港珠澳大桥沉管隧道接头耐火性能试验研究

为研究港珠澳大桥沉管隧道管节接头的耐火性能,在1:5缩尺寸模型内进行了4次单孔接头整体在不同特性防火板保护下的火灾试验.试验主要量测了火灾全过程中防火板背火面、混凝土、钢筋、防火隔断、止水带等位置温度随时间的变化情况.结果表明:1)1200℃火灾持续2 h,接头在25 mm～30 mm厚单层防火板保护下,混凝土外表面温...     

活动板房全尺寸火灾实验研究

通过两次板房火灾试验,分析探讨板房的屋面材料和墙板材料的选用、室内可燃物的控制、板房之间的间距、板房之间设防火隔板以及板房的整体结构耐火等问题。得出:(1)板房的屋面材料建议选用:单层彩钢板+阻燃EPS泡沫板+石膏板吊顶。(2)板房中相邻房间之间的隔墙板,建议选用双层彩钢岩棉复合板等;其它墙板选用双面彩钢阻燃EPS复合板。(3)室内可燃物方面注意控制室内可燃物的种类和数量及其分布状况。(4)板房之间的间距考虑尽量放宽,同时尽量缩短房前屋檐的跨度。(5)板房之间设防火隔板可以有效地阻止火焰的蔓延,其防火效果显著。(6)板房整体结构具有一定的耐火功能。     

A risk-based decision making approach to determine fireproofing requirements against jet fires

API Publication 2218 is one of the most referred practices for fireproofing of onshore structural supports. Despite the extensive citation, it solely considers the effects of pool fire and rarely addresses jet fire outcomes. This absence of an explicit approach is common among all the other major references. Therefore, the basic objective of this paper is to introduce a new approach for determination of the necessity for fireproofing of structural supports against jet fires. For this purpose, the flame geometry and duration of jet fires are simulated for different leak sizes in identified fire potential sources. Then, following a worst-case analysis, those structures that may be impinged by long enough flames are screened out and then characterized by maximum impingement duration for fireproofing purpose. Moreover, each structure is assigned by a failure rate to estimate the degree of vulnerability through a detailed risk assessment. In this regard a new explanatory term called Structure Failure Rate (SFR) is introduced. This approach also enables researchers to quantify the effect of other protective systems (fire and gas detection, emergency shut-down, depressurization and firewalls) on the level of required fireproofing.     

贴面工艺对合成板材燃烧性能的影响

天然木材资源短缺,导致近年来合成板材使用量大大增加,为了了解不同贴面工艺对合成板材燃烧性能的影响。基于锥形量热仪法评定3种经过表面处理的合成板材（胶合板、中密度纤维板、刨花板）,探究表面处理技术对合成板材燃烧性能的影响。研究结果表明:贴薄木片与贴浸渍纸技术明显降低了胶合板的火灾危险性;贴薄木片技术明显降低了中密度板的火灾危险性;贴浸渍纸增加了刨花板与中密度板的火灾危险性。     

石灰凝胶阻化剂防灭火技术在高硫矿的应用研究

在分析现有凝胶阻化剂防灭火机理的基础上 ,笔者针对我国高硫煤矿采空区发火特点 ,研制出石灰凝胶阻化剂的配方 ,并对其防灭火机理进行了详细探讨 ,确定了喷洒该种阻化剂的工艺过程及其应注意的问题。根据现场试验的测定数据表明 ,石灰凝胶阻化剂对高硫煤矿的防灭火效果好     

Fire tests on defective tank-car thermal protection systems

Many railway tank-cars carrying hazardous materials are thermally protected from fire impingement by thermal insulation and a steel jacket applied to the outside of the tank-car shell. Over time, it is possible that the thermal insulation will sag, rip, degrade, or be crushed under the steel jacket. A thermographic technique to determine whether or not a tank has insulation deficiencies has been developed, but it is necessary to determine which thermal deficiencies do not affect a tank’s survivability in a fire and which thermal deficiencies must be repaired. In order to develop a guideline in assessing thermal defects, a thermal model and experimental data would be beneficial.A series of fire tests were performed on a quarter-section tank-car mock-up to assist in developing a guideline and to provide validation data for a thermal model. Twelve fire tests, with constant, credible, simulated pool fire conditions, were performed on the tank-car mock-up with various insulation deficiencies. An infrared thermal imaging camera was used to measure the tank wall temperature. The thermal images were useful in determining the temperature profiles across the defects at different times and the transient temperature behaviour at different locations.It was seen that the properly installed thermal protection system significantly reduced the heat transfer from the fire to the tank wall. It was also seen that the steel jacket alone (i.e. 100% defect) acted as a radiation shield and provided a significant level of protection. With small defects, it was observed that the surrounding protected material provided a cooling effect by thermal conduction. A square defect greater than about 40 cm on each side should be considered significant, because unlike smaller defects, there is little benefit from the surrounding material as far as the peak defect temperature is concerned.     

车站、机场、码头火灾风险管理定量方法的研究

在对车站、机场、港口等旅客站点火灾风险因数识别的基础上，提出火灾风险定量管理模型，经验和研究证明，该模型十分有效，是火灾风险定量管理的一个有效可行的工具，对火灾风险管理的方法进行了阐述／。     

钢网壳抗火非线性有限元分析

通过两种方式研究钢网壳的抗火性能,其一是对火的分析及单个构件的抗火力学性能分析;其二是对钢网壳结构进行抗火分析,以结构具有一定的抗火时间为标准,通过模拟预测实际火灾特性和结构的非线性有限元分析,求得直到倒塌时的结构抗火全过程响应,从而确定结构的抗火性能及临界温度。并通过一个实际的算例进行了结构的倒塌分析,得到了一些结论,从而对其实际抗火能力有一个理性的了解和认识,为经济、科学的结构综合防火设计提供理论依据。     

户外耐烃类火灾膨胀型隧道防火涂料的制备及性能研究

针对隧道防火要求,开发一种可用于户外环境下保护隧道混凝土结构的耐烃类火灾的NPD型膨胀隧道防火涂料,并对硅丙乳液和纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)用量对涂料性能的影响进行了讨论。结果表明:硅丙乳液和纳米TiO2的加入提高了防火涂料的粘结强度和耐水性能,其中分别添加质量百分数为25%、09%的硅丙乳液和纳米TiO2后涂料的性能达到最优。添加质量百分数为25%硅丙乳液后,涂料的粘结强度和耐水极限分别达到020MPa和14天;而添加09%的纳米TiO2后涂料的粘结强度提高到035MPa,耐水极限达到24天,耐火     

局部火灾条件下某钢结构屋架的抗火保护研究

本文针对局部火灾条件下钢结构屋架的防火保护问题,结合典型案例提出了一种基于性能计算分析的抗火保护设计评估分析方法.首先通过火灾场景分析及烟气运动模拟计算,得到钢结构屋架所处的热环境,再计算各构件在不同保护条件下的温升及应力分布,并判断构件及结构在不同的保护方式下是否失效,最后得到经济合理的保护区域和防火涂层厚度.该方法可以为类似的局部火灾条件下钢结构抗火保护提供参考.     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(I)：理论与公式

介绍了火灾下有匀质防火层保护的钢构件温度计算的一维传热模型。给出了求解该模型的相关边界条件和假定,并给出求解该一维传热模型在不同边界条件下的解。通过分析三种典型防火材料保护下、截面系数不同的三种截面的升温,比较了由我国规范CECS200、欧洲规范、欧钢协标准、美国规范及其他学者推荐的方法得到的结果,并对照有限元结果,考察了不同计算方法的有效性。结果表明,CECS200与国外规范给出的结果符合良好且略微偏高。通过计算典型截面在不同耐火极限要求下的最小保护层厚度,比较了各国规范的设计结果。结果显示,由不同规范推荐的公式计算得到的最小保护层厚度相差不大。CECS200计算的最小保护层厚度与国外规范一致,与欧洲规范得到的结果基本相同。研究表明,在标准火灾环境中我国规范给出的方法合理有效且形式简单便于工程运用。     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(Ⅰ):理论与公式

介绍了火灾下有匀质防火层保护的钢构件温度计算的一维传热模型。给出了求解该模型的相关边界条件和假定,并给出求解该一维传热模型在不同边界条件下的解。通过分析三种典型防火材料保护下、截面系数不同的三种截面的升温,比较了由我国规范CECS200、欧洲规范、欧钢协标准、美国规范及其他学者推荐的方法得到的结果,并对照有限元结果,考察了不同计算方法的有效性。结果表明,CECS200与国外规范给出的结果符合良好且略微偏高。通过计算典型截面在不同耐火极限要求下的最小保护层厚度,比较了各国规范的设计结果。结果显示,由不同规范推荐的公式计算得到的最小保护层厚度相差不大。CECS200计算的最小保护层厚度与国外规范一致,与欧洲规范得到的结果基本相同。研究表明,在标准火灾环境中我国规范给出的方法合理有效且形式简单便于工程运用。     

火灾下圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱轴压性能分析

利用ABAQUS软件建立了火灾下圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土轴压短柱非线性有限元模型,在确定混凝土和钢材的本构基础上,对其火灾下轴压性能进行了数值计算,并与已有相关试验数据进行了对比验证。分析了环境温度、混凝土强度、钢管屈服强度、截面尺寸、含钢率等参数对火灾下轴压性能的影响规律。结果表明:火灾下各试件核心混凝土纵向应力发展规律较为相似,且应力分布趋向均匀;环境温度对试件轴压刚度的影响大于极限承载力,材料强度对极限承载力的影响较大,增大钢管含钢率可一定程度提高试件轴压刚度;提出了火灾下此类试件极限承载力和轴压刚度的简化计算公式,可为工程实际应用提供参考。     

结构防火在舰船防火设计中的应用

从舰船火灾发生的规律和特点出发,本着“重点在于防”的精神,论述了舰船消防设计的原则和任务,以及舰船结构防火中必须考虑的几个问题。     

Numerical computation and characteristic analysis on the center shift of fire whirls in a ship engine room fire

The existence of fire whirls in some ship engine room is studied by using the basic elements of the fire whirls formation. The temperature characteristic of fire whirls are used to study the path shift of fire whirls and the result is nearly circular. The center shift angular velocity of fire whirls is analyzed with the least square fitting in the conditions of the constant wind velocity and the variable wind velocity from four sides. In the situation of the constant wind velocity, the result shows that the center shift angular velocity of fire whirls comply with the change regularity of a cube polynomial with different wind speed. When the wind velocity is more than 6.58 m/s, it strongly affects the change rate of the center shift angular velocity. However, in the situation of variable wind velocity, when the change rule of wind velocity follow increasing or descending regularity, the change law of the center shift angular velocity is proportional to the size of the wind velocity, but when the wind velocity is random variation, the change fluctuation of center shift angular velocity is comparatively small. Computational results have important significance for the structure fireproofing, fire evaluation and shipping design.     

热-力耦合作用对建筑结构火灾安全的影响

结构火灾安全可以避免建筑物在火灾中坍塌.火灾热环境影响建筑结构的响应,传统的标准火灾环境有一定的局限性,不能完全适用于若干真实火灾场景.因此有必要开展真实火灾环境下建筑结构的热-力响应特性研究,发展有效的工程工具来设计经济安全的结构.近来,性能化的结构火灾安全设计评估方法和相应技术发展迅速,该文给出一种综合考虑热-力耦合作用的结构火灾安全设计评估方法及相应流程.首先通过建筑和燃料特性来预测可能的火灾热环境特性,然后再分析构件和结构的热响应和力学响应特性来判定结构是否会失效,以及可以降低热和力影响的预防失效措施.该文通过案例分析将该方法应用于某中庭钢结构屋顶的防火保护,得到经济合理的防火涂层设计,满足有关防火规范的安全等价要求.     

钢管混凝土柱耐火性能和抗火设计的特点

简要论述了按ISO－834和GS9978－88规定的标准升温曲线升温作用下钢管混凝土柱耐火性能的特点,分析了影响钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的因素,说明了由于钢管和混凝土的共同工作且核心混凝土具有较好的吸热性能,从而使钢管混凝土柱具有较好的耐火性能。在进行钢管钢混凝土柱的抗火设计时,柱子外围只需进行适当的防火涂料保护,即可达到《高层用民建筑设计防火规范（GB50045－95）》对柱结构所要求的耐火极限。《高层用民建筑设计防火规范（GB50045－95）》中对钢结构柱防火保护层厚度的确定方法不适合于钢管混凝土。     

Methodology for the quantification of toxic dispersions originated in warehouse fires and its application to the QRA in Catalonia (Spain)

A tool for the quantification of the consequences of toxic dispersions coming from fires in warehouses has been developed. This tool is expected to be applied in the framework of the risk assessment in Catalonia, specifically in the Quantitative Risk Assessment. The present study is based on the criteria gathered in the technical guide BEVI 3.2 and the methodology CPR-15 used in the Netherlands. Hence, the approach performed accepts the main body of the foresaid methodology but implements a different and free source dispersion model, a modified Gaussian model that takes into account the warehouse effect. In the work conducted, a historical analysis of accidents involving fire in warehouses has been performed in order to justify the importance of assessing their potential toxic dispersions. Furthermore, the tool has been tested in different case studies providing results that have been compared with other methodologies, observing similar results that can be useful for the stakeholders and decision makers in the framework of the risk assessment.     

包装性能对空运锂电池热失控影响的定量研究

包装是防止空运锂电池热失控后果扩大的关键,提出了一种基于试验的空运锂电池包装性能定量评价方法,利用自主设计的锂电池火灾试验平台对锂电池包装件开展热失控试验,结合试验结果分析选取初爆时间、初爆和燃爆时间间隔、热失控电池数量、峰值温度作为锂电池包装性能等级评价指标,引入物元可拓法构建包装性能熵权物元可拓模型,通过对不同包装形式和材料的锂电池包装件进行评价可知:现有瓦楞纸包装性能等级为Ⅲ(差),会严重威胁锂电池空运安全;采用玻璃纤维板包装,包装方式为玻璃纤维隔板加盖板时性能等级为I(优良),可显著提高空运安全性。     

非承重草砖墙体的耐火性能试验分析

为研究草砖房的耐火性能,根据目前使用最多的砖混框架结构草砖房的结构特点,采用尺寸为1 000 mm×480 mm×360 mm草砖砌成宽3 000 mm,高3 000 mm,厚400 mm的非承重的草砖墙体作为试验用构件,利用大型垂直构件耐火试验炉,采用标准火灾升温曲线进行升温,对实体构件进行耐火性能试验。采用K型热电偶记录背火面的温升情况,研究其火灾试验过程中的耐火完整性和耐火隔热性,判断其耐火极限。试验结果表明,非承重草砖墙体具有良好的耐火性能,其耐火极限不低于3.0 h。同时,在这种结构的草砖墙体中,草砖外侧的抹灰层有效地阻挡火灾初期火的侵蚀;钢丝网片有效地起到固定草砖的作用;紧密压实的草砖其内部没有足够的可助燃的氧,且草砖表层暴露于火焰中形成炭化层阻止了火焰进一步向其内部蔓延。