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1.
Marshall Gysi 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(4):676-680
ABSTRACT: Most of us are aware, or feel we are aware, of the impacts of major water resources projects on our lives. “Dam-lovers” note the life-saving flood-risk reduction and recreational benefits of a proposed reservoir, while “dam-haters” bemoan the future drowning out of the wildlife habitat of its river valley, and the recreational disbenefits to stream (as opposed to lake) fishermen. Water supply projects can often be given such a revered status, assuming the “obvious” tenet that water, air, food, and shelter are basic requirements of decent living, that the economic viability of the project may not even be assessed. Water resources planners are supposed to impartially weigh the environmental and economic benefits, and especially now, the energy implications of all proposed water projects, but many times the partial views of political or public advocates may be hard to ignore. The assumptions used in the planning of four recent water projects in the Province of Alberta will be presented and some revisions suggested which materially affect their Benefit/Cost ratios. In one project that is still in the public hearing stage, the economic analysis will be revealed, indicating that the original B/C ratio of about 1.6:1 might be more realistically placed at 0.6:1. In another project just completed, the apparent lack of an economic or energy analysis that has resulted in a perpetual and unnecessary energy load on the province, will be described. 相似文献
2.
Jeremy J. Warford 《Natural resources forum》1989,13(3):238-241
Experience over recent years indicates that environmental problems are increasingly threatening sustained economic growth in developing countries. They are also caused by pervasive activities, and not solely due to individual, identifiable, large-scale development projects. Although concern with individual projects remains critically important, it is therefore necessary to complement this concern with the integration of environmental management into economic planning at all levels. 相似文献
3.
Large-scale public infrastructure projects have featured in China’s modernization course since the early 1980s. During the
early stages of China’s rapid economic development, public attention focused on the economic and social impact of high-profile
construction projects. In recent years, however, we have seen a shift in public concern toward the environmental and ecological
effects of such projects, and today governments are required to provide valid environmental impact assessments prior to allowing
large-scale construction. The official requirement for the monitoring of environmental conditions has led to an increased
number of debates in recent years regarding the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Governmental
Environmental Audits (GEAs) as environmental safeguards in instances of large-scale construction. Although EIA and GEA are
conducted by different institutions and have different goals and enforcement potential, these two practices can be closely
related in terms of methodology. This article cites the construction of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway as an instance in which
EIA and GEA offer complementary approaches to environmental impact management. This study concludes that the GEA approach
can serve as an effective follow-up to the EIA and establishes that the EIA lays a base for conducting future GEAs. The relationship
that emerges through a study of the Railway’s construction calls for more deliberate institutional arrangements and cooperation
if the two practices are to be used in concert to optimal effect. 相似文献
4.
Alan Carlin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(2):221-227
The Sierra Club, which has long fought selected water resource projects that it believes would be environmentally damaging, has come to the conclusion in recent years that much more basic reforms are required in water resources development activities if the demands for environmental quality now evidenced by the American people are to be satisfied. These reforms should not be limited to those that would have a direct effect on the environmental aspects of proposed projects, but also many others long advocated by the economics profession that would have favorable indirect effects. Among the urgent reforms with indirect effects are those involving revision of the procedures used in evaluating proposed projects. These procedures should be revised so that future evaluations will much more accurately reflect the economic and environmental merits of proposed projects. Basic reforms of tax policies are also needed that will eliminate most of the private profit available to those who can persuade the government to increase the value of their land through the construction of water projects. Finally, some additional actions can be taken that will have a direct impact on lessening the adverse environmental impact of water projects beyond the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. 相似文献
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企业环境责任评价体系及成果应用分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着环境保护部近年来众多环保举措的提出,企业的环境责任研究引起了学者和相关政府机构的重视。企业环境责任评价有利于提高企业环保意识和规范企业的环境行为,但目前仍缺乏相关机构对企业环境责任评价体系的独立研究和实践。本文通过对国内外企业环境责任的研究现状进行分析,引入了企业环境责任评价的必要性;在相关概念界定的基础上构建了企业环境责任评价指标体系,最后对评价成果的应用进行了探讨和研究。 相似文献
7.
This paper presents a hedonic property price model of rural land in a natural resource management region of the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia. In traditional hedonic models, the marginal value of environmental amenities is estimated using distance to or size of the environmental asset. The approach applied in this study offers the potential for a richer set of information, where environmental assets are described in terms of their 'recreational attractiveness'. The level of recreational attractiveness is represented as latent variables that are based on park facilities and recreational activities offered at each site. For a property in the study area that is 1?km away from the River Murray, moving half a kilometre closer will increase the property price by $245,000, holding every other variable constant at the mean. This value is magnified by $27,000 if the house is in an area where there is high river recreational attractiveness and drops by $14,000 if river recreational attractiveness is low. By including recreational quality indices in a typical hedonic framework that is corrected for spatial dependency, the model is able to capture how individuals value environmental amenities around their homes based on the site's natural characteristics as well as recreational services. 相似文献
8.
Charles E. Yoe 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1982,18(4):643-648
Design freeboard is an increment of height added to a dam, floodwall, levee, or channel, above and beyond the design flood height, intended to serve as a safety factor to account for unforeseen errors in design. Current policies of the Corps of Engineers with regard to the handling of design freeboard for local flood protection studies in economic analyses lead to economic inefficiency. An analysis of these policies in the case study of a levee raising plan for Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, reveals that a $200 million project which is considered economically justified under anent policies is in fact not justified under strict economic efficiency criteria Congress has directed that water resources development projects be planned for the objective of National Economic Development. Under current policies that is not being done. 相似文献
9.
Summary Environmental management is a most critical input for achieving ecologically sound and balanced economic growth. It is essential
that policy-makers and administrators accept the significance, principles and practices of environmental management, otherwise
implementation of projects will not include the environmental protection measures. Environmental management training programmes
for decision-makers are, therefore, essential. In India, The Department of Environment has initiated workshop for top level
managers for sensitizing them to environmental management concepts. The experience in organizing and conducting such programmes
may be of value to organizations in other developing countries, and is summarised in this paper. 相似文献
10.
Rosanna L. Mattingly Edwin E. Herricks Douglas M. Johnston 《Environmental management》1993,17(6):781-795
The environmental impact of loss of natural stream and riparian habitat is of concern throughout the United States and Europe.
Environmental impacts related to such activities as channelization of and levee construction along streams and rivers are
particularly apparent in the Midwestern United States. The objective of the research presented here was to delineate the extent,
relative degree of impact, and implications for management of channelization and levee construction along watercourses located
in the state of Illinois. According to records maintained through the Illinois Streams Information System data base (Illinois
Department of Conservation), nearly 25% of surface water resources in the state have been modified directly by channelization
and/or levee construction. Reviews of agency records, elaboration of case histories, interviews with agency personnel, and
inspections of impacted sites indicated that these alterations have occurred without the benefit of effective mitigation.
Although permit records may provide suggestions for mitigation to be incorporated in the design of a particular project, permits
issued generally do not require even minimal instream habitat and bank stabilization efforts in conjunction with channel alteration.
Information derived from policy and case study analyses suggests that institutional constraints, rather than lack of particular
understanding about mitigation, provide major barriers to protecting the state's surface water resources in terms of regulatory
review, policy interpretation and implementation, and project evaluation. Recommendations for environmental management efforts
regarding these and similar channel alterations are elaborated from these findings. 相似文献
11.
Philippe Le Goffe 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2005,48(5):651-664
In France, freshwater recreational fishing management does not sufficiently satisfy anglers. Fishing effort is too high creating congestion costs and environmental quality is low while there is a positive willingness-to-pay for improvements. These inefficiencies are explained by three phenomena. First, private property rights are attenuated under institutional pressure. Second, recreational fishing is managed as an open access resource over the whole territory. Finally, halieutic policies focus on the protection of environmental resources and are inefficient at maximizing the social rent provided by recreational fisheries. Fishing effort regulation and environmental services provision following the beneficiary-pays principle could improve collective welfare. Social pricing could ensure equity in access to the resource. 相似文献
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Glenn EP Hucklebridge K Hinojosa-Huerta O Nagler PL Pitt J 《Environmental management》2008,41(3):322-335
Arid zone rivers have highly variable flow rates, and flood control projects are needed to protect adjacent property from
flood damage. On the other hand, riparian corridors provide important wildlife habitat, especially for birds, and riparian
vegetation is adapted to the natural variability in flows on these rivers. While environmental and flood control goals might
appear to be at odds, we show that both goals can be accommodated in the Limitrophe Region (the shared border between the
United States and Mexico) on the Lower Colorado River. In 1999, the International Boundary and Water Commission proposed a
routine maintenance project to clear vegetation and create a pilot channel within the Limitrophe Region to improve flow capacity
and delineate the border. In 2000, however, Minute 306 to the international water treaty was adopted, which calls for consideration
of environmental effects of IBWC actions. We conducted vegetation and bird surveys within the Limitrophe and found that this
river segment is unusually rich in native cottonwood and willow trees, marsh habitat, and resident and migratory birds compared
to flow-regulated segments of river. A flood-frequency analysis showed that the existing levee system can easily contain a
100 year flood even if vegetation is not removed, and the existing braided channel system has greater carrying capacity than
the proposed pilot channel. 相似文献
14.
Integration of Environmental Assessment into the Regional Development Planning Process of the Galilee 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
/ The Galilee region on the northern edge of Israel constitutes more than 15% of the state's territory, supplies more than half of its drinking water needs, and is an important recreational resource and destination for Israelis. One of the main objectives of the plan for the Galilee was to devise a regional physical and economic development strategy for the years 1992-2007 that would arrest the trend of emigration of its residents, attract newly arrived immigrants to the region, and at the same time protect natural resources and environmental quality. This paper is limited to discussion of the environmental aspects of the plan. It analyzes spatial concepts for distribution of projected population growth, evaluates environmental impacts of alternative plans, and proposes a decision-making framework and tools for minimizing natural resources loss from development at the local level. Assessment of potential environmental impacts generated quantitative data of natural resources areas. Application of the data in the plan evaluation stage showed that the alternative that concentrated most of the new development in central Galilee was the second-best choice environmentally, but was preferred as the best choice for overall qualities. The planning study offers an alternative environmental impact assessment (EIA) process to the one presently used in Israel by incorporating environmental considerations at the initial plan-making stage and not at the plan-approval stage. It demonstrated that in order to be effective, environmental assessment and land-use planning should be seen as one effort that is integrated from the start and in each stage of the plan-making process.KEY WORDS: Environmental assessment; Development planning; Galilee 相似文献
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In line with China's "going out" strategy, China's dam industry has in recent years significantly expanded its involvement in overseas markets. The Chinese Export-Import Bank and other Chinese financial institutions, state-owned enterprises, and private firms are now involved in at least 93 major dam projects overseas. The Chinese government sees the new global role played by China's dam industry as a "win-win" situation for China and host countries involved. But evidence from project sites such as the Merowe Dam in Sudan demonstrates that these dams have unrecognized social and environmental costs for host communities. Chinese dam builders have yet to adopt internationally accepted social and environmental standards for large infrastructure development that can assure these costs are adequately taken into account. But the Chinese government is becoming increasingly aware of the challenge and the necessity of promoting environmentally and socially sound investments overseas. 相似文献
18.
Jeffery A. Ballweber 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(3):643-654
ABSTRACT: Integrated watershed management in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain (Delta) requires blending federal, state, and local authority. The federal government has preeminent authority over interstate navigable waters. Conversely, state and local governments have authority vital for comprehensive watershed management. In the Delta, integrating three broad legal and administrative regimes: (1) flood control, (2) agricultural watershed management, and (3) natural resources and environmental management, is vital for comprehensive intrastate watershed, and interstate river basin management. Federal Mississippi River flood control projects incorporated previous state and local efforts. Similarly, federal agricultural programs in the River's tributary headwaters adopted watershed management and were integrated into flood control efforts. These legal and administrative regimes implement national policy largely in cooperation with and through technical and financial assistance to local agencies such as levee commissions and soil and water conservation districts. This administrative infrastructure could address new national concerns such as nonpoint source pollution which require a watershed scale management approach. However, the natural resources and environmental management regime lacks a local administrative infrastructure. Many governmental and non governmental coordinating organizations have recently formed to address this shortcoming in the Delta. With federal and state leadership and support, these organizations could provide mechanisms to better integrate natural resources and environmental issues into the Delta's existing local administrative infrastructure. 相似文献
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F. Douglas Shields 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1982,18(5):779-784
ABSTRACT: The environmental effects of flood control channel modifications such as clearing and snagging, straightening, enlargement, and/or paving can be quite severe in some cases. Information review reveals that several environmental features have been incorporated into the design, construction, operation, or maintenance of recent flood control channel projects to avoid adverse environmental impacts and enhance environmental quality. Typically, these features have been proposed by conservation agencies and designed with minimal quantitative analysis. Environmental features for channel projects include selective clearing and snagging techniques, channel designs with nonuniform geometry such as single bank modification and floodways, restoration and enhancement of aquatic habitat, improved techniques for placement of excavated material, and revegetation. 相似文献