江浙沪地区人为NH_3排放量的估算

对１９９０年江浙沪地区人为氨排放进行了统计计算，结果表明江浙沪地区人为氨排放总量为７６９．３０ｋｔ，主要的氨来源为化肥的使用、家畜以及能源的消耗，其中家畜占３００％、化肥使用占２５０％、能源消耗占２５８％。江浙沪地区单位面积排放强度为３．６５ｔ／ｋｍ２，而人均排放量为６２６ｋｇ／人。     

从水化油脚中提取中性油脂工艺研究

河南省道口油厂中性油脂生产线年产油1万ｔ,其生产过程包括破碎、轧胚、榨油、沉淀、水化、碱炼工序。生产过程中产生的油脚废渣含水量大,不易贮存,如不及时处理,既浪费了中性油,又污染了环境。我们通过在生产中摸索、实践,研究出了回收油脚的新工艺并在生产中应用,取得了...     

《绿色化学与技术》研讨会在京举行

近年来,随着可持续发展战略正在迅速被世界各国所接受,以污染预防为主的一体化污染控制方式正在向取代过去的“管端”污染控制方向转变,污染控制化学的研究与技术开发也在发生相应的转变.国内外化学家以环境无害、发展经济为目标.提出和推动着环境无害化学(Environmental Benign Chemistry,又称绿色化学),在其基础上发展的技术称为环境友好技术(Environmental FriendlyTechnology),也即洁净技术(Clean Technolgy).其目的是从化学反应入手根本上减少环境污染,创造出生产单位产品的排污系数最低、而且资源及能源消耗最少的先进工艺技术,而不是开发对废水、废气、废渣等处理的环保终端处理技术.     

生物质燃烧释放N2O的测定及其分布

本文报导了实验室规模的生物质封闭燃烧系统及稻草、玉米秸、麦杆燃烧过程中Ｎ２Ｏ排放因子的测定结果，测定结果表明：稻草、麦杆及玉米秸燃烧排气中Ｎ２Ｏ的排放因子分析是８４．４ｇ／ｔ，２７．３ｇ／ｔ，１３２ｇ／ｔ。用Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｎ占生物全氮的百分含量表示，稻草及玉米秸分别上０．５９％，０．８７％。用实验得到的Ｎ２Ｏ的排放因子计算出了生物质燃烧产生Ｎ２Ｏ在全国各省、直辖市、县的年排放量，并作出了全国年排放的分布     

废弃铅锌冶炼厂重金属污染场地的健康风险评价

通过对广西某废弃铅锌冶炼厂区进行布点采样、监测分析,选取Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As六种重金属元素作为评价因子,对污染场地进行健康风险评价.结果显示,指数评价法表明厂区污染状况为废渣＞＞建筑垃圾＞土壤,Cd ＞Zn ＞As ＞Pb ＞Cu＞ Cr,土壤受到中度污染,废渣和建筑垃圾受到重度污染.健康风险评价法表明土壤、废渣和建筑垃圾的危害商分别为2.032、13.891、2.975,非致癌危害废渣＞＞建筑垃圾＞土壤;Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As的危害商分别为0.053、0.118、0.184、7.001、11.542,非致癌危害As ＞Cd ＞Cr＞Zn ＞Cu.土壤、废渣和建筑垃圾的致癌风险分别为5.387E-04、7.954E-04、2.455E-04,致癌危害废渣＞土壤＞建筑垃圾;As、Cd、Cr的致癌风险分别为5233E-04、2.400E-05、1.032E-03,致癌危害Cr＞As ＞Cd.综上,人体健康危害废渣＞建筑垃圾＞土壤,主要危害元素为As、Cd、Cr.     

土法炼锌区基质改良对刺槐生长的影响

植被重建是废弃地污染控制的有效途径.通过苗圃盆栽试验和田间植被重建试验,研究了不同改良措施对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染场地土壤理化特性、重金属含量特征和刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）生长特性的影响,探索废弃地植被重建限制因子和基质改良途径.研究表明,废渣上植被重建的限制因子主要表现为盐碱胁迫,全氮、碱解氮和全钾含量低,重金属含量高,持水保水能力差.废渣中Pb、Zn和Cd含量高,但其活性较低.新废渣中添加矿区土壤,可导致pH值和电导率（EC）降低,盐碱胁迫减缓,持水能力提高,并显著提高刺槐在新废渣上的生长和生存能力,是废渣基质改良的有效方式.废渣经过长期淋溶后,盐碱胁迫强度显著降低,土壤有效水分增加.添加保水剂或矿区土壤能有效促进刺槐在老废渣上定植.     

以次磷酸钠工业生产废渣为原料回收亚磷酸

讨论了以次磷酸钠工业生产废渣为原料，回收制得亚磷酸钠，再采用电渗析法制备亚磷酸。详细研究了此方法的相关工艺和最佳条件，在最佳条件下，可回收相当于废渣总质量35％的有用产品，工厂将收到明显的经济效益和环境效益。     

铅锌冶炼废渣堆场土壤重金属污染特征研究

在铅锌冶炼过程中产生了大量含重金属的废渣,这些废渣未经有效处置堆放于空旷地,由于风化、淋洗等作用导致废渣中重金属进入废渣堆场及周边土壤中。采用野外取样调查、室内化学分析及污染评价等方法,研究了湖南某铅锌冶炼厂冶炼废渣堆场及周边土壤中重金属的含量和分布规律。研究结果表明:废渣堆场表层土壤中各重金属的质量分数分别为Pb1 889.60 mg·kg-1、Zn 5 682.00 mg·kg-1、Cd 48.40 mg·kg-1和Cu 1 848.60 mg·kg-1,此值已超出国家规定的二级标准值(GB 15618─1995),其中Pb超出5.40倍,Zn超出18.94倍,Cd超出80.67倍,Cu超出18.49倍。距渣场10 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数分别为641.01、1 509.61、38.45和1 240.10 mg·kg-1,10 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu相对国家二级标准值的超标倍数分别为2.14、6.04、128.17和12.40倍。1 000 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数分别为309.80、685.71、8.81和875.13 mg·kg-1,1 000 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu各超标1.03倍、2.74倍、29.33倍和8.75倍。由此可见,废渣堆场周边土壤同样遭受重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu不同程度的污染。纵向上,废渣堆场土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu在表层(0~20 cm)土壤中的质量分数均大于其在表层以下各土层中的质量分数,其中在40~60 cm土层中的质量分数又高于20~40,60~80和80~100 cm等土层,但其分布总体上呈现出随土层深度增加而减少的规律;横向上,废渣堆场各土壤剖层重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数均高于渣场外10和1 000 m远处各土层的质量分数,即土壤中重金属含量随距污染源距离的增加而逐渐减少。因此,冶炼废渣的大量堆置已使周围环境遭受了重金属的严重污染,相关部门有必要加强对冶炼废渣的处置和管理。     

淮南泥河沉积物中重金属总量及形态分析

泥河位于安徽省淮南市潘集区,长期以来,泥河接纳了大量的工业废水、废渣和废气,河流中的沉积物作为水体中重金属的重要归宿,昌水环境中重金属的指示剂,也是水体的二次污染源,容易导致生态环境恶化.     

甲基纤维素在重量法测土壤硅中的应用研究

在重量法测定土壤全硅中，用甲基纤维素作凝聚剂，试验结果表明，用该凝聚剂与动物胶作凝聚剂测定土壤全硅的结果基本一致。甲基纤维素法的回收率为９３．８％—１０８．３％，标准差为０．３０％，变异系数最大为０．８８％；动物胶法的回收率为９２．３％—１０５．３％．用两种方法测定同一样品，两者间的绝对相差最大只有０．５％；ｔ检验表明，ｔ＝０．３６１＜ｔ（０．０５）＝２．２０，差异极不显著．因此，甲基纤维素可作为重量法测土壤硅的凝聚剂．     

深圳盐田垃圾场对周围土壤污染状况分析

结合深圳市盐田区垃圾场处置工程,对垃圾场周围土壤污染状况进行了分析研究。结果表明,盐田垃圾场主场垃圾已对周围环境造成二次污染：除Ｈｇ、Ｎｉ含量降低外,低位土壤的其余重金属含量大于高位土壤表明周围土壤已受到垃圾堆放场的重金属污染。     

Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies

• Implication of COVID-19 on medical waste and MSW generation is studied. • Challenges and effective strategy of solid waste generation is reviewed. • 2.9 million tons of COVID-19 related medical waste has been generated until Sep. 22. • The pandemic has postponed policies related to the reduction of plastic use. • Blockade resulted in a significant drop in waste generation in some regions. It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%‒425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents’ attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.     

苏北盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷估算初探

海岸带陆源氮磷污染输入是导致近海赤潮的主要原因,但目前尚缺乏系统的调查研究。文章采用野外实地调查和文献调研相结合的方法,从农田径流、养殖废水排放、居民生活污水和工业废水排放等几个方面,初步估算了盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷的分配情况。结果表明,盐城海岸带主要陆源污染源中,养殖水域氮磷排放总量为7641t和480t,分别占排放总量的75.1%、63.5%;其次为居民工矿的生活生产污水,其氮磷排放量为2083t和232t,占总排放量的20.5%、30.7%;农田目前看来不是盐城海岸带主要的陆源污染源,排放量仅占4.4%和5.8%。在当前海岸带陆源污染源治理中,除采取有力措施控制养殖水域养分流失外,农村和乡镇生活生产污水的排放也应引起重视。     

氾水镇生态建设规划促进经济与环境协调发展实证分析

绿化系统建设、生态农业建设、乡镇工业布局与调整是水镇生态建设规划的要点。执行生态建设规划的措施有：领导重视；强化环境管理和科技支持；增大环保投入和依靠公众参与。实证分析表明生态建设规划促进了水镇经济与环境协调发展     

丝瓜对食品废水的净化功能及经济效益

本文研究了丝瓜（Ｌｕｆｆａｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）在水面上的水培技术，对食品工业废水（啤酒废水）的净化功能及其经济效益。其试验结果表明：采用水培技术将丝瓜栽种在水面上是完全成功的。该法已经被应用到无锡市酿酒总厂食品工业废水净化处理。在５月份，丝瓜对啤酒废水中污染物ＴＮ的净化率为７８．６％，ＴＰ７８．０％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．６％，ＣＯＤ２２．５％，浊度８０．９％。在６月份，丝瓜的净化率为ＴＮ８９．１％，ＴＰ９０．４％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．２％，ＣＯＤ４４．１％和浊度８６．４％。由此可见，丝瓜是一种对食品废水净化的优良植物，其经济效益也很显著，每亩水面丝瓜（果实）可达２０００ｋｇ～２５００ｋｇ，经济价值达２０００元～２５００元。     

Hospital waste generation and management in some provinces of Iran

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the rate of generation of different kinds of hospital waste and its management in 11 provinces of Iran in 2012. Waste samples were separated into two categories (domestic type and infectious waste) and weighed daily for 4 weeks, distributed over four seasons to determine quantities and composition. Data on waste management were collected through a questionnaire and interviews of hospital personnel. The total generation of hospital waste ranged from 2.3 to 4.6 kg bed-day^?1 for Razavi Khorasan and Sistan &; Baluchistan provinces. Generation of infectious waste varied from 1.0 to 1.7 kg bed-day^?1 for Sistan &; Baluchistan and Markazi provinces. The lowest and highest percentages of infectious waste generation were found in Golistan (3.8%) and Fars (15.3%). It was also revealed that management of sharps, infectious, and other hazardous wastes was not properly done. A segregation program must be implemented and each fraction of hospital waste must be collected and disposed of separately.     

Conditionally predictive supply elasticity estimates: Secondary materials obtained from municipal residuals

New capital-intensive waste processing plants have been developed that can recover secondary materials and energy from the municipal solid waste stream resulting in lower disposal costs than traditional methods. The potential supply of secondary glass, ferrous metals, aluminum, and energy is estimated using an engineering cost model of secondary materials and energy supply under alternative prices for energy and materials. Econometric estimates of the own- and cross-price elasticities of supply for the materials and energy are then estimated from the data set. Significant cross-price effects are shown.     

Tolerance of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to pH value,pungency, and NaCl in foodstuffs北大核心CSCD

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has been considered impressive as a saprophagous insect, for its high ability to convert organic waste to insect protein and oil. Hence, it has been regarded by the municipal administration that BSF might be used as a medium to deal with food waste. However, food waste in China has been characterized as having a high salt content, oily, and very spicy, which usually renders them unsuitable for animal feeding. In order to assess the technological reliability for BSF conversion of food waste, the tolerance of BSF for pH values, pungency, and NaCl in food were investigated in this case. Results indicated that strong acidity (pH = 3) was not good for the development of BSF, demonstrating less body weight and eclosion failure. In contrast, strong basicity (pH = 11) seemed to be beneficial for larval development with high biomass, and there is no difference in pupation, eclosion, larval biomass, and livability for BSF for pH values between 5 and 11. With regards to salinity, liner correlations were observed; the salinity strength increased along with the extension of the larval phase, but body weight, pupation rate, emerging rate, and livability were still consistent under 6% density of salinity. Influence of pungency on BSF larvae has not yet been found. In conclusion, BSF showed a high tolerance to pH value, pungency, and salinity in foodstuffs. Hence, it is expected that food waste from common environments might have a lesser possibility to cause negative effects on BSF development, which could be good news for BSF conversion technology. As for the process design, the conclusion suggested that food waste optimum for BSF is expected to be alkaline and low-salt, which would be helpful to improve the efficiency and harvest. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Size-dependent characterisation of historical gold mine wastes to examine human pathways of exposure to arsenic and other potentially toxic elements

Abandoned historical gold mining wastes often exist as geographically extensive, unremediated, and poorly contained deposits that contain elevated levels of As and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs). One of the key variables governing human exposure to PTEs in mine waste is particle size. By applying a size-resolved approach to mine waste characterisation, this study reports on the proportions of mine waste relevant to human exposure and mobility, as well as their corresponding PTE concentrations, in four distinct historical mine wastes from the gold province in Central Victoria, Australia. To the best of our knowledge, such a detailed investigation and comparison of historical mining wastes has not been conducted in this mining-affected region. Mass distribution analysis revealed notable proportions of waste material in the readily ingestible size fraction (≤250 µm; 36.1–75.6 %) and the dust size fraction (≤100 µm; 5.9–45.6 %), suggesting a high potential for human exposure and dust mobilisation. Common to all mine waste types were statistically significant inverse trends between particle size and levels of As and Zn. Enrichment of As in the finest investigated size fraction (≤53 µm) is of particular concern as these particles are highly susceptible to long-distance atmospheric transport. Human populations that reside in the prevailing wind direction from a mine waste deposit may be at risk of As exposure via inhalation and/or ingestion pathways. Enrichment of PTEs in the finer size fractions indicates that human health risk assessments based on bulk contaminant concentrations may underestimate potential exposure intensities.     

吸附—催化氧化—絮凝法联合处理造纸废水

采用吸附－催化氧化－絮凝法联合处理造纸废水，讨论了废水通过炉渣柱的滤速，在絮凝过程中Al2(SO4)3的加入量及催化氧化反应中溶液的pH值，铁屑的加入量，H2O2的加入量等主要因素对废水中COD去除率的影响，结果表明，COD，SS主要污染物去除率达97．0％和95．3％，各项指标超过一级排放标准，水质可以完全回收利用，为造纸废水的处理提供了新的技术方案。