry were respectively 276 and 389 g pig⁻¹. In trial 2, the sawdust deep litter and slurry nitrogen contents were respectively 122 and 318 g pig⁻¹.Raising pigs on straw deep litter produced proportionately around 100% more NH₃ than raising pigs on slatted floor (0.61 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 0.31 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.05). Differences in CO₂, H₂O and CH₄ emissions were not significant between systems. Raising pigs on sawdust deep litter produced also proportionately more NH₃ (+52%; 0.55 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 0.36 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.01) but also more CO₂ (+25%; 427 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 341 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.001) and H₂O (+65%; 981 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 593 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.001) and less CH₄ (−40%; 0.52 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 0.86 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.001) than raising pigs on slatted floor. Practically no N₂O emission was observed from rooms with slatted floor while the N₂O emissions were 0.03 and 0.32 g N₂O-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ for the straw and sawdust deep litter respectively. The warming potential of the greenhouse gases (N₂O + CH₄), were about 22, 34 and 168 g CO₂ equivalents per day and per pig on fully slatted floor, straw or sawdust deep litter respectively.In conclusion, pollutant gas emissions from rearing of weaned pig seem lower with fully slatted plastic floor system than with deep litter systems.     

Importance of indirect nitrous oxide emissions at the field, farm and catchment scale

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and leaching losses from an intensively managed grazed pasture in the Ythan catchment, Aberdeenshire, UK, were measured and compared over a 17-month period. Simultaneous measurements of farm-wide leaching losses of N₂O were also made and catchment-wide fluxes were estimated from existing N leaching data. The relative importance of direct and indirect N₂O fluxes at the field, farm and catchment scale was then assessed. At the field scale we found that direct N₂O emissions were low (1.2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 0.6% of N input) with indirect N₂O emissions via drainage waters comprising a significant proportion (25%) of total N₂O emissions. At the whole-farm scale, the N₂O-N emission factor (0.003) for leached NO₃-N (EF_5-g) was in line with the IPCC's recent downward revision. At the catchment scale, a direct N₂O flux of 1.9 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and an indirect flux of 0.06 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ were estimated. This study lends further support to the recent downward revision of the IPCC emission factor for N₂O arising from leached N in surface and ground waters (EF_5-g) and highlights the need for multiple point sampling to ensure that the importance of indirect N₂O losses via drainage waters is not misrepresented at the farm and catchment scales.     

Methane and CO2 fluxes from an Indonesian peatland used for sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) cultivation: Effects of fertilizer and groundwater level management

Tropical peatland is a vast potential land source for biological production, but peatland is a major natural source of greenhouse gases, especially methane (CH₄). It is important to evaluate the changes in greenhouse gas emissions induced by cultivation practices for sustainable agricultural use of tropical peatland. We investigated the effects of fertilizer application and the groundwater level on CH₄ and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in an Indonesian peat soil. The crop cultivated was sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.), which can grow on tropical peat soil without drainage and yield great amounts of starch. CH₄ emission through sago palm plants was first estimated by collecting gas samples immediately after cutting sago suckers using the closed chamber method. The CH₄ fluxes ranged from negative values to 1.0 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹. The mean CH₄ flux from treatment with macroelements (N, P, and K) and microelements (B, Cu, Fe, and Zn) applied at normal rates did not differ significantly from that of the No fertilizer treatment, although increasing the application rates of macroelements or microelements by 10-fold increased the CH₄ flux by a factor of two or three. The relationship between CH₄ flux and the groundwater table was regressed to a logarithmic equation, which indicated that to maintain a small CH₄ flux, the groundwater table should be maintained at <−45 cm. The CO₂ fluxes ranged between 24 and 150 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹, and were not significantly affected by either fertilizer treatments or the groundwater level. The inclusion of sago palm suckers in a chamber increased CH₄ emission from the peat soil significantly. Thus, gas emissions mediated by certain kinds of palm plants should not be disregarded.     

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel demand and solar energy conversion efficiency in European bioethanol production for automotive purposes

Crop derived biofuels such as (bio)ethanol are increasingly applied for automotive purposes. They have, however, a relatively low efficiency in converting solar energy into automotive power. The outcome of life cycle studies concerning ethanol as to fossil fuel inputs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with such inputs depend strongly on the assumptions made regarding e.g. allocation, inclusion of upstream processes and estimates of environmentally relevant in- and outputs. Peer reviewed studies suggest that CO₂ emissions linked to life cycle fossil fuel input are typically about 2.1–3.0 kg CO₂ kg⁻¹ starch-derived ethanol. When biofuel production involves agricultural practices that are common in Europe there are net losses of carbon from soil and emissions of the greenhouse gas N₂O. Dependent on choices regarding allocation, they may, for wheat (starch) be in the order of 0.6–2.5 kg CO₂ equivalent kg⁻¹ of ethanol. This makes ethanol derived from starch, or sugar crops, in Europe still less attractive for mitigating climate change. In case of wheat, changes in agricultural practice may reduce or reverse carbon loss from soils. When biofuel production from crops leads to expansion of cropland while reducing forested areas or grassland, added impetus will be given to climate change.     

Variations of denitrification in a farming catchment area

We measured denitrification at 15 sites during 1 year in a agricultural catchment in Brittany, France. Our objective was to assess the relative importance of heterotrophic denitrification on the fate of excess nitrogen at the catchment scale, and to quantify the relative importance of riparian areas on the N₂O emissions. Using the C₂H₂ inhibition technique, denitrification rate on soil core and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) were each determined, for samples taken from two soil layers: 0–20 and 20–40 cm. Denitrification rates, ranging from 0 to 417 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, were significantly higher in riparian areas than for hillslopes (median of 24.87 against 10.38 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹). However, since denitrification rates are significant in the hillslope and given that hillslope surface area is much greater (79% of catchment surface), this domain could be responsible for half of the overall denitrified nitrogen (N). Also, the 20–40 cm deep soil layer was found to account for more than 46% of the denitrification. The DEA indicates the potential for denitrifying activity by the soil under non-limiting conditions, measured values ranged from 76.48 to 530.63 ng N g⁻¹ dry soil h⁻¹. The ratio N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) was about 60% with no clear spatial or temporal trends. Soil moisture appeared to be the main limiting factor for denitrification at the field scale. The results suggest that, for this catchment, denitrification is a major route for nitrogen removal, but a significant proportion of this removal occurs as N₂O.     

青海南部高原积雪期与生长季高寒草甸土壤CO2、CH4和N2O通量的观测

以静态箱采集气体和气相色谱分析气体浓度方法,测定分析了青海南部高原积雪期和生长季高寒草甸土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量.结果表明在积雪集中期的3月3日和4日,积雪深度为9~10 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为1.33 g·(m~2·h)-1、N_2O通量为0.21 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-0.19 mg·(m~2·h)-1;在积雪末期的4月30日,积雪深度在8~9 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为4.70 g·(m~2·h)~(-1)、N_2O通量为0.24 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-1.23 mg·(m~2·h)-1;积雪深度小于4 cm时,土壤CO_2和N_2O通量较低或为负值,土壤CH_4通量为负值且绝对值较小.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量与积雪深度呈正相关、土壤CH_4通量与积雪深度呈负相关(P0.05),土壤CO_2与CH_4通量及CH_4与N_2O通量间呈负相关、土壤CO_2与N_2O通量间呈正相关.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量在生长季较高、在积雪末期其次、在积雪集中期较低;土壤CH_4通量为负值,其绝对值在生长季和积雪末期较大.结果说明积雪改变将影响青藏高原高寒草甸土壤温室气体通量.     

Sheepfolds as “hotspots” of nitric oxide (NO) emission in an Inner Mongolian steppe

We investigated nitric oxide (NO) fluxes at a summer and a winter sheepfold in the Baiyinxile livestock farm, near Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, which are a typical feature of the regional husbandry. Using a manual static opaque chamber/chemiluminescence measuring system, we intermittently observed fluxes in the summer sheepfold between May 28th and September 26th 2005 and in both winter and summer sheepfolds between March 8th and October 18th 2006. During these periods, mean NO emissions (±S.E., in terms of mass of nitrogen) were 124.0 ± 28.7, 134.6 ± 23.3 (summer sheepfold) and 214.4 ± 79.6 μg NO–N m⁻² h⁻¹ (winter sheepfold), respectively, and thus, three magnitudes higher than observed steppe NO emissions in the same region. The NO fluxes were not significantly different between the 2 years, but in summer they were much higher than in spring (p < 0.05). Temperature and moisture of the faeces layer significantly regulated the NO fluxes (p < 0.01). The direct NO emission factor (EF) for faeces and urine excreted in the sheepfolds was 0.7 g NO–N_emitted kg⁻¹ N_excreted, which was almost 37 times lower than a recently reported N₂O EF. We estimated the total NO emission from the sheepfolds of the Baiyinxile livestock farm to be 1.82 ± 0.43 tons NO–N year⁻¹, which accounts to approximately 12.3% of the total NO emission from this steppe region. With the rapid increase of livestock numbers, sheepfold NO emissions may further increase and contribute to high N deposition in confined areas around sheepfolds.     

Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity – Results from a short-term pilot field study

Biochar addition to agricultural soil has been suggested to mitigate climate change through increased biogenic carbon storage and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. We measured the fluxes of N₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ after adding 9 t ha^?1 biochar on an agricultural soil in Southern Finland in May 2009. We conducted these measurements twice a week for 1.5 months, between sowing and canopy closure, to capture the period of highest N₂O emissions, where the potential for mitigation would also be highest. Biochar addition increased CH₄ uptake (96% increase in the average cumulative CH₄ uptake), but no statistically significant differences were observed in the CO₂ and N₂O emissions between the biochar amended and control plots. Added biochar increased soil water holding capacity by 11%. Further studies are needed to clarify whether this may help balance fluctuations in water availability to plants in the future climate with more frequent drought periods.     

Effects of excretal returns and soil compaction on nitrous oxide emissions from a cattle overwintering area

Excretal returns and physical disturbance due to treading can greatly influence nitrogen flows in grazed pastures. Dung and urine depositions stimulate microbial transformations, while soil compaction and poaching change the physical environment in which these transformations take place. In this study, a cattle overwintering area in the Southwest Czech Republic was characterized with respect to bulk density, porosity, water-filled pore space (WFPS), organic C, total N, pH, microbial biomass C and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA). Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured on four different dates between October 2001 and May 2002. Sampling took place along a transect away from an open barn with access to feed. Soil chemical and biological properties showed that deposition of excreta declined with distance from the barn. In contrast, N₂O emissions were highest at intermediate positions along the transect. At the section with the greatest animal impact, the ratio of N₂ versus N₂O produced was five-fold higher, and the soil pH was 2 units higher, compared to the section with the least animal impact, which indicated that soil conditions favoured production of N₂ rather than N₂O in the area where excretal returns and treading was intense. A multiple linear regression was conducted using data from the last sampling. There were significant effects of WFPS and pH on log-transformed N₂O emissions, while effects of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻, and interactions between NH₄⁺ and, respectively, WFPS and pH were nearly significant. The observations indicate that, whereas pasture management to achieve a better distribution of animal impact may improve N retention in the soil, it is not clear whether this will reduce N₂O emissions.     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

Disaggregated greenhouse gas emission inventories from agriculture via a coupled economic-ecosystem model

Estimates of regional greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural systems are needed to evaluate possible mitigation strategies with respect to environmental effectiveness and economic feasibility. Therefore, in this study, we used the GIS-coupled economic-ecosystem model EFEM–DNDC to assess disaggregated regional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from typical livestock and crop production systems in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany. EFEM is an economic farm production model based on linear programming of typical agricultural production systems and simulates all relevant farm management processes and GHG emissions. DNDC is a process-oriented ecosystem model that describes the complete biogeochemical C and N cycle of agricultural soils, including all trace gases.Direct soil emissions were mainly related to N₂O, whereas CH₄ uptake had marginal influence (net soil C uptake or release was not considered). The simulated N₂O emissions appeared to be highly correlated to N fertilizer application (R² = 0.79). The emission factor for Baden-Württemberg was 0.97% of the applied N after excluding background emissions.Analysis of the production systems showed that total GHG emissions from crop based production systems were considerably lower (2.6–3.4 Mg CO₂ eq ha⁻¹) than from livestock based systems (5.2–5.3 Mg CO₂ eq ha⁻¹). Average production system GHG emissions for Baden-Württemberg were 4.5 Mg CO₂ eq ha⁻¹. Of the total 38% were derived from N₂O (direct and indirect soil emissions, and manure storage), 40% were from CH₄ (enteric fermentation and manure storage), and 22% were from CO₂ (mainly fertilizer production, gasoline, heating, and additional feed). The stocking rate was highly correlated (R² = 0.85) to the total production system GHG emissions and appears to be a useful indicator of regional emission levels.     

Effect of diet manipulation in dairy cow N balance and nitrogen oxides emissions from grasslands in northern Spain

Dietary modifications in dairy cattle have been reported as a useful strategy to alter the composition of manure. Many reports have been published on how changes in dietary crude protein content and forage-to-concentrate ratio reduces animal nitrogen (N) excretion, but little information exists about the effect of diet modification on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emission when the subsequent slurry is applied on grassland. Two diets differing in forage:concentrate ratio (high forage or HF diet, 75:25; low forage or LF diet, 55:45) were tested to detect the improvement of N use efficiency in milk and the reduction of urinary and fecal N excretion. Triticale silage and barley grain were used as the main forage and concentrate sources in the diets. The subsequent slurries were characterized for N and ammonium-N content (NH₄⁺-N) and applied on grassland in order to study total and pattern of emission of N₂O and NO.The HF diet reduced the voluntary dry matter intake of the cows, N intake and urinary and fecal N excretion. However, the reduction of N intake did not improve the N use efficiency in milk (NUE) (21.0%) and did not reduce N excretion per unit of milk produced (15 g N l⁻¹) due to the lower milk yield. Slurries were similar in N content but differed in NH₄⁺ content, being lower in HF. Therefore, different slurry amounts were needed to be applied on grassland to reach the correct fertilisation rate (120 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹). Total emissions of N₂O (5.8 and 5.0 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹) and NO (507.2 and 568.6 g NO-N ha⁻¹), and the pattern of emissions were not affected by dietary treatments. When fertilisation management depends on the collected volume to empty the slurry pit, higher N₂O and NO emissions per kg of slurry could be expected from LF slurry. Nevertheless, if slurry is applied following recommendation rates, N₂O and NO emission per unit of milk produced might be slightly lower from LF slurry. Grass yield (1.5 t dry matter ha⁻¹) and N uptake (50 kg N ha⁻¹) did not vary due to the applications of different slurries, and was attributed to low rainfalls. The correct management of the slurries on grasslands may justify an adequate nutritional strategy of dairy herds from an environmental and productive point of view.     

地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作为研究对象,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜和对照(不覆膜)处理下稻油轮作CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征进行了为期1 a的原位观测.结果表明,稻-油轮作农田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量均呈现出明显的季节变化,且2种处理下这3种温室气体的季节变化模式相似.覆膜处理下稻-油轮作农田全年CH_4排放量为(46. 14±13. 40) kg·hm~(-2),相比于对照处理下的(18. 61±2. 05) kg·hm~(-2),提高了147. 93%(P 0. 05),但覆膜对CO_2和N_2O的排放影响并不显著,覆膜及对照处理下CO2年排放量分别是(-47. 54±2. 11) t·hm~(-2)和(-47. 60±2. 19) t·hm~(-2),N2O年排放量分别是(18. 94±4. 74) kg·hm~(-2)和(23. 14±3. 68) kg·hm~(-2).覆膜和对照处理下GWP值分别为-41. 16 t·hm~(-2)和-40. 95 t·hm~(-2),表现为大气温室气体的吸收汇,但差异并不显著.     

Model evaluation of different mechanisms driving freeze–thaw N2O emissions

N₂O emissions from soil contribute significantly to global warming. Pulse emissions of N₂O from soils during freeze-thawing were recently recognized as important atmospheric sources. In this modelling study we explore three different hypotheses for explaining freeze–thaw related N₂O emissions: (1) soil frost or snow cover may reduce gas diffusion and create anaerobic conditions that stimulate N₂O production via denitrification, (2) microbes that die of frost deliver easy decomposable organic carbon and nitrogen to the soil, which stimulates microbial growth and vigorous N₂O production during freeze–thaw, and (3) the enzyme nitrous oxide reductase, which is responsible for the reduction of N₂O to N₂ during denitrification, is more sensitive to low temperatures than other enzymes, so that N₂O becomes the dominating end-product of denitrification at low temperatures. These hypotheses were tested with a biogeochemical model that combines hydrology and physics calculations with a newly developed, parameter-poor biochemistry module. The model was first calibrated with field datasets on soil–atmosphere fluxes of N₂O, NO and CO₂ and soil NO₃ and NH₄ concentrations that were measured in a spruce forest in Southeast Germany in the years 1994–1997. Subsequently, additional model mechanisms were implemented that allow the model to describe the outlined mechanisms potentially driving freeze–thaw N₂O fluxes. After each implementation the model was recalibrated. We were able to mimic dimension and timing of high N₂O emissions when either one of the first two hypotheses were assumed, but found no confirmation for the third. The best model fit was achieved by combining hypothesis one and two, indicating that freeze–thaw N₂O emissions are not mono-causal.     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

碳底物含量对厌氧条件下水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放的影响

理解底物碳氮对厌氧条件下水稻土排放氮素气体——氮气(N2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和一氧化氮(NO)以及二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的影响,有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施,定量了解反硝化产物组成对碳底物水平的依赖性,也有助于氮转化过程模型研发中制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究采用粉砂壤质水稻土为研究对象,设置对照(CK)和加碳(C+)两个处理,前者的初始硝态氮和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~28 mg·kg-1,后者的分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~300 mg·kg-1.采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定系统,研究了完全厌氧条件下碳底物水平对上述气体排放的影响.结果表明,CK处理无CH4排放,而C+处理可观测到CH4排放;C+处理的综合增温潜势显著高于CK处理(P<0.01);NO、N2O和N2排放量占这3种氮素气体排放总量的比重,在CK处理分别约为9%、35%和56%,在C+处理分别约为31%、50%和19%,处理间差异显著(P<0.01).由此表明,碳底物水平可显著改变所排放氮素气体的组成;对于旱地阶段硝态氮比较丰富的水稻土,避免在淹水前或淹水期间施用有机肥,有利于削减温室气体排放.     

快速城市化区河流温室气体排放的时空特征及驱动因素

河流是大气温室气体重要的排放源,近十多年来全球城市化导致河流生态系统各要素发生改变,对河流水体温室气体排放产生影响.为研究快速城市化区不同土地利用方式下河流温室气体排放的时空特征及其影响因素,采用薄边界层模型法,于2014年9月(秋季)和12月(冬季)及2015年3月(春季)和6月(夏季)的晴天对重庆市区内梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2、CH_4、N_2O溶存浓度进行监测.结果表明,梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2范围为(23. 38±34. 89)～(1395. 33±55. 45) Pa、CH_4溶存浓度范围(65. 09±28. 09)～(6 021. 36±94. 36) nmol·L~(-1)、N_2O溶存浓度范围为(29. 47±5. 16)～(510. 28±18. 34)nmol·L~(-1); CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量分别为-6. 1～786. 9、0. 31～27. 62和0. 06～1. 08 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1);流域水体温室气体浓度空间格局与快速城市化带来的污染负荷空间梯度吻合,干流温室气体浓度与通量从上游向下游均呈先增加后降低,在城市化速度最快的中游出现峰值,其中城市河段CO_2和CH_4浓度约为非城市河段的2倍,同时支流水体自上游农业区向下游城市区呈显著增加;由于受到降雨、温度、外源输入的综合影响,河流CO_2排放通量呈秋季冬季夏季春季的季节模式,CH_4排放通量春季最高夏季最低,N_2O排放通量季节差异不显著.流域水体碳、氮含量均较高,水体CO_2的产生和排放不受生源要素限制,但受水温、pH、DO、叶绿素a等生物代谢因子影响; CH_4的产生和排放受水体碳、氮、磷含量和外源污水输入的共同驱动; N_2O的产生和排放主要受高N_2O浓度的城市污水排放影响.本研究认为流域快速城市化加快了河流水体温室气体排放,形成排放热源,因此城市河流温室气体排放对全球河流排放通量的贡献可能被忽视,在未来研究中应受到更多关注.     

生物炭和有机肥对华北农田盐碱土N2O排放的影响

基于山东滨州地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作大田试验,探究了施用生物炭和有机肥对夏玉米季土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响,为盐碱土壤N_2O增汇减排提供理论依据.试验按照不同处理氮、磷、钾含量相同原则,设置对照CK[N:0.2t·(hm~2·a)~(-1),P_2O_5:0.12 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1),K_2O:0.2 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1)]、C1[5 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1)生物炭]、C2[10 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1)生物炭]、C3[20 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1)生物炭]、M1[7.5 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1)有机肥]、M2[10 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1)有机肥]这6个处理.结果表明,施加生物炭和有机肥对土壤N_2O排放影响趋势基本一致,排放高峰均出现在施肥(基肥和追肥)后,累积排放量占整个生育期排放量的近一半;与CK相比,C1、C2分别降低N_2O排放的45.3%、31.6%,而C3、M1、M2分别增加了17.3%、37.4%、27.6%.施加生物炭和有机肥均会对土壤N_2O排放产生影响,施加生物炭可以降低N_2O排放,而施加有机肥则促进了N_2O排放.因此,生物炭对减少农田N_2O排放具有巨大潜力.     

秸秆与化肥减量配施对菜地土壤温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱/气相色谱法,2016年11月至2017年9月通过田间原位试验,设置了无物料还田(CK)、常规化肥(F)、秸秆还田配施100%化肥(100FS)、秸秆还田配施70%化肥(70FS)、秸秆还田配施60%化肥(60FS)、秸秆还田配施50%化肥(50FS),对比分析了在化肥减量的基础上,配施秸秆处理的菜地(莴笋-卷心菜-辣椒轮作)土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O动态变化特征及温室效应,研究秸秆与化肥减量配施对菜地温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O排放具有一定的季节变化规律,排放高峰主要集中在4~8月,且在施肥灌水后均会出现气体的排放峰.秸秆与化肥配施较常规施肥(F)处理提高了土壤N_2O排放量,累积排放量及其排放系数,其中100FS处理的效果最为明显,辣椒季的累积排放通量明显高于莴笋季和卷心菜季,高达60.76 kg·hm~(-2)(P0.05),N_2O的排放系数(以N_2O-N/N计)为0.138 kg·kg-1,而秸秆与化肥减量配施较100FS处理可以降低氮肥的N_2O排放系数.与对照CK和F处理相比,70FS处理降低了土壤CO_2排放量和累积排放量,分别为55.28~1 831.62 mg·(m2·h)-1和7 502.13~25 988.55 kg·hm~(-2),而其他秸秆与化肥配施处理均增加了CO_2累积排放通量,尤其是60FS和50FS处理.对土壤CH_4排放而言,辣椒季的排放波动较大,除CK外,各处理的土壤CH_4累积排放量多为负值,表现为大气中CH_4汇;秸秆与化肥减量30%~50%配施处理均降低了辣椒季的土壤CH_4排放量和累积排放通量,而100FS处理提高了CH_4排放量和累积排放通量.与CK和F处理相比,除70FS外,100FS、60FS和50FS均显著提高了GWP.总体上,从温室气体排放角度,在常规化肥施用的基础上减量30%再与秸秆配施可以降低土壤CO_2和CH_4排放,缓解温室气体的增温潜势,而对土壤N_2O减排效果不显著.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils with different pH

N₂O fluxes as a function of incubation time from soil with different available N contents and pH were determined. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured to indicate soil respiration. A 144-hr incubation experiment was conducted in a slightly acidic agricultural soil (pH_H2O 5.33) after the pH was adjusted to four different values (3.65, 5.00, 6.90 and 8.55). The experiments consisted of a control without added N, and with NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fertilization. The results showed that soil pH contributed significantly to N₂O flux from the soils. There were higher N₂O emissions in the period 0-12 hr in the four pH treatments, especially those enhanced with N-fertilization. The cumulative N₂O-N emission reached a maximum at pH 8.55 and was stimulated by NO₃^--N fertilization (70.4 μg/kg). The minimum emissions appeared at pH 3.65 and were not stimulated by NO₃^--N or NH₄⁺-N fertilization. Soil respiration increased significantly due to N-fertilization. Soil respiration increased positively with soil pH (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The lowest CO₂-C emission (30.2 mg/kg) was presented in pH 3.65 soils without N-fertilization. The highest CO₂-C emissions appeared in the pH 8.55 soils for NH₄⁺-N fertilization (199 mg/kg). These findings suggested that N₂O emissions and soil respiration were significantly influenced by low pH, which strongly inhibits soil microbial nitrification and denitrification activities. The content of NO₃^--N in soil significantly and positively affected the N₂O emissions through denitrification.