柴油车加载减速烟度测试工况的关联规则研究

进行在用柴油车加载减速烟度检测工况点的关联规则研究。应用数据挖掘方法对4730台次柴油车的加载减速烟度排放检测数据进行分析,挖掘该检测方法中的三种检测工况点测试烟度值HSU100、HSU90、HSU80合格与否相互之间的关联规则。发现该三种检测工况烟度排放检测合格的相互支持度在85.8%~90.68%范围内,而其中任一种检测工况下烟度测试合格相对车辆烟度检测合格的支持度为77.8%。     

噪声背景值修正问题研究

为了解和掌握环境背景噪声对边界噪声监测结果的影响情况，本文就此作了相应的探讨。结果显示：当测量值与背景值的差值超过10dB（A）时，可以忽略背景值对测量结果的影响；当测量值与背景值的差值为3～10dB（A）时，应分段考虑背景值的修正；当测量值与背景值的差值小于3dB（A）时，应重新选择时间进行测定。     

石河子市地下水环境背景值

采集并测定了石河子市１９个地下水背景水样，分别确定了该市潜水和承压—自流水中Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ、ＨＣＯ、ＮＯ、Ｆ－、总硬度、矿化度、可溶性ＳｉＯ２、ＣＯＤ、ｐＨ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ、Ｖ、Ｌｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｓｅ、Ｈｇ、Ｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｒ＋５、Ｃ６Ｈ５ＯＨ、ＣＮ－、ＡＢＳ的环境背景值．     

用FoxBASE和BASIC编程计算昼夜等效声级

国家技术监督局１９９４年１２月２７日发布的《声学　环境噪声测量方法》ＧＢ／Ｔ３２２２－９４于１９９５年８月１日正式实施。其中的等效声级Ｌｄ、Ｌｎ、Ｌｄｎ作为评价值，是反映城市某区域或整个城市环境噪声水平非常重要的指标，在环境质量季报及年报中经常用到。因Ｌｄｎ计算公式较繁琐，手工计算费时费力，特别是在进行大批量数据统计时尤为突出。为此，寻找一个便捷、有效的方法是必要的。应用ＦｏｘＢＡＳＥ和ＢＡＳＩＣ２种计算机语言分别编制程序进行计算，可有效提高数据的准确性，且简便、易行，从而为环境质量季报及年报的…     

走出实施ISO14000系列标准的误区

ＩＳＯ１４０００系列标准已有中国试点实施。指出当前国内实施ＩＳＯ１４００１标准中存在的通过体系认证为目标的误区，并以第三方认证式在中国实施ＩＳＯ１４００１标准存在的脱离政府中心工作等四大缺陷进行了讨论，从而对现行体系认证模式提出通过两阶段运行的模式予以解决。在政府领导下，建立环境管理体系，走实施ＩＳＯ１４０００系列标准的新路子，实现国民经济发展目标。     

连续排放监测系统性能检测第三部分 ISO 检测方法

ＩＳＯ制定和发布了二氧化硫和氮氧化物连续排放监测系统的技术标准 ,二氧化硫连续排放监测系统标准的标准号为ＩＳＯ 7935,氮氧化物标准草案的标准号为ＩＳＯＤＩＳ 1 0 849。与美国对连续排放监测系统的技术要求一样 ,ＩＳＯ对连续排放监测系统的的基本性能 ,比如安装等 ,要求必须符合一整套起码的技术指标。1　ＩＳＯ标准与美国ＥＰＡ标准对连续排放监测系统技术指标要求的差异差别主要包括 :(1 )要求达到的技术标准和试验方法 ;(2 )建议达到的技术标准和试验方法。ＩＳＯ标准提供监测技术的讨论和监测仪器测量技术的物理化学原理。由于…     

甘肃省ISO14000环境管理体系认证市场调查分析

通过甘肃省企业对ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系实施状况的调查，阐述了企业实施ＩＳＯ１４０００系列标准的重要性，掌握了甘肃省实施ＩＳＯ１４０００系列标准的现状，并针对存在的问题进行分析，对市场发展方向进行预测，对甘肃省实施ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系的可行性进行了分析论证，借鉴发达省市的先进经验，结合我省的特点，提出了“标准”实施的对策、建议及办法，以推动甘肃省ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系认证工作的进     

方法标准验证实验数据中离群值的识别

对方法标准验证实验中测量数据进行合格性审核,对于后续方法精密度计算是一个重要环节。文献中识别离群值的Grubbs法、Dixon法等经典方法有时不能满足要求。探讨了用稳健统计法识别离群值的可行性。基于2套文献数据和XRF方法标准验证实验精密度测量数据,对Grubbs法、Dixon法、Mandel h检验法、质控指标法和稳健统计法(四分位法、迭代法、合格数据范围判定法)进行了比较。结果表明:稳健统计法可有效识别离群值。但四分位法存在过度"检出"现象。综合考虑多种方法识别结果有利于提高离群值判定结论的可靠性。对于个别难以判断的情形,可借助质控指标、技术要求以及数据是否剔除对实验室间标准偏差的影响进行取舍。     

解决电磁辐射分析仪测量值偏高的方法

根据PMM8053B电磁辐射分析仪工频电场测量值偏高的现象，分析判断原因，提出了解决方法。     

简述ISO 14000国际标准

简要介绍了ＩＳＯ１４０００国际标准及其基础标准、ＩＳＯ１４０００的主要内容，重点阐述了实施ＩＳＯ１４００１系列标准的意义。     

黑烟车电子抓拍林格曼黑度对比验证研究

对同一场景中同一机动车排放黑烟的行为,采用光电测烟望远镜和黑烟车电子抓拍系统2种方法测定林格曼黑度,以光电测烟望远镜作基准,对黑烟车电子抓拍系统的测量结果进行修正。结果表明,黑烟车电子抓拍系统的测量结果经修正后与光电测烟望远镜的测试结果的相关性系数约为0.977,误差平均值为-0.015,方差为0.032,说明2种测量方法具有良好的相关性和可比性,利用光电测烟望远镜可以为黑烟车电子抓拍系统搭建量值溯源链。     

The Effect of Smoke from Charcoal Kilns on Soil Respiration

The objective of the work was a laboratory examination of the effect of a water-soluble fraction of the smoke, emitted during charcoaling by dry distillation, on soil metabolism. The experimental soil was exposed to smoke for ten years and the control soil was taken from a site not exposed to smoke. Oxygen uptake and carbondioxide evolution were measured in soil samples by using the method of volumetric respirometry. When an aqueous smoke solution was added to the soil, the rate of oxygen metabolism increased by a factor 15 for the experimental soil and by a factor 5 for the control soil. A similar increase was observed in carbondioxide evaluation. RQ was clearly higher for the experimental soil. Also after the addition of an aqueous smoke solution to the soil, differences were observed in changes of RQ between the experimental and control soils. These differences suggest that respiratory metabolism is changed in the soils permanently exposed to smoke, and RQ value can be an indicator of the initial stages of soil degradation.     

Near-real-time determination of hydrogen peroxide generated from cigarette smoke

The ability to monitor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in aqueous smoke extracts will advance our understanding of the relationship between cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and disease and help elucidate the pathways by which the various smoke constituents exert their pathogenic effects. We have demonstrated, for the first time, the measurement of H2O2 production from cigarette smoke without prior separation of the sample. Cigarettes were tested on a commercial smoking machine, such that the whole smoke or gas vapor phase was bubbled through phosphate buffered saline solution at pH 7.4. Aliquots of these solutions were analyzed using an Amplex Red/horseradish peroxidase fluorimetric assay that required only a 2 minute incubation time, facilitating the rapid, facile collection of data. Catalase was used to demonstrate the selectivity and specificity of the assay for H2O2 in the complex smoke matrix. We measured approximately 7-8 microM H2O2 from two reference cigarettes (i.e., 1R4F and 2R4F). We also observed 9x more H2O2 from whole smoke bubbled samples compared to the gas vapor phase, indicating that the major constituent(s) responsible for H2O2 formation reside in the particulate phase of cigarette smoke. Aqueous solutions of hydroquinone and catechol, both of which are particulate phase constituents of cigarette smoke, generated no H2O2 even though they are free radical precursors involved in the production of reactive oxygen species in the smoke matrix.     

锅炉烟尘测试有关问题探讨

锅炉烟尘测试方法中规定，在锅炉运行出力大于锅炉额定负荷７０％时的工况条件下，烟尘的测试结果才为有效。为此，应用有关数学公式进行计算，根据计算结果判断当时的锅炉运行工况是否符合测试要求，以避免无效监测。     

The Strange Career of the Ringelmann Smoke Chart

The Ringelmann smoke chart was used in the United States to assess smoke emissions in the early twentieth century. In fact, it may have been the most important method for measuring air pollution between the late 1800s and the environmental era. However, the popularity of the Ringelmann chart stood in stark contrast to its lack of precision, which smoke abatement experts recognized and discussed among themselves. However, the critique of the Ringelmann scale rarely left the circle of experts and never jeopardized its use. This article discusses the reasons for this striking phenomenon, pointing out that the Ringelmann chart had strong practical and symbolic advantages: it allowed smoke abatement to be conducted in a public and transparent way. With that, the history of the Ringelmann smoke chart is an instructive model for the social construction of measuring techniques.     

Some Remarks About the Effect of Smoke from Charcoal Kilns on Soil Degradation

The charcoal kilns under study were situated in the Polish Western Carpathiens (Bieszczady). Aromatic hydrocarbon products of wood burning in the kilns were identified. The rate of decomposition of beech leaves was relatively high as environmental conditions enhanced decomposition. The intensity of soil metabolism is increasing during a long-term exposure to smoke, which is one of the indicators of anthropogenic disturbance resulting from organic factors.     

烟尘样品分析的实验室质量控制

通过对烟尘样品的试验与比较研究，提出了烟尘样品分析的实验室质量控制要求和方法     

餐饮业油烟监测中需注意的问题

提出在加强对餐饮业环境管理的同时,务必注意油烟监测中的技术问题。指出油烟测试中,不锈钢滤筒优于刚玉滤筒;应用红外分光法测定油烟含量,不受油品成分限制,结果较准确、可比。由于厨房的实际工作灶头数不同,每个灶头发热功率的不同和每个灶头产生油烟量的不同,必须把实际工作灶头数换算为折算工作灶头数,才具有一致性和可比性。折算工作灶头数n=(工作灶头数/实际灶头数)×(排风罩面积/1.1)。     

静压平衡法测试烟道气时采样嘴的选择

静压平衡法测试烟道气时,需要选择不同的采样嘴,本文通过对烟道和采样系统之间的分析,得出了一个采样嘴预选公式。通过实践验证,证明该公式简单可靠,并给出了使用方法。     

Smoke aerosols dispersion and transport from the 2013 New South Wales (Australia) bushfires

Environmental monitoring and modelling, especially in the regional context, has seen significant progress with the widely usage of satellite measurement in conjunction with local meteorological and air quality monitoring to understand the atmospheric dispersion and transport of air pollutants. This paper studies the application of these data and modelling tools to understand the environment effects of a major bushfire period in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2013. The bushfires have caused high pollution episodes at many sites in the greater Sydney metropolitan areas. The potential long-range transport of aerosols produced by bushfires to other region and states has been seen by regulators as a major concern. Using data and images collected from satellites, in addition to the results obtained from different simulations carried out using HYSPLIT trajectory model and a regional meteorological model called Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM), we were able to identify at least 2 days on which the smoke aerosols from bush fires in NSW has been transported at high altitude to the northern state of Queensland and the Coral Sea. As a result, widespread high particle concentration in South East Queensland including the Brisbane area, as measured by nearly all the air quality monitoring stations in this region, occurred on the day when the smoke aerosols intruded to lower altitude as indicated by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) Lidar measurements on the CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) satellite. The use of meteorological or air quality modelling to connect the ground-based measurements with satellite observations as shown in this study is useful to understand the pollutant transport due to bushfires and its impact on regional air quality.