城市污水二级处理与潜没排海江处理比较

本文通过对城市污水常用的两种处理方法——污水二级处理和污水潜没排海(江)的经济、环境损益分析,揭示了两种处理方法固有的优劣,从而得出;对具有大容量受纳水体的城市,采用污水潜没排海(江)处理城市污水更为合理。     

马钢中板厂含油污水回用系统改进工艺研究

马钢中板厂原有的含油污水二级沉淀工艺处理效率低，不能满足污水回用要求。实验室中对该含油污水的处理进行了改进工艺的研究。结果表明：用混凝气浮工艺处理该含油污水能达到罗高的悬浮物及油的去除率，可满足污水回用要求；同时，混凝气浮工艺可以利用原有工艺设施无需新的土建。因此是一条可行的改进路线。     

二步法腈纶污水治理

通过对二步法腈纶污水现状分析，了解了污染源的分布、污水组成和性质。给出了主要污染物丙烯腈、丙腈磺酸钠、硫氰酸钠、悬浮物及油剂与ＣＯＤ之间的相关关系式。对腈纶污水分别实施了含ＮａＳＣＮ污水、含腈污水、含油污水的治理，为腈纶污水达标奠定了基础。     

高原城市污水处理厂中5种典型有机紫外防晒剂含量及其去除

有机紫外防晒剂具有内分泌干扰效应、遗传毒性和生殖毒性等多种负面生物效应,其进入环境中的一个主要途径为工业废水排放及污水处理厂出水的排放。昆明地处高原,紫外线较强,有机紫外防晒剂的使用量逐年增多,因此选择了5种典型有机紫外防晒剂:胡莫柳酯(HMS)、甲氧基肉桂酸乙基已酯(EHMC)、二苯酮-3(BP-3)、4-甲基苄亚基樟脑(4-MBC)和奥克立林(OC)作为目标物质,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,检测了昆明市5座城市污水处理厂进水、二级生化处理及深度处理进出水中有机紫外防晒剂的含量,分析了不同二级生化处理及深度处理工艺对目标物质去除效率的影响。结果表明,目标物质的去除主要依靠二级生化处理工艺,3种工艺都有比较好的去除效果,其中缺氧-厌氧-缺氧膜生物反应器工艺相对来说更好。此外,深度处理也能有效去除目标物质,紫外消毒去除效果更好。5种目标物质的总去除率达58.76%~94.0%,可见还有一部分的有机紫外防晒剂迁移到了环境中,具有一定的环境与健康风险。     

内电解-厌氧-好氧工艺处理高浓度糠醛废水

介绍了内电解-厌氧-好氧工艺处理糠醛生产废水的工程应用。运行结果表明，糠醛废水经处理后，COD的总去除率达到96％以上．出水pH6～9，符合国家《污水综合排放标准》(8978-1996)中二级排放标准的要求。     

城市污水再生处理过程中壬基酚的迁移转化行为研究

采用SPE—GC—MSD-SIM方法，分析了壬基酚在污水再生处理全过程中的迁移转化行为与归宿。研究表明，在污水二级生物处理流程中，壬基酚主要来源为原污水和泥区回流液；壬基酚的去除途径有一沉池生污泥的吸附迁移作用和曝气池单元的生物降解转化作用，其中一沉池生污泥的吸附去除29．8％，曝气池生物降解54．4％，NP总去除率为84．2％。絮凝、过滤和消毒的污水再生深度处理工艺对壬基酚的迁移转化作用不明显。     

城市二级处理后污水直接回用作工业循环冷却水的阻垢研究

采用碳酸盐沉积法及动态模拟试验研究了将城市污水处理厂二级出水直接回用作工业循环冷却水时,污水中的悬浮物、COD、浓缩倍数等因素对系统的结垢和药剂阻垢效率的影响。     

南京某城市污水二级处理系统中酞酸酯类的分布及去除特征简

以南京某城市污水厂污水和污泥中的酞酸酯类（PAEs）为研究对象，分别采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPE-GC-MS）和超声提取-气相色谱-质谱联用（USE-GC-MS）检测其中的优先控制污染物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯（MEHP），研究其在厌氧/好氧（A/O）污泥处理过程中的分布特征及降解规律。研究结果表明，各类PAEs在该污水厂的污水和污泥中均有检出，二级处理出水中4种酞酸酯类物质的浓度在0.151~2.419 μg/L。污水中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP>DBP>DMP>DEP，污泥中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP>DBP>DEP>DMP。该污水厂二级处理工艺对4种PAEs的去除效果较明显，去除效率DBP>DEP>DMP>MEHP。     

南京某城市污水二级处理系统中酞酸酯类的分布及去除特征

以南京某城市污水厂污水和污泥中的酞酸酯类（PAEs）为研究对象，分别采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPE—Gc．Ms）和超声提取．气相色谱．质谱联用（USE—GC—Ms）检测其中的优先控制污染物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯（MEHP），研究其在厌氧／好氧（A／O）污泥处理过程中的分布特征及降解规律。研究结果表明，各类PAEs在该污水厂的污水和污泥中均有检出，二级处理出水中4种酞酸酯类物质的浓度在0．151—2．419μg／L。污水中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP〉DBP〉DMP〉DEP，污泥中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP〉DBP〉DEP〉DMP。该污水厂二级处理工艺对4种PAEs的去除效果较明显，去除效率DBP〉DEP〉DMP〉MEHP．     

化学絮凝—微电解脱色处理印染废水

采用化学絮凝-微电解脱色组合工艺处理扬州彩虹针织集团总厂生产过程中的印染废水,COD去除率达到83％～90％．处理后的出水清澈透明,各项指标均达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的二级排放标准。     

污泥堆肥施用于草坪草栽培：Zn和Cu的分布特征

为了探索污泥堆肥中重金属在土壤一植物系统中的积累与转移特性，通过温室盆栽实验，分析了污泥堆肥对草坪草高羊茅、黑麦草和白三叶生物量积累的情况，研究了污泥堆肥中Zn和Cu在植物和土壤中的分布特征。结果表明，污泥堆肥施用可以有效促进3种草坪草的积累生物量，在0～6kg／m2的污泥堆肥施用量范围内，草坪草的生物量积累随着施用量的增加而提高。土壤中Zn和Cu的含量随污泥堆肥施加量的增加而增大，85％以上的Zn和Cu残留在土壤中。污泥堆肥中的Zn和Cu均可以被植物吸收，随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加，草坪草对Zn和Cu的吸收量增大，但当污泥堆肥施用量超过一定阈值时，草坪草吸收zn和cu不再增加，甚至减少；对于不同的草坪草，这一阈值有所不同。植物对zn和cu的吸收量只占土壤中zn和cu减少量的5％左右。根据生物富集系数（BCF）的计算结果推测，污泥堆肥的施用对土壤环境的影响大于对植物体内累积zn和Cu的影响。     

TNT and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene influence on germination and early seedling development of tall fescue

Cost-effective and environmentally acceptable methods are needed to remediate munitions-contaminated soil. Some perennial grass species are tolerant of soil contaminants and may promote remediation because of their high water use and extensive fibrous root systems. The effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its reduction product, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT), on germination and early seedling development of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were determined. Tall fescue seeds were germinated in nutrient-free agar containing 0-60 mg TNT litre(-1) or 0-15 mg 4ADNT litre(-1). Germination decreased linearly as TNT concentration increased but was not significantly affected by 4ADNT at these concentrations. Concentrations less than 30 mg TNT litre(-1) or 7.5 mg 4ADNT litre(-1) had little effect on seedling growth and development. Higher TNT or 4ADNT concentrations substantially delayed seedling development, caused abnormal radicle tissue development, and reduced secondary root and shoot growth. Seedling respiration rates decreased linearly with increasing TNT concentration. Experiments indicate that tall fescue may be grown in soils that maintain soil solution concentrations of 30 mg TNT litre(-1) or less.     

The negative effects of cadmium on Bermuda grass growth might be offset by submergence

Revegetation in the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ) could stabilize riverbanks, maintain local biodiversity, and improve reservoir water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR). However, submergence and cadmium (Cd) may seriously affect the survival of transplantations. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is a stoloniferous and rhizomatous prostrate weed displaying high growth rate. A previous study has demonstrated that Bermuda grass can tolerate deep submergence and Cd stress, respectively. In the present study, we further analyzed physiological responses of Bermuda grass induced by Cd-and-submergence stress. The ultimate goal was to explore the possibility of using Bermuda grass for revegetation in the WLFZ of China’s TGRR and other riparian areas. The Cd-and-submergence-treated plants had higher malondialdehyde contents and peroxidase than control, and both increased with the Cd concentration increase. All treated plants catalase activity increased with the experimental duration increases, and their superoxide dismutase also gradually increased with the Cd concentration from 1 day to 15 days. Total biomass of the same Cd-and-submergence plants increased along the experimental duration as well. Plants exposed to Cd-and-submergence stress showed shoot elongation. The heights of all treated plants were taller than those of the control. Leaf chlorophyll contents, maximum leaf length, and soluble sugars contents of all the Cd-and-submergence-treated plants were more than those of the untreated control. Although Cd inhibits plants growth, decreases chlorophyll and biomass content, and with the submergence induced the leaf and shoot elongation, more part of the Cd-and-submergence stress plants appeared in the air, exhibited fast growth with maintenance of leaf color, which guaranteed the plants’ photosynthesis, and ensured the total biomass and carbohydrate sustainability, further promoting Cd-and-submergence tolerance. The results imply that the negative effects of cadmium on Bermuda grass growth might be offset by submergence.     

污泥堆肥施用于草坪草栽培:Zn和Cu的分布特征简

为了探索污泥堆肥中重金属在土壤-植物系统中的积累与转移特性，通过温室盆栽实验，分析了污泥堆肥对草坪草高羊茅、黑麦草和白三叶生物量积累的情况，研究了污泥堆肥中Zn和Cu在植物和土壤中的分布特征。结果表明，污泥堆肥施用可以有效促进3种草坪草的积累生物量，在0~6 kg/m²的污泥堆肥施用量范围内，草坪草的生物量积累随着施用量的增加而提高。土壤中Zn和Cu的含量随污泥堆肥施加量的增加而增大，85%以上的Zn和Cu残留在土壤中。污泥堆肥中的Zn和Cu均可以被植物吸收，随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加，草坪草对Zn和Cu的吸收量增大，但当污泥堆肥施用量超过一定阈值时，草坪草吸收Zn和Cu不再增加，甚至减少；对于不同的草坪草，这一阈值有所不同。植物对Zn和Cu的吸收量只占土壤中Zn和Cu减少量的5%左右。根据生物富集系数（BCF）的计算结果推测，污泥堆肥的施用对土壤环境的影响大于对植物体内累积Zn和Cu的影响。     

不同措施在防治山地果园水土流失及面源污染中的应用研究

通过施用生物毯、生物带和秸秆覆盖3种措施,模拟人工降雨,测定山地果园的水土流失量,比较不同措施在防治山地果园水土流失中的效果.结果表明,在降雨强度为1.33 mm/min时,与对照相比生物毯和秸秆覆盖能减少50%以上的氮磷流失量,生物带减少氮磷流失量也达到30%以上;在降雨强度为2.33 mm/min时,秸秆覆盖防治水土流失的效果最好;在高降雨强度(2.33mm/min)时,各种措施防治效果降低,但效果仍然明显,对磷的防治效果好于对氮的防治效果,与对照相比生物毯能减少44.5%的磷流失量.山地果园水土流失相当严重,施用生物毯和秸秆覆盖能有效防治山地果园的面源污染.     

Growth and development of smooth bromegrass and tall fescue in TNT-contaminated soil

Plants can be used for effective and economical remediation of soil provided they are tolerant or resistant to contaminants. This study was conducted to determine effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on growth and development of smooth bromegrass and tall fescue. Seeds of both species were grown in contaminated and non-contaminated soil mixed at ratios to obtain a range of concentrations and also in non-contaminated soil underlain by contaminated and non-contaminated soil mix. Germination, shoot and root dry weight, root length and area were measured. Germination and height of both species decreased with increasing TNT concentration. Shoot dry weight from tall fescue was 50% greater than smooth bromegrass at a given TNT concentration. Root length, area and dry weight of both species decreased with increasing TNT concentration. Root area and dry weight were greater for smooth bromegrass compared to tall fescue. This research indicates tall fescue and smooth bromegrass can germinate and grow in soils with concentrations less than 31 and 24 mg TNT l(-1), respectively.     

Alternative soilless media using olive-mill and paper waste for growing ornamental plants

Peat-based growing media are not ecologically sustainable and peat extraction threatens sensitive peatland ecosystem. In this study, olive-stone waste (OSW) and paper waste (PW) were used in different ratios—as growing media—for ornamental crop production, as peat (P) substitutes. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), petunia (Petunia x hybrita L.) and matthiola (Matthiola incana L.) plants were grown in (1) P (100%), (2) P:OSW (90%:10%), (3) P:OSW (70%:30%), and (4) P:OSW:PW (60%:20%:20%). The physicochemical properties of these substrates and the effects on plant growth were determined. The addition of 10–30% OSW into the substrate increased marigold height compared to plants grown in 100% peat. No differences in plant size, plant biomass (leaves and flowers), and dry matter content were found. Adding PW, in combination with OSW, maintained marigold height and total number of flowers produced to similar levels as in plants grown in 100% peat. In matthiola, adding 30% OSW into the substrate reduced plant size and fresh weight, but not plant height. No differences were observed when plants grew in lower OSW (i.e., 10%) content. Petunia’s height, its total number of flowers and flower earliness (flower opening) were increased in the presence of OSW compared to the plants grown in 100% peat. The addition of OSW did not affect petunia’s size and fresh weight among treatments. The addition of PW suppressed several plant growth-related parameters for both matthiola and petunia. The insertion of OSW did not change leaf chlorophyll content whereas the presence of PW decreased chlorophylls for marigold, petunia, and matthiola. Both OSW and PW altered the content of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) in leaves and flowers for marigold and petunia. Both 30% OSW and PW increased antioxidative enzyme metabolism due to the increased damage index and lipid peroxidation observed in plants. Leaf N and P content decreased in PW-based media, while matthiola displayed visual phytotoxicity symptoms when PW was added into the substrate. The present work indicates that up to 30% of OSW can replace peat for marigold and petunia growing and only up to 10% of OSW for matthiola, while the addition of PW on top of OSW is not recommended, so further research is needed.     

Responses of three grass species to creosote during phytoremediation

Phytoremediation of creosote-contaminated soil was monitored in the presence of Tall fescue, Kentucky blue grass, or Wild rye. For all three grass species, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were evaluated for plant growth promotion and protection of plants from contaminant toxicity. A number of parameters were monitored including plant tissue water content, root growth, plant chlorophyll content and the chlorophyll a/b ratio. The observed physiological data indicate that some plants mitigated the toxic effects of contaminants. In addition, in agreement with our previous experiments reported in the accompanying paper (Huang, X.-D., El-Alawi, Y., Penrose, D.M., Glick, B.R., Greenberg, B.M., 2004. A multi-process phytoremediation system for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. Environ. Poll. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.031), PGPR were able to greatly enhance phytoremediation. PGPR accelerated plant growth, especially roots, in heavily contaminated soils, diminishing the toxic effects of contaminants to plants. Thus, the increased root biomass in PGPR-treated plants led to more effective remediation.     

Atrazine and simazine degradation in Pennisetum rhizosphere

The ability of rhizosphere of four plant species to promote the degradation of charcoal-fixed atrazine and simazine in cement blocks of a long-term contaminated soil when mixed with a normal soil at 1:1 ratio was tested. Of the four selected plants viz., rye grass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacae), Pennisetum (Pennisetum clandestinum) and a spring onion (Allium sp.) used in this study, only P. clandestinum was able to survive in herbicide contaminated soil while other plants died within few days after germination/transplanting. Both atrazine and simazine were degraded at a faster rate in contaminated soil planted to P. clandestinum than in unplanted soil. Within 80 days, nearly 45% and 52% of atrazine and simazine, respectively, were degraded in soil planted to P. clandestinum while only 22% and 20% of the respective herbicide were degraded in the unplanted soil. During 80-day experimental period, both microbial biomass and soil dehydrogenase activity were significantly increased (7-fold) in soil planted to P. clandestinum over that in unplanted soil. The suspension of contaminated rhizosphere soil, planted to P. clandestinum exhibited an exceptional capability to degrade both atrazine (300 microg) and simazine (50 microg) in a mineral salts medium over that of non-rhizosphere soil suspension. Results indicate that P. clandestinum, a C4 plant, may be useful for remediation of soils contaminated with atrazine and simazine.     

Ecological rehabilitation and phytoremediation with four grasses in oil shale mined land

Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), and bana grass (Pennisetum glaucumxP. purpureum) were selected to rehabilitate the degraded ecosystem of an oil shale mined land of Maoming Petro-Chemical Company located in Southwest of Guangdong Province, China. Among them, vetiver had the highest survival rate, up to 99%, followed by bahia and St. Augustine, 96% and 91%, respectively, whereas bana had the lowest survival rate of 62%. The coverage and biomass of vetiver were also the highest after 6-month planting. Fertilizer application significantly increased biomass and tiller number of the four grasses, of which St. Augustine was promoted most, up to 70% for biomass, while vetiver was promoted least, only 27% for biomass. Two heavy metals, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) tested in this trial had different concentrations in the oil shale residue, and also had different contents and distributions in the four grass species. Concentrations of Pb and Cd in the four grasses presented a disparity of only 1.6-3.8 times, but their uptake amounts to the two metals were apart up to 27.5-35.5 times, which was chiefly due to the significantly different biomasses among them. Fertilizer application could abate the ability of the four species to accumulate heavy metals, namely concentration of heavy metals in plants decreased as fertilizer was applied. The total amount of metals accumulated by each plant under the condition of fertilization did not decrease due to an increase of biomass. In summary, vetiver may be the best species used for vegetation rehabilitation in oil shale disposal piles.